Brazil

Clinical decision support systems is a research area in which Machine Learning (ML) techniques can be applied. Nevertheless, specifically in assisting pneumonia decision making, the use of ML has not been so expressive. To help matters, this work aims to contribute to the evolution of the intersection of such areas by presenting a Systematic Review of the Literature. It provides results which may help to identify, interpret and evaluate how ML techniques have been applied and some research enhancements yet to be done.

BRACIS 2020

Machine Learning to Assist in Pneumonia Decision Making: A Systematic Review of the Literature

pneumonia

systematic review

data mining

machine learning

**BRACIS** originated from the combination of the two most important scientific events in Brazil in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Computational Intelligence (CI): the Brazilian Symposium on Artificial Intelligence – **SBIA** (22 editions), and the Brazilian Symposium on Neural Networks – **SBRN** (13 editions). **ENIAC** is a national forum for researchers, practitioners, educators and students to present and discuss innovations, trends, experiences, developments and work in progress in the fields of Artificial and Computational Intelligence. **STIL** is the bi-annual Language Technology event.
All events are supported by the Brazilian Computer Society – Special Interest Groups: **CE-IA**, **CE-IC** and **CE-PLN**.

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BRACIS 2021

BRACIS originated from the combination of the two most important scientific events in Brazil in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Computational Intelligence (CI): the Brazilian Symposium on Artificial Intelligence – SBIA (22 editions), and the Brazilian Symposium on Neural Networks – SBRN (13 editions). 
ENIAC is a national forum for researchers, practitioners, educators and students to present and discuss innovations, trends, experiences, developments and work in progress in the fields of Artificial and Computational Intelligence. 
STIL is the bi-annual Language Technology event.
All events are supported by the Brazilian Computer Society – Special Interest Groups: CE-IA, CE-IC and CE-PLN

technical paper

The 9th Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems (BRACIS), the 16h Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional (ENIAC), and the 12th Concurso de Teses e Dissertações em Inteligência Artificial e Computacional (CTDIAC) was held from 20 to 23 October, 2020.

BRACIS originated from the combination of the two most important scientific events in Brazil in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Computational Intelligence (CI): the Brazilian Symposium on Artificial Intelligence - SBIA (22 editions), and the Brazilian Symposium on Neural Networks - SBRN (13 editions). ENIAC is a national forum for researchers, practitioners, educators and students to present and discuss innovations, trends, experiences, developments and work in progress in the fields of Artificial and Computational Intelligence. CTDIAC is a satellite event whose goals are to disseminate and award the best dissertations and theses (MSc and PhDs concluded in Brazilian universities from June 2018 to May 2020) in Artificial and Computational Intelligence areas.

In this year, the Symposium on Knowledge Discovery, Mining and Learning (KDMiLe) will be held in conjunction with BRACIS 2020. This sysposium aims at integrating researchers, practitioners, developers, students and users to present their research results, to discuss ideas, and to exchange techniques, tools, and practical experiences – related to the Data Mining and Machine Learning areas.

Brain-Computer Interfaces (ICM) allow the control of devices by modulating brain activity. Commonly, when based on motor imagery (IM) these systems use the energy (de)synchronization in the electroencephalogram signal (EEG), voluntarily caused by the individual, to identify and classify their motor intention. Therefore, the EEG segment used in the training of the learning algorithms plays a fundamental role in the description of the characteristics and, consequently, in the recognition of patterns in the signal. In this context, the objective of this work is to demonstrate the correlation between the temporal properties of the input EEG segment and the classification performance of a ICM-IM system. An auxiliary sliding window was used in order to obtain the variation of performance in function of the variation in the time and to support the decision making about the appropriate window. Simulations based on public EEG data point to significant variability in the location and width of the ideal window and suggest the need for individualized selection according to the cognitive patterns of each subject.

