United States

1.Study Objective and Method&lt;br/&gt;Transformer magneto-mechanical structure deformation due to lightning impulse effect may cause damage of the transformers in terms of the noise and vibration performance. This study proposed a single-phase transformer with a voltage specification of 345 kV (high voltage)/115 kV (low voltage) and a capacity of 120 MVA [1,2]. The results of the continuous lightning impulse tests revealed that the transformer designed as parameter of K-factor, as shown in Figure 1. After testing results, there is generated significantly low noise (&amp;lt;65 dB) and vibration (&amp;lt;10 μm), which are remarkably lower than the IEEE standard of 85 dB.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;2.Experiment Result and Discussion&lt;br/&gt;The pattern of the fault currents depends on the fault type and location along the winding length. Figure 2(a)-(b) shows the transformer after the lightning impulse full-wave and chopped wave for high voltage bushing level. The Figure 2(c) shows the thermal imaging results of the transformer after the lightning impulse testing, indicating that high (102 °C) and low (31.2 °C) thermal conduction were obtained at the two sides of the top collier. These thermal imaging measurement results suggest that the transformer can operate effectively because it exhibits satisfactory insulation performance after the lightning impulse and alternating current insulation tests [3,4].&lt;br/&gt;The sweep frequency response analysis is a useful method to detect and diagnosis of the defects for the power transformers. The results of the frequency spectral tests are conducted using SFRA are shown in Figure 2(d). Based on the SFRA theory, the core properties affect the SFRA characteristics only at low frequencies (typically up to 1 kHz). Therefore, the noise results can be considered as correction values between the values obtained before and after the application of the SFRA. The k-factor between 0.4-0.6 for transformer insulation is maintained better performance.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/9d741403f2a00698d2661882416560a8.jpg)


Figure 1 Lightning k-factor: (a) turn-to-turn insulation and overshoot voltage, (b) k-factor distribution.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/232e615dfbba5ad2b0da73be6bcc9de1.jpg)


Figure 2. Lightning impulse results: (a)-(b) full wave voltage and current, (c) thermal imaging, front-back side, (d) SFRA at 10 Hz–2 MHz before and after the lightning impulse test.



2022 Joint MMM-INTERMAG

Effects of the Electromagnetic Structure of the Power Transformer Core on Hysteresis Squareness Ratio, Noise and Vibration Characteristics

The 15th Joint MMM-INTERMAG Conference (2022 Joint) is sponsored jointly by AIP Publishing and the IEEE Magnetics Society. Members of the international scientific and engineering communities interested in recent developments in fundamental and applied magnetism are invited to attend and contribute to the technical sessions. The technical program will include invited and contributed papers in oral and poster sessions, invited symposia, a plenary session, and an evening session, with about 1500 presentations overall. This Conference provides an outstanding opportunity for worldwide participants to meet their colleagues and collaborators and discuss developments in all areas of magnetism research.

The 2022 Joint Conference will offer both in-person and prerecorded on-demand content.

For tickets to the event, please register at the following link: https://magnetism.org/register

Please register for the Joint MMM-Intermag conference to join the event.

This Conference provides an outstanding opportunity for worldwide participants to meet their colleagues and collaborators and discuss developments in all areas of magnetism research.

1.Study Objective and Method Transformer magneto-mechanical structure deformation due to lightning impulse effect may cause damage of the transformers in terms of the noise and vibration performance. This study proposed a single-phase transformer with a voltage specification of 345 kV (high voltage)/115 kV (low voltage) and a capacity of 120 MVA [1,2]. The results of the continuous lightning impulse tests revealed that the transformer designed as parameter of K-factor, as shown in Figure 1. After testing results, there is generated significantly low noise (&lt;65 dB) and vibration (&lt;10 μm), which are remarkably lower than the IEEE standard of 85 dB. 2.Experiment Result and Discussion The pattern of the fault currents depends on the fault type and location along the winding length. Figure 2(a)-(b) shows the transformer after the lightning impulse full-wave and chopped wave for high voltage bushing level. The Figure 2(c) shows the thermal imaging results of the transformer after the lightning impulse testing, indicating that high (102 °C) and low (31.2 °C) thermal conduction were obtained at the two sides of the top collier. These thermal imaging measurement results suggest that the transformer can operate effectively because it exhibits satisfactory insulation performance after the lightning impulse and alternating current insulation tests [3,4]. The sweep frequency response analysis is a useful method to detect and diagnosis of the defects for the power transformers. The results of the frequency spectral tests are conducted using SFRA are shown in Figure 2(d). Based on the SFRA theory, the core properties affect the SFRA characteristics only at low frequencies (typically up to 1 kHz). Therefore, the noise results can be considered as correction values between the values obtained before and after the application of the SFRA. The k-factor between 0.4-0.6 for transformer insulation is maintained better performance.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/9d741403f2a00698d2661882416560a8.jpg)


