United States

1. Introduction&lt;br/&gt;A 12-slot-8-pole switched reluctance motor (SRM) has benefits in many applications due to no permanent magnet, low-cost, and simple and robust rotor structure [1]-[4]. However, noises and vibrations of the 12/8 SRM are large due to its large torque ripple.&lt;br/&gt;In order to solve this problem, a 12/10 SRM with a star connection has been proposed, which has less torque ripple [5], [6]. In this paper, we propose a 12/10 SRM with a hex connection. The hex connection does not need a neutral point, and the stator has a short coil end height. Therefore, the size of the motor with the hex connection becomes smaller. The characteristics of the hex connection was compared with the star connection through 2D finite element analysis.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;2. Comparison&lt;br/&gt;Fig. 1 shows a 12/10 SRM, inverter, hex and star connections. The stator has a 6-phase concentrated winding from A-phase to F-phase, and the in-phase coils are connected in series.&lt;br/&gt;The torque ripple and efficiency of the 12/10 SRM with hex and star connections are compared, where the voltage application timing is adjusted to satisfy an output power of 1 kW. Figs. 2 (a), (b) and (d) show the torque and current waveforms, and efficiency, respectively. Fig. 2 (c) shows the ratio of each harmonic component against the fundamental component in the coil current. From Fig. 2 (a), the torque ripple ratio of the hex connection model is less than that of the star connection model. This is because, from Fig. 2 (c), the coil current of the hex connection model has the third harmonic components. From Fig. 2 (d), the efficiency of the hex connection model is larger than that of the star connection model. This is because, from Fig. 2 (c), the ratio of the DC and fundamental components in the coil current is different between the hex and star connection models.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;3. Conclusion&lt;br/&gt;A 12/10 SRM with the proposed hex connection is superior to that with the conventional star connection in terms of a torque ripple and efficiency. In the final paper, the difference between hex and star connections is theoretically described using a mathematical model. Furthermore, their load characteristics are compared by carrying out measurements on a prototype.

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12/10 Switched Reluctance Motor with a Hex Connection

2022 Joint MMM-INTERMAG

12/10 Switched Reluctance Motor with a Hex Connection

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1. Introduction A 12-slot-8-pole switched reluctance motor (SRM) has benefits in many applications due to no permanent magnet, low-cost, and simple and robust rotor structure [1]-[4]. However, noises and vibrations of the 12/8 SRM are large due to its large torque ripple. In order to solve this problem, a 12/10 SRM with a star connection has been proposed, which has less torque ripple [5], [6]. In this paper, we propose a 12/10 SRM with a hex connection. The hex connection does not need a neutral point, and the stator has a short coil end height. Therefore, the size of the motor with the hex connection becomes smaller. The characteristics of the hex connection was compared with the star connection through 2D finite element analysis. 2. Comparison Fig. 1 shows a 12/10 SRM, inverter, hex and star connections. The stator has a 6-phase concentrated winding from A-phase to F-phase, and the in-phase coils are connected in series. The torque ripple and efficiency of the 12/10 SRM with hex and star connections are compared, where the voltage application timing is adjusted to satisfy an output power of 1 kW. Figs. 2 (a), (b) and (d) show the torque and current waveforms, and efficiency, respectively. Fig. 2 (c) shows the ratio of each harmonic component against the fundamental component in the coil current. From Fig. 2 (a), the torque ripple ratio of the hex connection model is less than that of the star connection model. This is because, from Fig. 2 (c), the coil current of the hex connection model has the third harmonic components. From Fig. 2 (d), the efficiency of the hex connection model is larger than that of the star connection model. This is because, from Fig. 2 (c), the ratio of the DC and fundamental components in the coil current is different between the hex and star connection models. 3. Conclusion A 12/10 SRM with the proposed hex connection is superior to that with the conventional star connection in terms of a torque ripple and efficiency. In the final paper, the difference between hex and star connections is theoretically described using a mathematical model. Furthermore, their load characteristics are compared by carrying out measurements on a prototype.

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12/10 Switched Reluctance Motor with a Hex Connection

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The 15th Joint MMM-INTERMAG Conference (2022 Joint) is sponsored jointly by AIP Publishing and the IEEE Magnetics Society. Members of the international scientific and engineering communities interested in recent developments in fundamental and applied magnetism are invited to attend and contribute to the technical sessions. The technical program will include invited and contributed papers in oral and poster sessions, invited symposia, a plenary session, and an evening session, with about 1500 presentations overall. This Conference provides an outstanding opportunity for worldwide participants to meet their colleagues and collaborators and discuss developments in all areas of magnetism research.

