United States

1.Introduction&lt;br/&gt;Magnetorheological fluid (MRF) is a material whose viscous and plastic rheological property can be changed sharply under an external magnetic field &lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt;. The brake based on MRF characteristics has the advantages of simple structure, fast response and convenient control compared with traditional brakes &lt;sup&gt;[2-3]&lt;/sup&gt;. However, the current studies on MRF brake mostly use an independent structure &lt;sup&gt;[4-5]&lt;/sup&gt; connecting in series with motor to form joint module,which has the defect of large axial length. It greatly limits the space of joint modules. In this paper, an axial flux permanent magnet motor (AFPMM) with MRF brake structure is proposed to obtain the small axial size and fast braking response.&lt;br/&gt;2.Machine topology&lt;br/&gt;Fig.1(a) shows the top view of an AFPMM with MRF brake structure (no rotating seal cap for easy viewing), which has two working modes: rotation and brake mode. Fig.1(b) shows the front cutaway view of the proposed machine. Fig.1(c) shows 2D radial flux circuit of MRF brake structure. When the MRF is magnetized and thus the viscous force of MRF is rapidly increased, the large shear stress is produced to brake the AFPMM.&lt;br/&gt;3.FE analysis&lt;br/&gt;In this paper, the speed and the maximum current density of the AFPMM are set to 1200 r/min and 8A/mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; respectively. Fig.2(a) shows the variation of motor torque under different axial excitation currents. Fig.2(b) shows radial component distribution of magnetic flux density in MRF along axial direction under two working modes. It can be found that the axial flux in rotation mode does not magnetize the MRF to produce brake torque. Based on Bingham model, the brake torque formula of MRF is shown in Fig.2(c). Fig.2(d) shows the variation of MRF brake torque under different radial excitation currents. It can be seen that the brake torque under the brake mode is enough to get an effective braking.

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![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/454b55e6ae6173c9014315cb586be66b.jpg)

An Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Motor with Magnetorheological Fluid Brake Structure



2022 Joint MMM-INTERMAG

An Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Motor with Magnetorheological Fluid Brake Structure

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1.Introduction Magnetorheological fluid (MRF) is a material whose viscous and plastic rheological property can be changed sharply under an external magnetic field [1]. The brake based on MRF characteristics has the advantages of simple structure, fast response and convenient control compared with traditional brakes [2-3]. However, the current studies on MRF brake mostly use an independent structure [4-5] connecting in series with motor to form joint module,which has the defect of large axial length. It greatly limits the space of joint modules. In this paper, an axial flux permanent magnet motor (AFPMM) with MRF brake structure is proposed to obtain the small axial size and fast braking response. 2.Machine topology Fig.1(a) shows the top view of an AFPMM with MRF brake structure (no rotating seal cap for easy viewing), which has two working modes: rotation and brake mode. Fig.1(b) shows the front cutaway view of the proposed machine. Fig.1(c) shows 2D radial flux circuit of MRF brake structure. When the MRF is magnetized and thus the viscous force of MRF is rapidly increased, the large shear stress is produced to brake the AFPMM. 3.FE analysis In this paper, the speed and the maximum current density of the AFPMM are set to 1200 r/min and 8A/mm2 respectively. Fig.2(a) shows the variation of motor torque under different axial excitation currents. Fig.2(b) shows radial component distribution of magnetic flux density in MRF along axial direction under two working modes. It can be found that the axial flux in rotation mode does not magnetize the MRF to produce brake torque. Based on Bingham model, the brake torque formula of MRF is shown in Fig.2(c). Fig.2(d) shows the variation of MRF brake torque under different radial excitation currents. It can be seen that the brake torque under the brake mode is enough to get an effective braking.