Figure 1 Lightning k-factor: (a) turn-to-turn insulation and overshoot voltage, (b) k-factor distribution.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/232e615dfbba5ad2b0da73be6bcc9de1.jpg)


Figure 2. Lightning impulse results: (a)-(b) full wave voltage and current, (c) thermal imaging, front-back side, (d) SFRA at 10 Hz–2 MHz before and after the lightning impulse test.

poster

Spin-torque oscillators (STO) with two field generation layers (dual FGL), have superior characteristics compared with conventional STOs with a single FGL used for microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAMR) [1], [2]. As shown in Fig. 1, we used an integrated model with a STO inserted into the gap between the main pole (MP) and the trailing shield (TS) of a write head. The dual FGL STO was composed of two FGLs and one spin injection layer with negative polarization (nSIL). The thicknesses were FGL1 = FGL2 = 5 nm, IL1 = 2 nm, IL2 = IL3 = 1 nm, and nSIL = 3 nm. The STO was tilted by 25° with respect to the x axis. The MP – TS gap = 18.8 nm at the air bearing surface (ABS). We assumed an injected current from MP to TS, and no spin-torque between FGL1 and FGL2. Antiferromagnetic coupling, Jex, was assumed between FGL1 and FGL2. Fig. 2 shows the in-plane component of the magnetization of FGL1 and FGL2 (Min-plane/Ms) averaged over the FGL volume, relative to a unit vector lying in the plane of the FGL. When Min-plane/Ms = 1 the FGL rotates perfectly in the FGL plane. Fig. 2(a) shows Min-plane/Ms for Jex = -1.33 erg/cm2 [2] and (b) Jex = -10 erg/cm2. The average values of Min-plane/Ms between zero and 16.0 ns were 0.653 for (a) and 0.808 for (b), demonstrating a remarkable improvement in FGL rotation. We also performed calculations for Jex = +1.33, 0, -5, -50, and -100 erg/cm2. We confirmed that Jex = +1.33 did not work; there was a significant improvement between Jex = 0 and -10; while there was little change from -10 erg/cm2 for Jex = -50 and -100 erg/cm2. We also varied some other parameters, e.g., FGL thickness, exchange coupling between nSIL - TS, however, no distinct effect was found. The most dominant factor affecting the FGL rotation was the strength of the antiferromagnetic coupling between FGL1 - FGL2. We acknowledge financial support from ASRC.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/f66b1d4affcc87fdccb31a87caeec52a.jpg)

Fig. 1 Schematic of dual FGL STO.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/46ec27ce246774c0fd194facedc6a8ce.jpg)

Fig. 2 In-plane component of volume-averaged FGL rotation vs. time. nSIL Po = -0.3, J = 4.0×108 A/cm2, coil current = 0.2 ATpp. (a): Jex = -1.33 erg/cm2, (b): Jex = -10.0 erg/cm2. Degauss of write head was carefully done, then STO calculations were performed. Data from 14 – 16 ns are shown.

Micromagnetic Analysis of Dual FGL STO

Racetrack memory (RM) is a promising device for a new class of non-volatile memory because of its large storage capacity, fast data access, and low power consumption. Although many studies have been focused on improving the domain wall motion (DWM), only a few studies have been considered the effect of Joule heating on DWM. We first measured the domain wall velocity in the GdFeCo wires by applying single voltage pulses (Picosecond) and then observed the DWM by using a Kerr microscope. Figure 1. (a) shows the DWM in the GdFeCo wire as a function of current density, where the pulse widths of the applied current are 3 ns and 30 ns, respectively. By increasing the current density, DW velocity increases. It is clearly observed that the DW velocity becomes faster as the pulse duration becomes shorter [1][2][3]. In order to clarify the effect of Joule heating on the magnetic wire, we performed a numerical simulation based on the heat diffusion on the surface of the GdFeCo wire when both short and long pulse width currents were applied to the wire. Besides, we found that the temperature of the magnetic wire is higher when the pulse width was longer, as shown in Fig. 1(b). Therefore, the slower DWM in the magnetic wire was observed for a long pulse current of 30 ns due to the higher temperature of the magnetic wire. Consequently, we have experimentally demonstrated and theoretically explained that a short pulse current of 3 ns is faster than a long pulse width of 30 ns. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was supported by the JSPS KAKENHI (grants 918023, 918043,918055)