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Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology is being applied to many industrial applications [1]. It brings convenience and safety especially for undermine or underwater operation scenarios [1-2]. However, in those working scenarios, such as wireless charging for underwater robots or sensor networks, the system usually requires at least meter-range transmission distance, which is several times of the transmitter coil radius [2-3]. For traditional 2-coil-coupler system, the long-range operation will easily lead to unacceptable power loss and efficiency drop. Also, the traditional single-pad repeater is not suitable for underwater environment since the water flow will cause large and unstable angular misalignment. The variance of the mutual inductance between the coils can be very sensitive to the position relationships and the fluctuation may cause a system failure. To solve this problem, this paper presents an omnidirectional power extender for long-range underwater WPT systems. The proposed system configuration can be shown in Fig. 1. The power extender consists of two identical coils which are orthogonal and thus decoupled to each other [4]. The two coils are compensated separately for independent operation. Under the condition of the same internal resistances, the magnetic field generated by the two coils can be compensated by each other at arbitrary angles and the effect of the water flow can be effectively reduced. Thus, the system can have a relatively stable high output. Finite element analysis (FEA) has been conducted for a 100:1 scale-down system with the extender under the angular misalignment ranges from -90° to 90°. The simulated results of the output power are shown in Fig. 2. The system can reach over 70% efficiency for the transmission distance over 2 times the transmitter coil radius. The output power can be maintained over 35% even at the worst angular positions, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed system.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/333a87ffc8f58bc61799dddc8e1c901f.jpg)

Fig. 1. Proposed omnidirectional power extender. (a) Application for underwater WPT system (b) System configuration

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Fig. 2 Simulated output power versus angular misalignment

Design and Analysis of Omnidirectional Power Extender for Long-Range Underwater Wireless Power Transfer System

ABSTRACT Aiming at the problem of feature extraction and state identification of transformer DC bias vibration in HVDC transmission, the principle of transformer DC bias and the vibration mechanism of core and windings are studied and analyzed. Based on the dynamic simulation experiment platform, the vibration signals of transformer under different operating conditions are collected and carried out by the statistical calculation and Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT). Then, the characteristic parameters and vibration law are obtained and explored. Taking the statistical parameters and HHT data of transformer as feature vectors, the DC bias state of transformer is identified by support vector machine (SVM) classification method, which provides a new idea and auxiliary decision-making means for DC bias fault diagnosis of transformer. The results showed that the ratio of windings vibration in 300 Hz frequency band increases under DC bias, while that of core vibration signal in 300 ~ 600 Hz frequency band increases. Through the SVM classification method, the mean identification rate of transformer DC bias state reaches 96.8%, which can accurately identify the problem of transformer DC bias. CONTENT This paper is organized as follows. In Section II, the mechanism of transformer vibration under HVDC bias magnetic state is described. In Section III, a identification method of HHT-SVM vibration signal is introduced. In Section IV, the vibration signal acquisition and result analysis based on HHT-SVM are presented and discussed in detail. CONCLUSION The vibration signals of transformer windings and core are affected by the distortion of excitation current and core saturation under the condition of DC bias magnetic field. Among them, the winding vibration signal changes little, but the amplitude of the 300 Hz frequency band increases, and the core vibration signal changes greatly, and the signal gradually shifts to the middle frequency band. By collecting vibration signals and combining with HHT-SVM identification method, the status of transformer DC magnetic bias can be effectively identified, which provides a new research idea and auxiliary decision-making means for transformer DC magnetic bias fault diagnosis.

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Feature Extraction and State Identification of Transformer DC Bias Vibration Based on HHT-SVM

ABSTRACT The surface vibration signals of 500 kV autotransformer with different structures are measured, and the frequency domain characteristics of which are analyzed in this paper. Firstly, the surface vibration signal measuring points are set according to the specific arrangement of the core and windings of the transformer. Secondly, the vibration signals at different transformer measuring points under the same load and different loads are measured respectively. Finally, the frequency characteristics of the measured vibration signals are compared and analyzed. Then, use adaptive blind source separation algorithm (ABSSA) for transformer surface vibration signal processing, the two signals obtained are close to the vibration characteristics of core and windings respectively, and the same is true of the separated signals. It is proved that the accurate vibration signals of core and windings can be obtained by blind source separation, and is helpful for further analysis of the operation state of the transformer core and windings. CONTENT This paper is organized as follows. In Section II, the vibration mechanism of transformer ontology is introduced and analyzed. In Section III, the selection of vibration measuring points on transformer surface is described. In Section IV, the measurement of vibration signals on transformer surface is presented, and the comparison and analysis of the results are discussed in detail. CONCLUSION Combined with the structure of the transformer, the vibration signals of different measuring points on the surface of the 500 kV autotransformer with two different structures in actual operation were measured, and the ABSSA based on the classical least mean square algorithm (LMSA) was used to process the vibration signals on the surface of the transformer, and the two source signals were obtained, which are close to the signals of the blind source separation of the transformer. It is necessary to take into account the correlation between the vibration of the core and the windings, as well as the non-linearity of the vibration signal transmission process. This will be more conducive to transformer fault signal extraction and fault diagnosis.