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An Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Motor with Magnetorheological Fluid Brake Structure

poster

The 15th Joint MMM-INTERMAG Conference (2022 Joint) is sponsored jointly by AIP Publishing and the IEEE Magnetics Society. Members of the international scientific and engineering communities interested in recent developments in fundamental and applied magnetism are invited to attend and contribute to the technical sessions. The technical program will include invited and contributed papers in oral and poster sessions, invited symposia, a plenary session, and an evening session, with about 1500 presentations overall. This Conference provides an outstanding opportunity for worldwide participants to meet their colleagues and collaborators and discuss developments in all areas of magnetism research.

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Magnetic anomaly detection (MAD) is an important means of detecting the existence and localization of magnetic targets [1-2]. With the improvement of magnetic sensor technology, MAD has very large application prospects [3]. The traditional magnetic signal processing method cannot greatly improve the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) while also restoring the target’s characteristic [4]. Our research about Full Magnetic Gradient Orthonormal Basis Function [5] solves the problems of the low SNR of the magnetic anomaly signal, the influence of the sway of the magnetic gradiometer platform. But it can only detect the existence of the target and cannot obtain the characteristics of the target. In this paper, based on the full magnetic gradient tensor which contains huge spatial magnetic field information, we analyze the factor of each component in the target magnetic abnormal signal. A target’s moment direction estimation method has been proposed, the flowchart is shown in Fig. 1(a). This method can estimate the target magnetic moment direction in 3-D Cartesian coordinates with a resolution of 30°. We have simulated 100 sets of targets with different magnetic moment sizes and distances, and the accuracy of the estimation of the target magnetic moment direction is 100% (Fig.1 (b)). The SNR is increased by 25.8 times on average (Fig.1 (c)). We put the magnetic moment of the target in 6 different directions and conducted 10 experiments in each direction (Fig.2 (a)). The original signal and the processed signal are shown in Fig. 2(b). The accuracy of the target magnetic moment estimation and the improvement of the SNR are shown in Fig. 2(c). Compared with the traditional signal processing method, the proposed method can estimate the magnetic moment direction of the target while greatly improving the SNR and the performance is not affected by the shaking of the sensor carrier. These are very helpful properties for the fast and large-scale detection of magnetic anomalies, such as aeromagnetic prospecting, medical micro-robot positioning.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/bf68a5cc9966d2332fdd9e999ddbe513.jpg)

Fig.1. (a) Flowchart. (b) Accuracy of simulation experiment. (c) SNR after processing

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/2bca62b102c9aba3182ee4d796ca8b0e.jpg)

Fig.2. (a) Experimental device. (b) Original and processed signal. (c) Result of field experiment.

Magnetic Moment Direction Estimation Method Based on Full Magnetic Gradient Orthonormal Basis Function

Chiral molecules are the building blocks of most biomolecules and underlie many biochemical processes. A novel phenomenon called Chirality Induced Spin Selectivity (CISS) has emerged in recent times wherein electron polarization in chiral molecules translates to spin polarization [1]. It has been observed in DNA, proteins etc.[2]. Due to lack of inversion symmetry in chiral molecules a Rashba type spin orbit coupling (SOC) arises, which causes spin-filtering in chiral molecules. Here, we seek to model CISS in a 2-D channel material with a square lattice within the NEGF formalism, by adding an imaginary component originating from SOC to the Hamiltonian. This is motivated by the idea of chiral artificial receptors for enantioselective electronic noise sensors, capable of distinguishing between enantiomers [3]. The channel, assumed to be chiral, has a chiral electric field from the atoms present, the direction of which is used to probe the chirality of the channel. The chiral molecules break structure inversion symmetry but preserve time reversal symmetry, and so to break the degeneracy of the electrons a direction of propagation must be chosen [4]. The results in Fig. 2 show us that on selecting a direction of propagation by applying a bias we do get a particular spin polarization. The polarization gets reversed on changing the chirality of the channel. The spin polarization in the 2-D channel attests to its chiral nature, which can be utilized to sense chiral molecules. In an attempt to explore CISS in another work, we have included CISS into electron-phonon coupling and studied its effect on inelastic electron tunneling.