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/3326716efb14c75c90173084fc43ba5c.jpg)

Figure 1.(a) The velocity of the magnetic domain wall in the Pt(5)/Gd24(Fe88Co22)76(20)/SiN(10) sample as a function of current density

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/9dd719a62293a5500fcf19a587c87e9f.jpg)

Figure 1.(b) Temperature distribution of GdFeCo magnetic wire in the short hand direction when pulsed current of 3ns and 30ns widths is applied

Influence of pulse width and Joule heating on current-induced domain wall motion

Microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAMR) [1] is a technology which can potentially enable the areal recoding density to further increase. Notched media have been proposed [2] for improving MAMR writability as well as MAMR recording characteristics. In the present study, dependence of microwave assisted magnetization switching (MAS) and magnetic recording characteristics on layer anisotropy structure were investigated by micromagnetic simulations regarding the interlayer exchange constants for notched media. Fig. 1(a) illustrates the layer structure assumed in this study. Recording characteristics were evaluated in terms of signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) derived from the signal power for 200 kbpi and noise power for 1600 kbpi, where a 30-nm-wide single-pole-type head with a spin torque oscillator with the frequency at 22 GHz [3] was assumed in recording process. Fig. 1(b) presents the MAS plots where Aint12, Aint23, and Aint34 are 0.5, 0.5, and 0.7 μerg/cm and Hk4 is 35 kOe, which were estimated under the continuous AC with pulse DC fields. The figure shows that higher switchable max. averaged Hk (Hk,ave) is obtained when only one of the three layers has large Hk and the other two layers have low Hk. This study found that the MAS properties are sensitive to field durations of DC and AC. In the case when a continuous DC and pulse AC fields, higher switchable max. Hk,ave was obtained only when media structure has large Hk1, low Hk2 and low Hk3. The calculation also indicated that relatively high Aint34 (&gt; 0.5 μerg/cm) was preferable. Fig. 2 compares SNRs for three the type of Hk layer structure media where Aint12, Aint23, and Aint34 were fixed to 0.5, 0.5, and 0.7 μerg/cm. The figure suggests that SNR for large Hk1 structure media reaches 16.7 dB around 25 kOe of Hk,ave. On the other hand, SNRs for large Hk2 and large Hk3 structure media decrease with increase in Hk,ave. The poor SNRs attribute to low signal power for 200kbpi. This may be translated by the MAS properties for multilayer films sensitive to the field durations.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/f69d815b065f51bebe061d7e60d1fa7e.jpg)

Fig.1. (a) Schematic of medium layer structure and anisotropy fields and (b) MAS plots for a multilayer.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/fd78099fea71c0873d44bece0fddeedf.jpg)

Fig.2. SNRs comparison among three type of layer Hk structure media with r = 0.4.

Dependence of microwave assisted magnetization switching and magnetic recording characteristics on layer anisotropy structure for multilayer media

Recently, it was discovered that without any external magnetic field, only by a single laser pulse, selective and reversible photo-magnetic switching in Co-doped yttrium iron garnet films (YIG:Co) can be obtained. This recording was characterized by an extremely short switching time of about 20 ps at room temperature. Moreover, because of its resonant character the write–read events are accompanied by an unprecedentedly low heat load [1]. Microscopically, in this mechanism incident linearly polarized pump pulse excites strongly anisotropic garnet ions, generating an effective field of photo-induced magnetic anisotropy [2],[3]. Here, we demonstrate the tunability of both magnetocrystalline and photo-induced anisotropies by the engineering of Co-doped thin iron garnet films and temperature variation. All experimental results were obtained using the time-resolved two-color pump and probe setup at Faraday geometry. The setup was tailored to perform the time-resolved femtosecond single-shot imaging on a CCD camera assuring obtain high temporal and spatial sensitivity. Through modifying the pump light fluence we were able to introduce a change in the light-induced anisotropy field. It allowed us to observe the change of switching times of magnetization and decrease it even more by two times but at the expense of the greater energy required to achieve the switching threshold using a single pump laser pulse. On the other hand, by steering the sample temperatures in the 100-450 K, the range we triggered a change in the magnetocrystalline anisotropy field. Increasing it allowed us to decrease the energy dissipation threshold required for switching over five times. However, decreasing the switching threshold comes at the expense of a longer switching time. Moreover, we demonstrate that the photo-magnetic recording-based garnet medium operates within an extremely large temperature range between -100°C to 100°C. This finding reveals the principles to be employed in achieving cold and ultrafast magnetic recording in dielectrics far beyond today’s state-of-the-art.

