Dominican Republic

Product reviews and satisfaction surveys seek customer feedback in the form of ranked scales. In these settings, widely used evaluation metrics including F1 and accuracy ignore the rank in the responses (e.g., ‘very likely’ is closer to ‘likely’ than ‘not at all’). In this paper, we hypothesize that the order of class values is important for evaluating classifiers on ordinal target variables and should not be disregarded. To test this hypothesis, we compared Multi-class Classification (MC) and Ordinal Regression (OR) by applying OR and MC to benchmark tasks involving ordinal target variables using the same underlying model architecture. Experimental results show that while MC outperformed OR for some datasets in accuracy and F1, OR is significantly better than MC for minimizing the error between prediction and target for all benchmarks, as revealed by error-sensitive metrics, e.g. mean-squared error (MSE) and Spearman correlation. Our findings motivate the need to establish consistent, error-sensitive metrics for evaluating benchmarks with ordinal
target variables, and we hope that it stimulates interest in exploring alternative losses for ordinal problems.

EMNLP 2021

Error-Sensitive Evaluation for Ordinal Target Variables

EMNLP 2021 is planned to be a hybrid event in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, with both on-site and fully virtual participation possible. The experience for on-site participants would closely approximate a normal pre-COVID *ACL conference, with 5-6 thematically organized parallel sessions and live Q/A and interactive discussion immediately after the talks. Presentations by virtual participants will be equitably interleaved with those of on-site participants, projected on the auditorium screens as if on-site, and also followed immediately by live Q/A and interactive discussion at a time during reasonable waking hours for the virtual presenter. For all participants, on-site and virtual, who are unable to attend a session due to either time-zone issues or because they are participating in another session live, talk recordings and slides will be available online at a minimum after the live presentation (and in many cases before as well), and questions may be submitted in advance on session-specific discussion boards and answered live in session with the usual visual aids if desired.

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EMNLP 2021 is planned to be a hybrid event in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, with both on-site and fully virtual participation possible.

workshop paper

Most prior work on task-oriented dialogue systems is restricted to supporting domain APIs. However, users may have requests that are out of the scope of these APIs. This work focuses on identifying such user requests. Existing methods for this task mainly rely on fine-tuning pre-trained models on large annotated data. We propose a novel method, REDE, based on adaptive representation learning and density estimation. REDE can be applied to zero-shot cases, and quickly learns a high-performing detector with only a few shots by updating less than 3K parameters. We demonstrate REDE's competitive performance on DSTC9 data and our newly collected test set.

Towards Zero and Few-shot Knowledge-seeking Turn Detection in Task-orientated Dialogue Systems

An interactive instruction following task has been proposed as a benchmark for learning to map natural language instructions and first-person vision into sequences of actions to interact with objects in a 3D simulated environment.
We find that an existing end-to-end neural model for this task is not robust to variations of objects and language instructions.
We assume that this problem is due to the high sensitiveness of neural feature extraction to small changes in vision and language inputs.
To mitigate this problem, we propose a neuro-symbolic approach that performs reasoning over high-level symbolic representations that are robust to small changes in raw inputs.
Our experiments on the ALFRED dataset show that our approach significantly outperforms the existing model by 18, 52, and 73 points in the success rate on the ToggleObject, PickupObject, and SliceObject subtasks in unseen environments respectively.

Improving the Robustness to Variations of Objects and Instructions with A Neuro-Symbolic Approach for Interactive Instruction Following

Swarm Robotics, which studies collective behaviors of large populations of interacting robots with simple embodied cognition, is an ideal testbed for studying the cultural evolution of language. Our goal is to expand existing simulations in order to explore a dominant theory in evolutionary linguistics—the self-domestication hypothesis—which suggests that increased prosociality led to the sophistication of the cultural niche, enabling the complexification of languages. In our model, robots in multiple nests are engaged in a foraging task (i.e., gathering resources in their environment) while playing a language game. Crucially, we include two novel features: (1) robot individuation: robots have a partner-specific memory, keeping track of the outcomes of past interactions with specific robots; (2) parameterizable prosociality: robots’ tendency to interact is based on experience: successful communication between robots reduces their aggression toward each other and increases their chances of interacting again. First, we show that these manipulations lead to the formation of a classic “in-group bias” where robots favor interaction with some robots over others - a bias which is highly common in social animals in nature but that was so far absent from swarm robotics models. Second, we show that prosociality provides an evolutionary advantage, with higher prosociality values resulting in the collection of more resources. Finally, we show that prosociality modulates the effect of physical distance on lexical convergence, such that low values of innate prosocially lead to more stable sub-swarm divergence, even in relative proximity (i.e., different nests robustly converge on different lexical variants despite being close to each other).