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Fig. 1(a) A 2D channel with the spin-orbit coupling; γ is the on-site energy βx, βy are the nearest neighbour coupling in x and y direction respectively. (b) The mirror image of the chiral field used to probe the chirality in the channel.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/cebc1edc4387fb3cf5bf284472d85f70.jpg)

Fig. 2(a) The transmission of up-spin and down-spin electrons in the channel of right-handedness. The spin polarization in the channel due to difference in the up-spin and down-spin transmission, P= (Tup – Tdown )/(Tup + Tdown), P reverses on changing the chirality.(b) The plot of electron concentration in the channel (sign implies the spin of the electron).

Chirality Induced Spin Selectivity in a 2D Chiral Channel

Abstract—Since the circumferential and axial widths of permanent magnet (PM) pole and stator pole are very sensitive to the back electromotive force (EMF) of linear rotary PM motor with E-shape stator, it is difficult to obtain the optimization value by the traditional design method. The flux calculated model is built and the main flux and side flux variation laws of stator pole are derived by the Schwarz Christoffel method. The analyzed results are consistent with the results analyzed by 3-D finite element method. I.Introduction The calculation of the magnetic field distribution is very important in the motor design. The subdomain method and separation of variables method can be used to calculate the magnetic flux density of slotless segmented-Halbach permanent magnet (PM) synchronous machine and single-cage induction machines [1][2], respectively. The flux calculation model of a linear rotary PM machine (LRPMM) with E-type stator (ES) structure is built by Schwarz Christoffel method (SCM), which can consider the side flux of the stator pole in circumferential and axial directions. II.Flux Calculation in the E-shape Stator pole of ES-LRPMM Fig. 1 shows the topology of ES-LRPMM. SCM is used to obtain the main flux and side flux of the stator pole by building finite-depth and infinite-depth stator slot models of the E-shape stator. Then the flux variation laws of stator pole are derived. Fig. 2 shows the main flux and side flux waveforms. It is seen that the angular velocity of the flux is equal to the angular velocity of the mover while it works in rotary motion, and it is equal to three times of the angular velocity of the mover when it works in linear motion. III.Conclusion In order to reduce the difficulty of the optimization of ES-LRPMM, the flux in the E-shape stator section is analyzed by SCM and the variation law of the flux is deduced and concluded. Taking the cogging torque, detent force, torque and thrust as the optimization objectives, the optimum value of the motor structure is obtained.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/cd229eb1710e4141e3ba817a05decf7b.jpg)

Fig. 1. Topology of ES-LRPMM


![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/2d693b0b9002015642773ceacf064ff5.jpg)

Fig. 2. Main and side flux waveforms, (a) main flux, and (b) side flux of phase A compared with the sum of phase A, D, G stator side flux when it works in rotary or linear motion.

Flux Analytical Calculation in the E-shape Stator Pole of Linear Rotary Permanent Magnet Motor

The wound rotor synchronous machine (WRSM) constitutes a good alternative to PM synchronous machines for electric vehicles propulsion [1,2]. In the design optimization of electric vehicle traction motors a variety of operating points are required when considering the whole vehicle driving cycles [3]. To decrease the CPU time of such an optimization, we present a 2D analytical electromagnetic model of a WRSM capable of predicting airgap field harmonics in order to consider cost functions such as torque ripple and radial force harmonics. This paper proposes: 1 - A linear analytical method for magnetic field calculation in the air gap of WRSM including rotor slotting effect. The analytical method is based on the resolution of Laplace’s and Poisson’s equations in polar coordinates by separation of variables in low permeability subdomains [4]. A magnetic vector potential formulation is adopted. A 2D view of the model is shown in Figure 1 where the stator is represented by an equivalent current sheet. The iron material has an infinite permeability, so the PDEs are solved in the slot carrying a dc coil (region I), the slot opening (region II) and the air gap (region III). In each subdomain, the solution is written as a Fourier series whose coefficients are calculated using boundary conditions and continuity conditions between the different subdomains (normal flux density and tangential magnetic field). 2- A comparison between the analytical and the finite element [5] radial flux density distribution along a circle in the middle of the air gap under load condition and with the same assumptions is shown in Figure 2. The agreement is very good. The analytical computation takes 40 ms while the finite element solution requires 1.3 s. Hence, the analytical model is a very efficient tool to perform WRSM optimization on a driving cycle. In the extended paper, more details regarding the electromagnetic model, further comparison with FE results and the model limit with respect to magnetic saturation, will be given. Furthermore, a thermal model of the machine will serve to evaluate the winding temperatures. Hence, a coupled magneto-thermal optimization on a driving cycle will be presented and largely analyzed.

