United States

**Abstract:**

Seabirds are affected by anthropogenic activities including fishing, climate change and marine debris. Increasingly, seabirds are also subject to anthropogenic activity arising from human development, particularly within nearshore areas. Therefore, regulators need to quantify seabird use of these habitats to understand the potential for interactions with developments. The real-world relevance of such questions is increasing as our use of these habitats increases e.g. aquaculture and marine renewables. Yet, many difficulties exist in gathering data within nearshore environments. A widely used technique for assessing seabird abundance and distribution within nearshore areas is vantage point surveys (VPS) from the shore. However, the ability of VPS to gather data suitable for Environmental Impact Assessments can be compromised by several biases stemming from detectability issues and the spatiotemporal resolution of data. These biases are exaggerated in high-energy environments (relevant to tidal stream/wave energy generation) and survey techniques are often poorly suited to these environments. Our study seeks to investigate the use of multiple survey techniques as an integrated approach to seabird monitoring. We undertook concurrent VPS and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) transects within the Strangford Lough tidal channel (Northern Ireland) to assess seabird abundance and distribution. We discuss the similarities/differences observed in seabird abundance and distribution detected by both survey methods to explore the potential benefits of using an integrated approach. We highlight when it may be beneficial to use UAV surveys to supplement VPS data to build a more complete picture of seabird use of tidal stream environments. The use of UAV surveys may represent a useful validation tool for the more widely used VPS, as well as the potential to add additional complementary data. This work has wide reaching applications as VPS are commonly used to understand seabird use of the marine environment.

**Authors:**

Melissa Costagliola-Ray¹, Elizabeth Masden¹, Jared Wilson², Paul Caplat³, Lilian Lieber³, Alex Nimmo-Smith⁴, Nina O&#39;Hanlon¹

¹University of Highlands and Islands, ²Marine Scotland Science, ³Queen&#39;s University Belfast, ⁴The University of Plymouth

3rd World Seabird Conference

Comparing vantage point and unmanned aerial vehicle surveys for assessments of seabird abundance and fine-scale distribution.

Welcome Seabirders!  

Welcome to Virtual World Seabird Conference 3 - vWSC3! Whether you are in your office or lab, at home, in a coffee shop or bar poaching some wifi, or at a remote field site or research vessel – we are very excited to welcome you to the third ever World Seabird Conference. 

We would like to thank ALL of you for being so patient as WSC3 was scheduled, postponed, rescheduled, revised to virtual, and scheduled again. Throughout all those iterations there was one message that remained perfectly clear – seabirders were eager to meet and share their science. If we could not meet in person then virtual it would have to be, but a 3rd WSC was something everyone wanted. That support and commitment helped the WSU Board of Directors and Member Societies sort through all of the challenges they faced to plan and hold this conference. 

The list of those that need to be thanked is long and, while we plan on recognizing many during the live closing plenary, it is important to do so here in writing as well. 

The Australasian Seabird Group was our Local Host for our plan to meet in Hobart, Tasmania. They invested substantial time and effort to find venues and plan events that we unfortunately were not able to visit. Nonetheless we appreciate their work on behalf of WSC3 and encourage all of you to thank them when you see their members in Gathertown or elsewhere during our virtual meeting. Their willingness to host created the initial excitement for WSC3 and without that our vWSC would not have been possible.

We also wish to thank the Science Program Committee, the Virtual Committee, and the Early Career Scientist Committee for their hard work planning the logistics, events, and schedule for vWSC3. These committees also had to deal with changing parameters and short timelines that made what is always a challenging task even more challenging. The Travel Awards Committee also invested time and effort in developing procedures for awarding travel funds that ultimately would not be implemented. 

Our ability to shift from an in-person to a virtual meeting, and to do so in a way that would be financially feasible, was due to the effective efforts of The International Fundraising Committee and to our financial sponsors. The IFC raised funds to support WSC3 and then, through the good relationships they built with sponsors, ensured we could re-envision how those funds could be used to support a virtual conference that would be affordable and high-quality.