First Steps Toward a Swarm Robotics Model of Self-Domestication and Language Evolution

Machine-in-the-loop writing aims to enable humans to collaborate with models to effectively complete their writing tasks. Prior work in the creative domain has found that providing humans with a machine written draft or sentence level continuations has limited success as the generated text tends to deviate from the human's intentions. We train a rewriting model that, when prompted, modifies targeted spans of text within the user's original draft, enabling the human to retain control over the content while still taking advantage of the strengths of text generation models to introduce descriptive and figurative elements locally in the text. We evaluate the model on it's ability to collaborate with humans on the task of creative image captioning through a user study on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Users report that the model is helpful and third-party evaluation shows that users write more descriptive and figurative captions on average in the collaborative setting compared to a baseline of the human completing the task alone.

Machine-in-the-Loop Rewriting for Creative Image Captioning

Language-guided robots performing home and office tasks must navigate in and interact with the world. Grounding language instructions against visual observations and actions to take in an environment is an open challenge. We present Embodied BERT (EmBERT), a transformer-based model which can attend to high-dimensional, multi-modal inputs across long temporal horizons for language-conditioned task completion. Additionally, we bridge the gap between successful object-centric navigation models used for non-interactive agents and the language-guided visual task completion benchmark, ALFRED, by introducing object navigation targets for EmBERT training. EmBERT achieves competitive performance on the ALFRED benchmark, and is the first model to use a full, pretrained BERT stack while handling the long-horizon, dense, multi-modal histories of ALFRED.

Embodied BERT: A Transformer Model for Embodied, Language-guided Visual Task Completion

Detecting lexical semantic change in smaller data sets, e.g. in historical linguistics and digital humanities, is challenging due to a lack of statistical power. This issue is exacerbated by non-contextual embedding models that produce one embedding per word and, therefore, mask the variability present in the data. In this article, we propose an approach to estimate semantic shift by combining contextual word embeddings with permutation-based statistical tests. We use the false discovery rate procedure to address the large number of hypothesis tests being conducted simultaneously. We demonstrate the performance of this approach in simulation where it achieves consistently high precision by suppressing false positives. We additionally analyze real-world data from SemEval-2020 Task 1 and the Liverpool FC subreddit corpus. We show that by taking sample variation into account, we can improve the robustness of individual semantic shift estimates without degrading overall performance.

Statistically Significant Detection of Semantic Shifts using Contextual Word Embeddings

We present a collection of diverse datasets and aggregated scores of dataset aspects to help develop more generalizable findings in authorship attribution research.

Developing a Benchmark for Reducing Data Bias in Authorship Attribution

We propose a new reference-free summary quality evaluation measure, with emphasis on the faithfulness. The measure is based on finding and counting all probable potential inconsistencies of the summary with respect to the source document. The proposed ESTIME, Estimator of Summary-to-Text Inconsistency by Mismatched Embeddings, correlates with expert scores in summary-level SummEval dataset stronger than other common evaluation measures not only in Consistency but also in Fluency. We also introduce a method of generating subtle factual errors in human summaries. We show that ESTIME is more sensitive to subtle errors than other common evaluation measures.

ESTIME: Estimation of Summary-to-Text Inconsistency by Mismatched Embeddings

Learning authors representations from their textual productions is now widely used to solve multiple downstream tasks, such as classification, link prediction or user recommendation. Author embedding methods are often built on top of either Doc2Vec (Mikolov et al. 2014) or the Transformer architecture (Devlin et al. 2019). Evaluating the quality of these embeddings and what they capture is a difficult task. Most articles use either classification accuracy or authorship attribution, which does not clearly measure the quality of the representation space, if it really captures what it has been built for. In this paper, we propose a novel evaluation framework of author embedding methods based on the writing style. It allows to quantify if the embedding space effectively captures a set of stylistic features, chosen to be the best proxy of an author writing style. This approach gives less importance to the topics conveyed by the documents. It turns out that recent models are mostly driven by the inner semantic of authors' production. They are outperformed by simple baselines, based on state-of-the-art pretrained sentence embedding models, on several linguistic axes. These baselines can grasp complex linguistic phenomena and writing style more efficiently, paving the way for designing new style-driven author embedding models.

Writing Style Author Embedding Evaluation

Text generation is a highly active area of research in the computational linguistic community. The evaluation of the generated text is a challenging task and multiple theories and metrics have been proposed over the years. Unfortunately, text generation and evaluation are relatively understudied due to the scarcity of high-quality resources in code-mixed languages where the words and phrases from multiple languages are mixed in a single utterance of text and speech. To address this challenge, we present a corpus (HinGE) for a widely popular code-mixed language Hinglish (code-mixing of Hindi and English languages). HinGE has Hinglish sentences generated by humans as well as two rule-based algorithms corresponding to the parallel Hindi-English sentences. In addition, we demonstrate the inefficacy of widely-used evaluation metrics on the code-mixed data. The HinGE dataset will facilitate the progress of natural language generation research in code-mixed languages.

Error-Sensitive Evaluation for Ordinal Target Variables

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