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Analytical Model of Wound Rotor Synchronous Machine for Electric Vehicle Traction

**Authors list:** 
Guannan Wei, Daniel Lordan, Ansar Masood, Paul McCloskey 

Tyndall National Institure, Cork, Ireland 


**Abstract body:** A series of different thicknesses of amorphous magnetic CoZrTaB films were deposited on Si-substate. Strip domain structures induced secondary peak show up in high frequency imaginary permeability spectra when thicknesses increased to above 100 nm. In order to verify this, biased in-plane magnetic fields was applied during high frequency permeability measurement to eliminate strip domain structure, and at the same time the secondary peak was observed to disappear. Furthermore, OOMMF simulations were done to study strip domain induced high frequency imaginary permeability spectra. As strip domain became wider, the blue shift of the secondary peak shows up in consistent with measurement results.
**References:** 1-Z. Tang, H. Ni, and B. Lu. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Vol. 426, P.444 (2017) 
2-S. Ha, J. Yoon, and S. Lee, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 105, P.07D544-1 (2009). 
3- V, Gehanno, R. Hoffmann, and Y. Samson, The European Physical Journal B, Vol. 10, P. 457 (1999). 

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/72e85dd3e96d7a37468a4c8cf94dcfee.png) 
Fig.1 
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Fig.2

Influence of Different Rotor Slot Structure on Electromagnetic Characteristics of Dual-Excited Synchronous Generator

1. Introduction The realization of the brushless excitation of the machine is important for the industrial application[1,2].In this paper, a Brushless Electrical Excitation Synchronous Generator will be studied. The rotor coils are divided into two parts: The induction coils (Ci) and rotor excitation winding (Wr). They are connected by a half –wave rectifier which only has four diodes. Ci not only can induce the magnetic field produced by stator excitation current (Is), but also can take part in the induction of the stator armature. However, the magnetic distribution of the generator is not symmetrical as the conventional EESG. The magnetic field is studied by the frozen permeance method. A 1.5kVA prototype was fabricated to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis and Finite Element Analysis. 2. Magnetic field distribution of DEESG The magnetic field distribution of DEESG under the no-load condition when Is is 0.8A at 160ms is as shown in Fig.1. The reason for theasymmetry of the magnetic field distribution is studied. It also can be seen that because all the magnetic flux passes through the air gap, the magnetic flux density of air gap is also not symmetrical as shown in Fig.2. 3. Magnetic field Analysis Excited by Different Currents The frozen permeability method can be used to decompose the magnetic field which is excited by rotor excitation current Ir, Is and the currents of Ci respectively. The magnetic field distribution of DEESG when Isis taken as the example to do analysis. The magnetic field which is only excited by Ir utilizing the frozen permeability method. The magnetic field distribution which is generated by the currents of Ci will also be studied. The function of Is will also be studied. It can demonstrate that the magnetic field produced by ac component of the currents of Ci can weaken the magnetic field produced by Is. 4. Experiment A 1.5kVA prototype was fabricated to test the operating characteristics of DEESG. The magntic field can not be tested directly. The output voltage will be tested to demonstrate the magnetic field distribution of DEESG.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/dce353cb14a130159644d484d36d6585.jpg)

Fig.1 Field distribution of DEESG at the rated speed.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/fca712f83b796857855f8b3b4aef5065.jpg)

Fig.2. Magnetic flux density of air gap.