We all owe the WSU Board of Directors and the Representatives of the Member Societies a great deal of thanks. They are the ones who manage the WSU and, for the past 18 months, have had to have a series of challenging meetings and conversations, have had to make a series of difficult choices, have had to do all of that while considering the short- and long-term health of WSU and the World Seabird Conferences, and did this while also managing their own challenges at their day jobs. We are grateful for their diligence, patience, foresight, and throughout all of the meetings, their collegiality. Also – a 6-year term is quite a commitment!

There would not be a WSC3 without a successful WSC1 and WSC2. Thanks go to the Pacific Seabird Group for their support of WSC1 in Victoria, Canada, and to the African Seabird Group for their support of WSC2 in Cape Town, South Africa. In each of these endeavors and for our current conference we were fortunate to work with a dependable and trustworthy partner in Podium Conferences. Michelle Smith and Marischal de Armond have become valued members of our team and have not only helped us plan conferences but have assisted and advised the WSU Chairs and Board on issues above and beyond conference planning. 

As we embark on our vWSC3 week we extend to all of you our thanks for showing up, for being patient, and most importantly for the work you do with seabirds. We are all part of a unique, global community that shares an interest, a fascination, and a passion for birds that make a living in our world’s oceans. We have advanced the science, conservation, and management of seabirds as well the ecosystems they inhabit. We are consistently impressed and motivated by the work you do. 

The WSU formed in 2010 because we saw the need for a global organization to address challenges at a global level. Over the past 11 years WSU has grown, adapted, and evolved to become the community that this week is making vWSC3 a reality. Enjoy the week, appreciate and support the friends and colleagues you have made in the community, and if you see us in a virtual hallway please stop and say hello! 

Thank you for the opportunity to serve all of you and the WSU over the past few years,

Nicholas Carlile, Interim Chair, WSU<br>
Patrick Jodice, 2nd Chair of the WSU<br><br>

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Join us for four days of science, networking and virtual engagement with delegates from around the world!

**Abstract:**

Seabirds are affected by anthropogenic activities including fishing, climate change and marine debris. Increasingly, seabirds are also subject to anthropogenic activity arising from human development, particularly within nearshore areas. Therefore, regulators need to quantify seabird use of these habitats to understand the potential for interactions with developments. The real-world relevance of such questions is increasing as our use of these habitats increases e.g. aquaculture and marine renewables. Yet, many difficulties exist in gathering data within nearshore environments. A widely used technique for assessing seabird abundance and distribution within nearshore areas is vantage point surveys (VPS) from the shore. However, the ability of VPS to gather data suitable for Environmental Impact Assessments can be compromised by several biases stemming from detectability issues and the spatiotemporal resolution of data. These biases are exaggerated in high-energy environments (relevant to tidal stream/wave energy generation) and survey techniques are often poorly suited to these environments. Our study seeks to investigate the use of multiple survey techniques as an integrated approach to seabird monitoring. We undertook concurrent VPS and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) transects within the Strangford Lough tidal channel (Northern Ireland) to assess seabird abundance and distribution. We discuss the similarities/differences observed in seabird abundance and distribution detected by both survey methods to explore the potential benefits of using an integrated approach. We highlight when it may be beneficial to use UAV surveys to supplement VPS data to build a more complete picture of seabird use of tidal stream environments. The use of UAV surveys may represent a useful validation tool for the more widely used VPS, as well as the potential to add additional complementary data. This work has wide reaching applications as VPS are commonly used to understand seabird use of the marine environment.

**Authors:**

Melissa Costagliola-Ray¹, Elizabeth Masden¹, Jared Wilson², Paul Caplat³, Lilian Lieber³, Alex Nimmo-Smith⁴, Nina O'Hanlon¹

¹University of Highlands and Islands, ²Marine Scotland Science, ³Queen's University Belfast, ⁴The University of Plymouth