Control of switching time and energy dissipation for ultrafast photo-magnetic recording in dielectrics

A magnetic field sensor using magnetoimpedance (MI) has a higher sensitivity [1] and MI properties strongly depend on a magnetic anisotropy of a material [2]. Thus, controlling anisotropy is quite important to obtain large impedance changes. In general, an anisotropy can be controlled by a field annealing in vacuum using a furnace. The furnace is a large-scale, and consumes a lot electric power for heating and generating strong field. On the other hand, Joule-heating, a current is directly applied to an element, is a simple way and therefore achieves a compact equipment with a low power consumption. However, there are few reports that Joule-heating applies to ferromagnetic thin-film [3] and no reports that studies controlling anisotropy itself by Joule-heating. Thus, we investigated to controlling magnetoimpedance properties by Joule-heating on a thin-film element as a feasibility study. The amorphous CoNbZr thin-film element with Cu electrode was prepared. Then, a direct DC current of 80-120 mA was applied to the elements using a wafer probe with 1 minute in the atmosphere. In some cases, the element was applied to an external field parallel to the width direction of the elements by magnets during heating. Fig. 1 shows the field dependence of impedance at 100 MHz. Before heating, impedance has maximum at zero field and then decrease with increasing field intensity, which is typical profile when an element has the easy axis along with the longitudinal direction of the element. On the other hand, a double peak appears and its peak height slightly increases with increasing intensity of DC current after Joule-heating with magnets. The field intensity where the impedance has a peak, shifts to higher field with increasing intensity of DC current. Fig. 2 shows the domain structures of the element observed by a Kerr-effect microscopy before and after Joule-heating. Although the element has domains parallel to the length direction of the element before heating, 180° domains parallel to almost width direction appear after heating. This means the easy axis of the thin-film element can be controlled by Joule-heating.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/81a717f414b1d4e3f236a72ceb55f496.jpg)

Fig. 1 Field dependence of impedance.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/183d6970dffe317aed0c4c460999ad0a.jpg)

Fig. 2 Changes in domain structures.

Controlling of magnetoimpedance property of thin-film element using Joule-heating

Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJ) are widely used as magnetic sensors but their major disadvantage is their high noise level at low frequency. Some methods to overcome 1/f noise involve adding magnetic modulation [1] or increasing the MTJ area [2]. In order to get a linear response, in-plane MTJ are usually designed with the free layer (FL) set perpendicularly to the reference. However, for a specific application [3], a symmetric R-H characteristic is more suitable to drive a modulation and should be easily obtained by pinning the FL in the same direction as the reference. The aim of this study is to process MTJs with symmetric R-H curve and high sensitivity. The magnetic stack is composed of a pinned synthetic antiferromagnet, MgO tunnel barrier and CoFeB/NiFe free layer. After patterning micron-size junctions of different shapes, we perform a post-process annealing under magnetic field. In this work, we study different methods to achieve a coherent rotation of the FL magnetization towards the hard axis: i) applying a small external field along the easy axis; ii) using shape anisotropy; iii) using soft pinning by adding an antiferromagnetic layer on the FL separated by a thin Ta spacer [4]. Our measurements highlight the importance of FL pinning on the reversibility and smoothness of the R-H curves. Nevertheless, since pinning reduces sensitivity, an optimum trade-off must be found. We observed that shape anisotropy alone is not sufficient to pin the FL (fig.1), but a coherent rotation is achieved by applying an external field. Moreover, our results show the importance of a good alignment between the reference and the easy axis. Compensating for the process misalignement by tilting the applied field allows to reduce the pinning field to 5 Oe (fig.2) with a sensitivity of 3.5%/mT. On the other hand, soft pinning can provide internal pinning ranging from 120 to 0 Oe by increasing the Ta spacer up to 0.25 nm. Choice of the optimum spacer thickness and further process optimizations should reduce hysteresis and improve the sensitivity.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/73f780f33019b4c19ae68487962887c0.jpg)

Fig.1: R-H curves measured along easy axis Hy and hard axis Hx

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/b9125ad521ed2eba162c211ac36f36e5.jpg)