Magnetic Field Analysis and Operating Characteristics of a Brushless Electrical Excitation Synchronous Generator with DC Excitation

Abatract:Multi-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM) is widely used in high power and high precision fields. The fault-tolerant performance of the drive motor is of great significance for all-electric aircraft applications, and it will be related to the safe operation of the whole machine. In this paper, a 100kW six-phase external rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor is designed, and its electromagnetic performance is analyzed by finite element method(FEM). And meanwhile the output torque ability of the motor under different open-circuit faults is analyzed in detail. Aiming at the reduction of output torque and torque fluctuation under one-phase and two-phase open circuit, different fault compensation measures are proposed based on the principle of magnetomotive force invariance and the principle of eliminating negative sequence components.And the parametric method is used to analyze and compare them. The analysis results show that the compensation strategy based on the magnetomotive force constant can keep the output torque of the motor unchanged and the torque fluctuation is small, and the compensation strategy is simple. After the open circuit of the drive motor, if the external environment of the aircraft cannot be forced to drop urgently, this compensation strategy can be adopted. The compensation strategy based on eliminating negative sequence sequence component starting from reducing torque fluctuation is more flexible.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/1b1c75f18b33d358e0c3245fe216f9e3.jpg)

The distribution of no-load magnetic density

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/481993ec94671740a758215d71f16c92.jpg)

The torque curve under X phase compensation

Fault Tolerant Performance and Open Circuit Compensation Strategy of Six-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for All-electric Aircraft

The submersible motor is common equipment used in the water supply and drainage systems. However, the bearing fault is a critical issue in submersible motors. It is an effective method to analyze the vibration signal of the motor end cover for bearing fault diagnosis [1]. But the submersible motor runs underwater, and the vibration signal will be easily disturbed by the flowing water. It is a feasible bearing fault diagnosis method to analyze the variation of the electromagnetic properties (such as the stator current) of the motor [2]. Nevertheless, there is a lack of an available fault model which is capable of reflecting the electromagnetic response of the motor under the bearing fault. In this paper, a single point fault model of a closed-slot rotor submersible motor is established for bearing fault diagnosis. The heathy submersible motor model is established by the Finite Element Method (FEM). In the model, two relative permeability variation regions are created in the rotor edge and air gap. Because the bearing fault will lead to the periodic eccentricity (static eccentricity) of the shaft, the influence of the bearing fault on the motor performance can be considered by periodically changing the relative permeability of these regions. The model of the bearing fault submersible motor is shown in Fig.1. The relative permeability variation regions (black regions) are determined by the non-coincidence regions of the healthy and static eccentric rotors and are marked as regions 1 and 2. When the motor is running without the fault, the relative permeability in region 1 is set as the vacuum permeability, and region 2 is set as the silicon steel sheet permeability. In case of bearing fault, the setting is the opposite. Fig.2 shows the stator current and its spectrum diagram of the bearing fault model. It can be seen in Fig.2 (a) that the stator current is slightly distorted, which is marked in the red circle. Meanwhile, the characteristic frequency of the fault is shown in Fig.2 (b).

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/67fd49145e3f797e3fa0f20806fb088e.jpg)

Fig. 1 The model of bearing fault submersible motor.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/49e989bf3f8e5ffdac0f4cfccf6ea2f0.jpg)

Fig. 2 The stator current and its spectrum diagram of the bearing fault model. (a) Stator current waveform. (b) Spectrum diagram of the stator current.