technical paper

**Abstract:**

The effects of global change, including changes in seasonality and increased frequency and intensity of extreme events, might be expected to drive novel eco-evolutionary dynamics in seabird populations that are seasonally mobile. Identifying life-history traits, stages and locations that control the persistence and growth rates of seabird populations is crucial for conservation, but remains an open challenge. General theory and empirical data that incorporates dynamic variation in seasonal movement, and identifies fundamental principles of such systems, is still lacking. We devised full-annual-cycle models that capture key dimensions of demographic structure in a seasonally varying environment. First, we conceptualize movement through two variable vital rates: seasonal movement and its associated survival probability, and derive population growth rate and associated elasticities for stereotypical long-lived seabird species considering different levels of movement plasticity. Second, we evaluate the impacts of extreme climatic events in key life-history traits of a seasonally mobile metapopulation of European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis). We show that seasonal movement and its plasticity can substantially affect population persistence and growth rate, with effects comparable with survival or fecundity. Further, we quantify selection on key vital rates of migrants vs residents under extreme and benign conditions and explored its potential eco-evolutionary implications in the face of global change. Overall, we extend demographic and evolutionary theory and empirical studies by encompassing variable seasonal movement and revisiting its implications to understand and forecast open population dynamics under global change.

**Authors:**

Ana Payo-Payo¹, Paul Acker¹, Greta Bocedi¹, Justin Travis¹, Sarah Burthe², Francis Daunt³, Jane Reid¹

¹University of Aberdeen, ²Centre of Ecology and Hidrology, ³Center of Ecology and Hidrology

Linking theory and data to forecast population dynamics of partially migratory seabird populations in the face of global change.

**Abstract:**

The global Black-legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) population is declining rapidly in NW Europe, and so effective productivity monitoring is essential to understand such concerning long-term population trends. Current UK Seabird Monitoring Programme fieldworker methods are sufficient but labour-intensive, preclude detailed phenology data, and are not always feasible in remote locations. Time-lapse cameras have the potential to overcome these challenges, but the volume of images can rapidly exceed researchers' visual processing capabilities as study size increases. Using volunteer citizen scientists to analyse photographs and training computer algorithms to recognise birds represent two possible image processing methods. Before algorithm-based methods can be deployed, computer analysis of time-lapse photographs must be validated against fieldworker observations, and image analysis by citizen scientists must be validated against skilled image analysts with field experience. Using camera and 'human' monitoring data from sites in the UK (Skomer Island) and Arctic Circle, this study aims firstly to determine whether time-lapse photography can measure Kittiwake nesting success and phenology, and secondly to validate computer analysis vs fieldworker methods, and citizen scientists vs skilled image analysts. Validating time-lapse photography to measure breeding success and phenology could unlock the potential to better understand the causes of global Black-legged Kittiwake decline.

**Authors:**

Alice Edney¹, Matt Wood², Tom Hart¹, Mark Jessopp³, Alexa Piggott⁴

¹University of Oxford, ²University of Gloucestershire, ³University College Cork, ⁴Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales

Validating the effectiveness of time-lapse photography for the population monitoring of a colonial seabird

**Abstract:**

Feeding watches is a standard procedure for recording prey choice and time budgets of breeding seabirds. The method is however time and labor intensive which limits how much data that is feasible to collect. Time lapse cameras are increasingly used for recording breeding seabirds for extended periods, but most applications so far have relied on manual scrutinization of the recorded imagery which is also time consuming. Within the Karlsö Auk Lab, an artificial construction for breeding common murres in the Baltic Sea, we have installed a commercially available CCTV system that supports multiple cameras and record videos on up to 60 frames per second. IR light allow for recordings also in complete darkness. Three months of continuous filming of two cameras in the field season of 2019 produced approx. 3.8 Tb of data. To automate the recording of presence/absence of breeding individuals and chick feedings, we arranged a hackathon whereby students and professionals had two weeks to develop automated workflows for data analysis. We present general outcomes of the competition with special focus on the winning solution, which uses object detection and deep learning methods to automatically calculate time budgets for the breeding birds. The method can provide behavioral data on an unprecedented level of detail but requires significant computation power. We share insights and discuss future possible application of the technology and how the combination of AI and citizen science can contribute to a wider application of the technology.

**Authors:**

Jonas Hentati Sundberg¹, Olin Agnes², Sheetal Reddy³, Jayanth Reddy³, Siddharta Kasaraneni³, Per-Arvid Berglund⁴, Aron Hejdström³, Olof Olsson⁵

¹Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, ²University of Strathclyde, ³Baltic Seabird Project, ⁴Baltic Seabird Project & Swedish Museum of Natural History, ⁵Stockholm University

Can AI revolutionize seabird feeding watches?