Fig. 2: R-H curves measured with respect to the reference misalignment (1.6°) and pinning fields Hpin of 5 and -5 Oe

Development of magnetic tunnel junctions with symmetric R-H curve for specific sensor application

In recent years, giant magnetoresistance (GMR) devices have been used in many applications due to their small size, high sensitivity, low power consumption, and low cost[1, 2]. For a high sensitive magnetic sensor application, the device resistance is required to be varied linearly over a wide magnetic field range. A high aspect ratio of the GMR line device is useful for the wide range high linearity of the MR curve. However, the high aspect ratio reduces MR ratio and increase signal to noise ratio (SNR) because the exchange bias for minor axis direction in the GMR line is suppressed due to the strong shape anisotropy in the pinned layer. In this study, we investigated the correlation between SNR and MR properties in GMR line devices for magnetic sensor applications. The GMR stack is composed of Si/SiO sub.//seed layer/IrMn(6)/CoFe(1.6)/ Ru(0.85)/CoFe(1.6)/Cu(2.5)/CoFe(1)/NiFe(3.5)/capping layer (all thickness in nm). The pinned layers were magnetized for minor axis direction in GMR lines. Figures 1(a)-(c) shows a schematic, cross sectional and top view of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the GMR device, respectively. The GMR device has ten GMR lines in the parallel configuration. The line length and space width were fixed at 100 μm and 600 nm, respectively. The line width (W) was varied from 300 nm to 2 μm. Figure 2(a)-(e) show MR curves of the GMR lines with various W with external field of ±20 Oe. The MR curves were measured 100 round trips for evaluating SNR. MR ratio increased as increasing W due to the stabilization of antiparallel configuration of free and pinned layers. On the other hand, the linearity of the MR curve decreased at W of 2 μm because of the reducton of shape anisotropy. The reduction of MR curve linearity increased device resistance variation. Figure 2(f) shows SNR values calculated from the MR ratio and coefficient of the resistance variatoin. SNR increased as increasing W. These results mean that it is important to increase W within the range that maintains the linearity of the MR curve.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/b522fc897ee5005e5c29521ea007053a.jpg)

Fig. 1 (a) A schematic, (b) cross-sectional and (c) top view of SEM images of the GMR device

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/4efd064f0bca7a055f9527d6a114c070.jpg)

Fig. 2 (a)-(e) MR curves and (f) signal to noise ratios for the various W of GMR devices.

Signal to Noise Ratio Analysis of GMR Line Devices for High Sensitive Magnetic Sensor Applications

1. Introduction Ultra-high sensitivity and micro-sized magnetic sensors are required in biomagnetic measuring devices. The GigaHertz spin rotation sensor, which is an evolution of the magneto-impedance sensor, has shown high sensitivity while transmitting GHz pulse currents [1]. Detection magnetic fields are sensed via a pickup coil wrapped around the wire when the GHz pulse currents are applied. However, the micro-mechanism in the amorphous wire, which exhibits high sensitivity, has not been characterized. Thus, we investigated the relationship between peak voltages and magnetic fields and the magnetization behavior inside the amorphous wire. 2. Calculation method and conditions The magnetization behavior was calculated using the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation, which considers eddy currents. The calculation model of the amorphous wire is shown in Fig. 1. The magnetic properties included a saturation magnetization of 1.0 T, a magnetic anisotropy constant of 250 J/m3, and exchange constants between cells in the plane and the axial direction of 1.0 × 10−11 J/m and 2.0 × 10−11 J/m, respectively. The magnetization easy axis of the amorphous wire from the outer circumference to the inside by 0.75 µm was assumed to be oriented in the circumferential direction because compressive stress is generated in the FeCoSiB amorphous wire, which is induced via rapid quenching during the fabrication processes [2]. 3. Results Fig. 2 shows the relationship between the peak voltages at the fall times of the pulse currents and magnetic fields. When the fall time was 1.0 ns, the calculated and experimental results showed the same tendency. A shorter fall time meant higher absolute values of the peak output voltages and stronger magnetic fields as shown in Fig. 2. At a fall time of 0.385 ns, only the rotations of magnetizations in the outer circumference of the amorphous wire contributed to the output voltages, whereas at a fall time of 5.0 ns, the domain wall motions inside the wire contributed to the output voltages. This was the reason why the output peak voltages increased as the fall time was shortened.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/b0cfc2b624142dd7949f1e74c66d616b.jpg)