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Measurement and Frequency Characteristics Analysis of 500 kV Transformer Surface Vibration Signals

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) node communication, which is used to gather information on a wide range of sensors, uses wireless communication that does not require wiring, but power is supplied via wired or battery[1]. In order to manufacture many small switches as battery-less, an economical self-powered generating application excluding additional elements such as piezoelectric elements are required. In addition, small electromagnetic induction studies are required because mechanical kinetic energy must be converted into electrical energy in a small spatial structure including pushbuttons[2]-[4]. This paper proposes a self-powered generating apparatus applicable to two-gang wireless switches. The electromagnetic induction phenomenon follows Faraday's law, which generates induced voltage when the magnetic field passing through the coil changes at time. Electromagnetic induction self-powered generating apparatus require magnets and conductors that generate electromotive force to create magnetic fields. Figure 1 shows the proposed new two-gang switch structure and magnetic flux flow. The right side of the Conventional one-gang switch magnetic material 2 was opened and magnet 2 and magnetic material 4 were added. The coil is in common use and is assumed to have the same winding resistance and inductance for comparison with the conventional one-gang switch. The no-load back Electromotive Force(EMF) waveforms of the convolutional one-gang switch and the proposed two-gang switch are shown in Figure 2. In the two-gang switch, when the switch lever 1 and 2 are operated, the no-load back EMF waveform is divided into a positive direction and a reverse direction. Therefore, the switch can be miniaturized because sensors are not required to distinguish each push operation. And the performance has been improved to the induced voltage ratio 84% of the one-gang switch. Later, the mechanism of the proposed two-gang switch will be described in full paper to compared with the existing one-gang switch mechanism, and optimum design according to the detailed shape will also be added.

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Design of Battery-less Wireless Switch that Share Coils in common using Electromagnetic induction Energy Harversting Mechanism

Design of Battery-less Wireless Switch that Share Coils in Common Using Electromagnetic Induction Energy Harversting Mechanism

Hydrogen is considered as a potential energy carrier, because there is no greenhouse polluting gas (such as carbon dioxide) generated during the energy releasing process. Water electrolysis is the best way to obtain pure hydrogen, but its low energy efficiency greatly limits its wide application. Hydrogen is a diamagnetic substance that can be manipulated by an external field. The various locomotion behaviors of the hydrogen bubbles under different magnetism are first shown in Fig.1. Fig. 1(a) shows that hydrogen bubbles move upward from the surface of the graphite electrode when the voltage of 150V is applied. Fig1. (b) shows that hydrogen bubbles evolving from graphite electrode slightly move towards the upper right when the magnet S-pole is faced with the cathode. This motion indicates that the magnetic field may help detach the bubbles from the surface of graphite electrode because of the micro-magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect. Fig.1 (c) shows that hydrogen bubbles move towards the right more significantly when the graphite electrode is changed to a platinum electrode, which is a paramagnetic material with a higher magnetic susceptibility than graphite. This result shows that the paramagnetic property will further enhance the locomotion of the bubbles and detach bubbles from the electrode more quickly. Figs. 2(a) and 2(b) respectively show a platinum electrode faced with a magnet generates a greater increase in the current density and conductivity of the water under the same applied voltage. In this paper, electrodes with different magnetism are adapted to hydrogen production in water electrolysis. The various moving behaviors of the bubbles under the different magnetism of electrode and the field conditions will be demonstrated in the full paper and the effects of working parameters related to magnetism and water electrolysis are discussed as well.

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3-D view of Magnetic flux flow by conventional two-gang switch when the switch lever 1 is tilted down


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Fig.2 (a) Current density vs. Charging voltage (b) Conductivity vs. Charging voltage for the different electrodes with and without the effect of magnetic field.