Bearing Fault Numerical Model for the Closed-slot Rotor Submersible Motor

Induction motors have been widely used in various fields because of economy and reliability. Its’ secondary winding harmonic losses are always a problem that scholars devote themselves to solve. Zhao Haisen et. eliminated the slot harmonic, which is caused by slot opening, by using asymmetrical rotor slots[1]. Lin Qifang et. improved the efficiency of the motor by using split teeth on stator[2]. The auxiliary slots on the rotor side can weaken the first-order tooth harmonic of the rotor by changing the air-gap magnetic permeability. In higher power ranges of the water-filled submersible induction motors, the rotor widely employs copper bar rotor with closed slots. Opening the auxiliary slots on the rotor surface will increase the water friction loss, so this paper chooses to open auxiliary slots inside the rotor between the rotor teeth. As shown in Fig.1, to simplify the analysis and modeling process, using α1, α2, and l1 as the variable to express the width and the length of the auxiliary slot. The effects of the width and height of the auxiliary slot on harmonic reduction were studied by controlling variables. Taking into account the actual size of the motor, the value range of α2 is 0.5°- 1.5°, and the value range of l1 is 2.7- 18.7 mm. The initial distance between the top of the auxiliary groove and the outer circle of the rotor is the same as the height of the slot bridge, which affects harmonic content and motor performance will also be analyzed in this paper. As shown in Fig.2, the harmonic content of the first-order teeth harmonic of the rotor decreases with the increase of the size of the auxiliary slot while the second-order teeth harmonic keeps almost remain. The weakening effect is more obvious when the width of the auxiliary slot is increased. At the same time, the saturation of tooth magnetic density is more serious. The losses reduced by the auxiliary slot and the harmonics introduced will be analyzed in detail in this paper.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/01a03e3b8c56656dfa491957af660fb8.jpg)

Fig. 1 Diagram of Auxiliary Slot.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/be73bac5ae2230d8d85d0a7f3ca2112e.jpg)

Fig. 2 Tooth Harmonic Amplitude Change Diagram.

A Comprehensive Effect Analysis of the Rotor Auxiliary Slot Geometry for the Water-filled Submersible Induction Motors

1. Study Objective This research develops a method for the design and implementation of a magnetic sensor constructed with super capacitor electromagnetic device for fast charging of the smart vehicles, which realizes the magnetic motor functional with Internet of Things (IoT) [1,2]. To establish and design the proto type machines for the electric vehicles, it is mainly to meet the sustainable energy manufacturing and lower cost for electric vehicles. 2. Method This study, it used an axial permanent magnet generator to generate direct current (DC) power. The process of charging and discharging the super capacitor system is developed. This system is integrated the fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controllers with neural network (NN) to consider parameters in interception, calculation, and evaluation of the best solution to provide the maximum value of the electric vehicle, as shown in Figure 1. 3. Experiment Result and Discussion The magnetic sensor and generator signal uses the embedded system (fog computing) platform to detect the sensing signal, included as electric vehicle of the motor and image recognition function. The intercepted image signal and the sensing signal thorough NN and FOPID controller to feedforward signal, which are transmitted signal to the cloud server and provide sustainable power for electric vehicles, , as shown in Figure 2. This study is to establish a fast electromagnetic charging device with fog computing controller, which is used to quickly process the electromagnetic energy generated by the generator, and intercept the voltage and current signals, and then perform data collection and storage operations. Among of them, a larger number of electromagnetic and electrical signals are collected, and its stability and operating characteristics of IoT are calculated and controlled to provide the electric vehicle quickly charging performance. The process of integration and experimentation for the motor and generator device can be obtained.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/c29686d3c4a80e615e24494d7a70d8ab.jpg)

Figure 1 The structure of the charging and discharging system: (a) PMSM with super capacitor system, (b) PMSM control by with NN+PSO.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/8c84b6ae7e97bb250fc733038024ae4f.jpg)

Figure 2 The IoTs system detects motor power, vibration and electric vehicle image recognition.

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Magnetic Moment Direction Estimation Method Based on Full Magnetic Gradient Orthonormal Basis Function

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