**Abstract:**

Introduction of exotic mammals like rats is one of the leading causes of island biodiversity loss, particulary for seabirds. Rat eradication generally has positive effects on seabirds but the demographic processes explaining these effects are not always understood. In this talk, we will present the evolution of the seabird community of Tromelin island (western Indian Ocean) after brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) eradication. Before rats introduction, in the XVIIIth century, 10 seabirds species were breeding on the island, totalling hundreds of thousands of pairs. In 2005, at the time of rat eradication, only 2 species (red-footed boobies (Sula sula) and masked boobies (Sula dactylatra)) were still breeding, totalling less than 400 pairs. In 2019, 15 years after rat eradication, 7 seabird species totalling more than 3000 pairs breed on the island. We determined the demographic parameters (breeding success, survival rate) of the two species that were still breeding in 2005 with capture-mark-recapture data. We built a matrix population model to estimate their annual population growth rate. This rate was 1.04 for red-footed boobies and 1.02 for masked boobies, which is in accordance with the observed growth. We estimated the carrying capacity of the island, as the maximum number of pairs that can breed on the island, knowing the area of favourable habitats. Carrying capacity was 18000 pairs for red-footed boobies and 27000 pairs for masked boobies. A density dependant matrix population model suggest that these populations could reach these value in 3 and 5 centuries, respectively. However these predictions should be interpreted with caution as the model does not include factors that may impact the growth of the populations : prey abundance, seabird induced changes in vegetation cover, interspecific competition and sea level rise which will reduce the area of suitable habitat, and increase the frequency of flooding events.

**Authors:**

Merlène Saunier¹, Matthieu Le Corre¹, Gabrielle Dicque¹, Maud Berlincourt¹, Morgane Manoury¹, Jean Hivert², Luc Gigord², Sabine Orlowski³, Florent Bignon³, David Ringler³

¹UMR ENTROPIE, university of Reunion Island, ²CBNM-CPIE Mascarin, ³TAAF

Demographic effects of rat eradication on a tropical seabird community

**Abstract:**

The Santos Basin Beach Monitoring Project (Projeto de Monitoramento de Praias da Bacia de Santos - PMP-BS) is one of the monitoring programs required by Brazil's federal environmental agency, IBAMA, for the environmental licensing process of oil production and transport by Petrobras at the pre-salt province (25⁰05'S 42⁰35'W a 25⁰55'S 43⁰34'W), between 2100m and 2300m isobaths. To evaluate the possible impacts of these activities on marine turtles, marine mammals, and seabirds, the main activity of the PMP-BS is to monitor daily approximately 1040km of coastline. The project started on August-2015 and is scheduled to continue for at least three more years. As results of the beach survey effort, 34089 seabirds have been found on the beaches, from August 2015 to August 2019. The Bird Family with more individuals was Spheniscidae with 17134 animals, followed by Procellaridae with 6632 and Laridae with 3632. Considering Species, the most common were 17,126 Spheniscus magellanicus, followed by 4610 Puffinus puffinus, 2981 Larus dominicanus and 1123 Thalassarche chlororhyncos. At macroscopic exam, 2247 animals had signs of anthropogenic interaction. That is only a small fraction of animals that die at sea arrive on the coast, the high number of seabirds observed during beach monitoring imply in very high mortalities at sea.

**Authors:**

André Barreto¹, Tito C. Almeida², Carla Barbosa², Pedro Castilho², Marta Cremer², Camila Domit², Daniela Godoy², Karina Groch², Cristiane K. Kolesnikovas², Andrea Maranho², Rodrigo Sant?Ana², Renata Taufer², Rodrigo Valle², Emanuel Ferreira², Patricia Serafini³

¹UNIVALI, ²PMP Bacia de Santos, ³ICMBio

Sistematic surveillance of threats in the South Atlantic Ocean: detection of mortality of Procellariiformes on beach surveys along south and south-eastern Brazilian coast