The Effect of Magnetism and Magnetic field on Locomotion of Hydrogen and Hydrogen Production Efficiency

I. Introduction Arc permanent magnet (PM) machines (APMMs) can directly connect the load without auxiliary devices, which are promising in large telescope drives [1] [2]. However, the conventional APMM with rotor PM suffers from a low PM utilization. In this paper, two new dual-stator consequent pole flux reversal APMMs (DS-CPFRAPMMs) are proposed and studied. The topologies and operation principles of the proposed machines are described. The electromagnetic performances of machines are analyzed by finite element analysis. II. Machine Topology and Operation Principle Fig. 1 shows the topologies of the proposed DS-CPFRAPMMs, which are named as machines I and II, respectively. It can be seen that both machines consists of two stators and one rotor, and each stator is composed of three modules. The three-phase concentrated windings are wound on the teeth of stator, which can offer the merits of short end length and low copper loss. Besides, the alternatively PMs and iron poles are placed on the top of stator teeth, which forms a consequent pole PM arrangement. The polarities of PMs on the inner and outer stators are opposite for machine I, while those are the same for machine II. Moreover, the rotor structures of machines I and II are also different. For machine I, the iron-only rotor is designed with double-sided salient poles. However, for machine II, the rotor is made up of separated iron poles. For both machines, each stator module and rotor forms a 12 stator-slot/11 rotor-pole combination. The operation principles of DS-CPFRAPMMs are based on the flux modulation effect, and the torque of machines are generated by taking advantage of the modulated air-gap field harmonics. III. Electromagnetic Performance Evaluation As shown in Fig. 2 (a) and (b), machine II has higher no-load phase flux linkage and back-EMF than machine I. According to Fig.2 (c), the average torque of machine II is 20.7% higher than that of machine I. However, machine I has a relatively low cogging torque. In addition, compared with machine II, machine I has a better over-load torque capability. More detailed design considerations and electromagnetic performance comparison results will be presented in the full paper.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/3f365398ffc60be5268039dea92d3af6.jpg)

Fig. 1

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Fig. 2

Comparative Study of New Dual-Stator Consequent Pole Flux Reversal Arc Permanent Magnet Machines

Axial-flux magnetic-geared double-rotor machines (AMGDRMs) are verified a promising candidate for power splitting in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) [1]. However, in conventional AMGDRM, as can be seen in Fig. 1. (a), the modulating rotor is set in middle of stator and the permanent magnet (PM) rotor. Hence, the modulating rotor suffers from high axial magnetic force from the side of the PM rotor, resulting in low mechanical strength. In this paper, a new AMGDRM with interior-modulating-rotor is proposed to solve the problem of low mechanical strength. As shown in Fig. 1. (b)-(d), the PM rotor is set in middle of stator and the modulating rotor in proposed AMGDRM. Owing to that the PM rotor suffers from reverse axial magnetic forces from both sides simultaneously, the total axial magnetic force is dramatically reduced. The 3-D finite element analysis (FEA) simulation results shown in Fig. 1. (e) and (f) verify the low axial magnetic force property of proposed AMGDRM. Based on the magnetic-field modulating principle, the operating principle of proposed AMGDRM is investigated, and the speed and torque characteristics are also given. For the pole-pair configuration with ps=3, ppm=20, pm=23, the simulated magnetic field distribution and its spectrum verify the operating principle, as shown in Fig. 2. (a) and (b). As shown in Fig. 2. (c) and (d), the no load back electromagnetic force (EMF) verifies the speed characteristic. Fig. 2. (e) and (f) show that the torques of stator, the modulating rotor and the PM rotor are always in direct proportion, validating the torque characteristic. A simplified analytical model, as shown in Fig. 2. (g), is proposed to investigate the influence of geometry parameters. Based on it, the analytical description of the magnetic field is deduced by magnetomotive force (MMF) and permeability functions. The influences of ferromagnetic pole-piece and PM on torque output are investigated. Fig. 2. (h) shows that the optimal pole-arc coefficient is about 0.3 at any thickness of ferromagnetic pole-piece, which agrees well with the proposed analytical model. As shown in Fig. 2. (i), the optimal thickness of PM is about 3mm and torque output rises with the pole-arc coefficient of PM increasing.