Fig. 1 Model of a magnetic sensor with an amorphous wire

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/fee592d4ca3a224b0b9da7393a6acba5.jpg)

Fig. 2 Relationship between peak voltages and magnetic fields

Effects of fall times of pulse currents on output voltages for amorphous-wire-based magnetic sensors

Introduction It is very important to inspect the shrinkage cavity inside the cast iron, since the spheroidal graphite cast iron (FCD600) may be generated a shrinkage cavity inside it during manufacturing and the strength is extremely reduced. In this research, a new inspection method using differential vibration measurement by electromagnetic force excitation is proposed. In this method, the vibration by the electromagnetic force is generated from the static magnetic field of the permanent magnet and the eddy current inside the cast iron by the alternating excitation coil. Then, the shrinkage cavity is evaluated using the vibration strength of the cast iron surface. In this paper, 3D electromagnetic field analysis and 3D displacement analysis [1] are used to elucidate the test principle and to conduct verification experiments. Inspection Model and Conditions Fig.1 shows the proposed sensor is composed of a permanent magnet with two holes, an AC exciting coil with 500Hz and 2A, and two vibration sensors. The electromagnetic vibration is generated in the steel plate by the static flux density from the permanent magnet and the eddy current from the excitation coil. And, two vibration sensors are measured the vibration strength of the steel plate surface differentially. The shrinkage cavity inside cast iron is estimated by the differential vibration intensity. Calculated and Inspection Results Fig.2(a) shows that the calculated distribution of differential displacements by the two vibration sensors at each position on the cast iron. This figure denotes that the displacement distribution is changed near the shrinkage cavity inside the cast iron. This is because, the density in the cast iron is decreased near the shrinkage cavity in the cast iron. (3) shows the measured differential signal of two vibration sensors at each position on the actual cast iron with the shrinkage cavity. This figure denotes that the differential signal is changed near the shrinkage cavity in the cast iron. Moreover, the measured signal is a tendency similar to the calculated result as shown in Fig.2. The presence of shrinkage cavity inside the cast iron can be confirmed by this change in the differential signal.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/1b3c980b1ce75e428f078584e482dff8.jpg)

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/db9902ecb9f339f053cfab490a3bdccc.jpg)

Proposal of Inspection Method for Shrinkage Cavity in Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Using Differential Vibration Measurement by Electromagnetic Force Vibration

In many applications including space missions, Anisotropic Magnetoresistors (AMR) based magnetometers raised their popularity [1,2] as they are solid-state off-the-shelf components with good radiation immunity [3]. One of the issues they suffer is low sensitivity and thus high noise induced by their bridge thermal noise as well as by preamplifier stage noise [4]. To overcome this problem, higher supply voltage of an AMR bridge can be used to raise the sensitivity. This seems to be straightforward but power dissipated on the sensor raises quadratically with bridge voltage and thus it can’t be operated in "classical" continuous mode (due to overheating and excessive power consumption). In our research we propose novel method of powering bridge by pulses allowing to obtain better sensitivity and less noise with AMR sensors. During these short pulses (100 us width and 4.5 ms period) we also perform flipping pulses (both S/R) while measuring bridge response with an analog-to-digital converter. Acquired data are then signal-processed on the fly by a microcontroller. In traditional method, 10 V in continuous mode with HMC1021 AMR sensor will dissipate 91 mW of power, while cycling power with a duty cycle of 1:45 means only 2 mW (considering zero overhead power). In mostly used triaxial version it is 273 mW vs 6 mW preserving other main parameters of the magnetometer unchanged. To verify this idea we have developed single axis magnetometer (Fig. 1) with adjustable both bridge voltage as well as flipping current, with possibility of precise timing of all events. In the first trial/test, we have tried to obtain similar noise with pulsed 10 V bridge as we were able to get in our previous research with continuous supply of 10V [4], (see Fig 2.) After achieving this milestone (solving a lot of technical troubles) we tried 20 V bridge supply to verify expected noise reduction (as sensitivity doubles), but for now without result – at this voltage, AMR's electrical offset saturates the preamplifier. In the near future we aim to tackle this issue and to test the noise drift with temperature in different flipping current configurations.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/f21d8768f1f6f2a671e16af4a0ec4b66.jpg)

Fig.1 - Photo of the experimental prototype

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/56f845d2e47285017dd6de7e45a96175.jpg)

Fig.2 - PSD of noise with pulsed 10 V bridge voltage

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