**Abstract:**

Peruvian boobies (Sula variegata) experience inter-annual shifts in oceanic productivity due to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Such changes in conditions affect foraging costs and prey availability, and subsequently, foraging behavior and diet. Breeding boobies are susceptible to localized scarcity and shifts in their prey's spatial distribution, although they can adjust, to an extent, through change in diet and/or higher foraging effort through longer travel distances to prey patches and increased trip durations. We used a combination of stable isotope analysis and GPS tracking to explore variation in Peruvian booby diet and foraging behaviors over two years at Isla Guañape Norte, Peru. We found differences in blood nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) stable isotope values between years with differing ENSO conditions, suggesting that boobies may have shifted their diets and habitat use, respectively. Specifically, δ15N values were higher in 2018 (14.8 ± 0.1?) compared to 2016 (12.5 ± 0.2?), which may indicate a diet of higher trophic level prey. The lower δ13C values in 2018 (-15.3 ± 0.3?) compared to 2016 (-14.9 ± 0.4?) may indicate increased foraging in nearshore habitats. Ongoing GPS analyses will examine if stable isotope values are correlated with shifts in the foraging effort of Peruvian boobies, as measured by parameters including trip duration, trip distance, number of foraging trips, commute time and other metrics. This research will provide a greater understanding of the degree of flexibility in diets and foraging effort, relative to changing environmental conditions, and aid in the management and conservation of Peruvian boobies.

**Authors:**

Sara Wang¹, Carlos Zavalaga², Michael Polito¹

¹Louisiana State University, ²Universidad Científica del Sur

Interannual variation in Peruvian Booby (Sula variegata) foraging, assessed using GPS tracking and and stable isotope analysis

**Abstract:**

Declining seabird populations have prompted a growing interest in designating marine protected areas for seabirds, particularly during the breeding season when birds are under increased stress raising young. The identification of important marine areas for seabird conservation is often accomplished using either at-sea surveys or tracking data. At -sea surveys can sample wider seabird communities, but likely include non-breeders or commuting birds. Tracking studies enable identification of important foraging locations, but use a limited number of colonies and individuals to represent the wider population. Rarely have the two methods been compared. We undertook concurrent fine-scale aerial surveys and GPS tracking of Manx shearwaters (Puffinus puffinus) along the south coast of Ireland during the breeding season in June-July 2021. Aerial surveys recorded a wide range of Manx shearwater densities (0-280 individuals/km2, mean: 5.31 ± 20.16) with clear hotspots of density. Abundances exceeded breeding population estimates along the south coast, suggesting mixing from more distant colonies and non-breeders. Kernel densities of tracking data (80 tracks from 36 individuals) also showed hotspots of occurrence along the coast. The agreement between hotspot locations identified by the two methods revealed a significant correlation (Dutilleul's modified T-test, Pearson coefficient =0.26, P=0.012). Our results suggest that despite differences in methodology and assumptions/limitations, there is broad agreement between methods, providing greater confidence in protected area designation.

**Authors:**

Mark Jessopp¹, Jamie Darby¹, Manon Clairbaux¹, John Quinn¹, Ashley Bennison¹, Steve Geelhoed², Helder Araujo³, Emer Rogan¹

¹University College Cork, ²Wageningen Marine Research, ³Action Air Environnement

A comparison of GPS tracking and aerial surveys in identifying seabird hotspots at sea

**Abstract:**

Recreational fishing (RF) is a growing activity of great socioeconomic importance in many countries of South America, providing social, cultural, food, economic and other benefits, but also producing negative effects on the ecosystems. In spite of its importance, the effects of this activity on the ecosystems and their species have received little attention in the region. With the aim of better understanding current research trends in RFs of South America, we carried out a systematic analysis of published articles between 1995 and 2020 over Scholar Google, Scopus and SciELO in Spanish, English and Portuguese languages. The search used the following keywords: 'recreational fisheries', 'recreational fishing', 'recreational angling', 'sport fishing', 'game fishing', 'non-commercial fishing', 'angling', 'anglers' and 'South America'. Information contained in each of the 122 articles analyzed was categorized in four main areas according to issues addressed (environmental issues, target species, management and socioeconomic aspects). Fifty-five percent of articles addressed RFs in continental ecosystems, 43% in coastal-marine ecosystems and 2% in both environments. The number of articles increased substantially from 2005 onwards, being Brazil (69) and Argentina (36) dominant in the literature. Target species was the most frequent subject addressed in the studies (40%), followed by socioeconomic aspects (32%), environmental issues (22%) and management (6%) (x2=25.71, p<0.001), with no differences observed in studies done in marine and freshwater ecosystems (x2=4.71, p=0.19). Less than 7% of articles referred to negative interactions between seabirds and RFs, all of them from Argentine coastal-marine environments. Knowledge gaps and the application of ecosystem based management in RFs of South America is discussed.