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Investigation of an Axial-Flux Magnetic-Geared Double-Rotor Machine with Interior-Modulating-Rotor

Electromagnetic Characteristic Analysis of an Axial-Flux Magnetic-Geared Double-Rotor Machine with Interior-Modulating-Rotor

Coaxial magnetic gear (CMG) is a novel transmission device, which is widely used in the field of low speed and high torque transmission. In order to improve the output torque of CMG, a novel CMG with convex Halbach arrays and Spoke structure is proposed in this paper. The permanent magnets of the inner rotor are Convex-T alternating arrangements. The PMs of the outer rotor are combination of Spoke structure and Halbach arrays. The Spoke part is magnetized along the tangential direction, and the Halbach part is magnetized along the radial direction. Using the unilateral effect of Halbach arrays, the air gap side magnetic field is strengthened and the yoke side magnetic field is weakened. In order to reduce the amount of iron, it is considered to slot on the outer rotor. The topological structure of CMG with 4 inner and 17 outer poles is established. The proposed CMG has the same volume size as the conventional CMG and the same amount of permanent magnets. The two-dimensional finite element method is used for simulating the proposed CMG. The magnetic field and electromagnetic torque of the CMG are calculated. Compared with the conventional CMG, the results show that the proposed CMG can effectively enhance the air gap flux density, reduce the non-working harmonic in the air gap, and the output torque is increased by 41.78%. This is of great significance to improve the torque density of the CMG.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/b3f6ba7e8de407dca94f6d9125466bde.jpg)

Fig. 1 The topology of the proposed CMG


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Table 1. Torque comparison

A Novel Coaxial Magnetic Gear with Convex Halbach Arrays and Spoke Structure

Due to the magnetic field modulation of the modulating ring, a large number of harmonics can generate in the air gap. These harmonics act on the permanent magnet and magnetic ring, resulting in large eddy current losses and iron losses. In order to improve the harmonics in the air gap and reduce the losses, a novel magnetic gear with Halbach and copper bar is proposed in this paper. The permanent magnets (PMs) of the inner rotor adopted Halbach arrays. The iron yoke of outer rotor is slotted and add copper bar. The air gap flux density, output torque and loss of the magnetic are compared by finite element method. Compared with conventional magnetic gear, the results show that the proposed magnetic gear not only improves the air gap magnetic density and weakens the unworked harmonics, but also increases the output torque from 140.07Nm to 142.64Nm, reduces the eddy current loss by 32.24% and the iron loss by 16%. This model provides a new idea for loss analysis and optimization of coaxial modulated magnetic gear.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/b5ef11c5aede8123fe1e41bc167e4dae.jpg)

Fig. 1 CMG topology

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Table I Torque ripple



Loss Analysis of Magnetic Gear with Halbach Arrays and Copper Bar

Magnetic-geared double-rotor machines (MGDRMs) are verified a promising candidate for power split application [1]. However, there remains undesired torque ripple in conventional MGDRM. A new MGDRM with ironless stator, as shown in Fig. 1. (a), is proposed. The ironless stator structure can eliminate stator slot effect and enable a more flexible winding configuration, resulting in low torque ripple. The simplified model of the proposed machine, as shown in Fig. 1. (b), is proposed. Thus, based on the magnetic-field modulating principle, the operating principle is investigated, and the speed and torque characteristics are also deduced. For the pole-pair configuration with ps=3, ppm=20, pm=23, the simulated magnetic field distribution and its spectrum verify the operating principle, as shown in Fig. 1. (c) and (d). As shown in Fig. 2. (a) and (b), the no load back electromagnetic force (EMF) with low distortion verifies the speed characteristic. Fig. 2. (c) shows that the torque ripple of the proposed machine is 0.18%, validating the low torque ripple property. Furthermore, the torque ratio equals the theoretical value (i.e. pole-pair ratio). Fig. 2. (d) shows that the torques of stator, the modulating rotor and the PM rotor are always in direct proportion, validating the torque characteristic. Based on the simplified model shown in Fig. 1. (b), the analytical model consisting of magnetomotive force (MMF) and permeability functions is deduced to investigate the influence of key geometry parameters. The influences of ferromagnetic pole-piece and PM on torque output are investigated. Fig. 2. (e) shows that the optimal pole-arc coefficient of the modulating rotor is about 0.2, which approximately agrees with the proposed analytical model. It can be seen in Fig. 2. (f) that the torque output rises with the increment of ferromagnetic pole-piece thickness in the beginning and remains approximately unchanged when thickness is larger than 7mm. As shown in Fig. 2. (g) and (h), torque output rises with the pole-arc coefficient of PM increasing and the optimal thickness of PM is about 3mm, respectively. The trends of all above simulated results can be explained by the analytical model, validating the proposed model.

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Design and Analysis of Omnidirectional Power Extender for Long-Range Underwater Wireless Power Transfer System

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