**Authors:**

Francisco Zumpano¹, Sofía Copello¹, Marco Favero¹, Germán García¹

¹Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), UNMdP - CONICET, Rodriguez Peña 4046 Nivel

Research trends and future perspectives of recreational fisheries in South America

**Abstract:**

The black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) is a pelagic seabird species known to breed on cliffs in the northern hemisphere. This species is categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and its global population is considered declining on its whole breeding range. As a pelagic seabird, its populations do not rely on landfills or on any human originated waste like some related gull species do. Nevertheless, some black-legged kittiwake (BLK) colonies have established on artificial grounds like urban areas, industrial buildings, and other various types of man-made structures. We first summarized the various cases of nesting recorded on such structures across the BLK's breeding range. Then we focused on the southernmost urban colony known for this species, established at Boulogne-sur-mer in France. We characterized this urban colony in relation to the population dynamics of the closest colony located in natural habitat and the artificial habitat features in terms of exposure, ledges dimensions, elevation and distance to the shore. We also investigated the challenges this colony has to face in relation to human activities. Indeed, the establishment of BLK colonies on man-made structures often lead to conflictual interactions and human actions to deter the breeders. We explored how the various sub-colonies respond to nest removal resulting from building demolition or renovation which occurred during the nonbreeding season. We discussed the outcomes of mitigation measures implemented with regard to both urban area management and BLK population dynamics. Finally, we stress the need to turn this conflictual context into a rare opportunity for effective seabird conservation perspectives.

**Authors:**

Sylvain Dromzée¹, Sylvain Poisblaud¹

¹Groupe ornithologique et naturaliste du Nord - Pas-de-Calais (GON)

The use of man-made structure as breeding site by black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla): a global overview and the case study of its southernmost urban colony at Boulogne-sur-Mer (France)

**Abstract:**

About 38% of the seabird species recognized globally occurs in Brazil as breeders, migrants or vagrants. In Brazil, 14 seabird species breed at the following archipelagos: Fernando de Noronha, São Pedro and São Paulo, Trindade and Martin Vaz, Abrolhos; and Atol das Rocas. Nevertheless, until recently, information of seabirds in these islands was limited to a list of species and occasional observations. The lack of robust population estimates was highlighted when the need to determine long-term trends and population dynamics arose. In 2009 the Brazil's National Center for Wild Bird Conservation and Research (ICMBio/CEMAVE) and partners started surveying seabirds population numbers more consistently, establishing conditions for a long term monitoring program. Population numbers for all seabird species that breed on Fernando de Noronha and Abrolhos archipelagos have been monitored using standardized census techniques, making a powerful tool to evaluate and identify key ecological processes and responses to local threats, as the rodent invasive species presence on both. Although decreasing population trends have been detected for the past decade to Audubon's Shearwater and Brown Booby. Stable trends have been observed for Red-billed Tropicbird, White-tailed Tropicbird, Red-footed Booby, and for White Tern. Masked Booby, Magnificent Frigatebird, Black Noddy, Brown Noddy and Sooty Tern presented overall increasing trends on population numbers within the monitored colonies. Instead of working with one species in a multi-colony/multi-population approach, focus was given to undertake multi-species demographic studies at multiple colonies within the same site. In the future, combined analysis of different strategies and ecological features of different seabird species sharing the same island will have the power to better guide decision-making within protected areas, trying to minimize future population impacts and subsidize management strategies.

**Authors:**

Patricia Serafini¹, Guilherme Nunes², Marcio Efe³, Lucas Lage¹, Lucas Penna¹, Ricardo Krul⁴, Maria Bernadete Barbosa¹, Barbara Figueiredo¹, Thayná Mello¹, Ricardo Araújo¹, Fernando Repinaldo¹, Priscilla Amaral¹, Camila Gomes¹, Leandro Bugoni⁵

¹ICMBio, ²UFRGS, ³UFAL, ⁴Tríade, ⁵FURG

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