Towards ideal time window for classifying motor imagery in brain-computer interfaces

The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has struck people’s lives overnight. With an alarming contagious rate and no effective treatments or vaccines, it has evoked all sorts of reactions. In this paper, we propose a framework to analyze how political polarization affects groups’ behavior with opposed stances, using the Brazilian COVID polarized scenario as a case study. Two Twitter groups represent the pro/against social isolation stances referred to as Chloroquiners and Quarenteners. The framework encompasses: a) techniques to automatically infer from users political orientation, b) topic modeling to discover the homogeneity of concerns expressed by each group; c) network analysis and community detection to characterize their behavior as a social network group and d) analysis of linguistic characteristics to identify psychological aspects. Our main findings confirm that Cloroquiners are right-wing partisans, whereas Quarenteners are more related to the left-wing. The political polarization of Chloroquiners and Quarenteners influence the arguments of economy and life, and support/opposition to the president. As a group, the network of Chloroquiners is more closed and connected, and Quarenteners have a more diverse political engagement. In terms of psychological aspects, polarized groups come together on cognitive issues and negative emotions.

Quarenteners vs. Cloroquiners: a framework to analyze the effect of political polarization on social distance stances

It has been advocated that post-hoc explanation techniques are crucial for increasing the trust in complex Machine Learning (ML) models. However, it is so far not well understood whether such explanation techniques are useful or easy for users to understand. In this work, we explore the extent to which SHAP's explanations, a state-of-the-art post-hoc explainer, help humans to make better decisions. In the malaria classification scenario, we have designed an experiment with 120 volunteers to understand whether humans, starting with zero knowledge about the classification mechanism, could replicate the complex ML classifier's performance after having access to the model explanations. Our results show that this is indeed the case, i.e., when presented with the ML model outcomes and the explanations, humans can improve their classification performance, indicating that they understood how the ML model makes its decisions.

Evaluation of Post-hoc Explanations for Malaria Detection

Machine translation is intrinsically associated with the study and development of computerized methodologies for idiomatic translations' production. The most common approaches are the statistical and methods based on neural networks. One of the deficiencies pointed out by these methods is the possible lack of coherence between the translated sentences. In this project, we propose using techniques based on Graph Theory to preserve the coherence in the translation of texts from English to Portuguese. The studied method presents large performance variability; however, some translations produce sentences 90% better evaluated than the statistical translator Moses and 10% superior to Google Translate.

Post-processing of machine translation texts based on graph theory

This study presents an algorithmic strategy to analyze a small set of social network information to monitor the dengue disease. Previous studies have achieved similar results based on large datasets of Twitter microblogs. In this study, we successfully map dengue cases using a small data collection of tweets from a medium-size city. A set of modules were constructed to collect, categorize, and display dengue-related tweets. We compared the collected tweets with real data from confirmed dengue cases. We showed a significant correlation between the number of confirmed dengue cases and the number of dengue-related tweets, even considering such a small dataset. The results of this approach may be relevant in public health policies.

Statistical analysis of small twitter data collection to identify dengue outbreaks

Since 1989, the first year of the democratic presidential election after a long period of a dictatorship regime, Brazil conducted eight presidential elections. This period was marked by short and long-term shifts of power and two impeachment processes. Such instability is a case of study in electoral studies, e.g., the study of the population voting behavior. Understanding patterns in the population behavior can give us insight into factors and influences that affect the quality of democratic political decisions. In light of this, our paper focuses on analyzing the Brazilian presidential election voting behavior across the years and the Brazilian territory. Following a data science pipeline, we divided the analysis process into five steps: (i) data selection; (ii) data preprocessing; (iii) identification of spatial patterns, in which we seek to understand the role of space in the election results using spatial autocorrelation techniques; (iv) identification of temporal patterns, where we investigate similar trends of votes over the years using a hierarchical clustering method; and (v) evaluation of the results. It is noteworthy that the data in this work represents the election results at the municipal level, from 1994 to 2018, of the two most relevant parties of this period: the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) and the Workers' Party (PT). Through the results obtained, we found the existence of spatial dependence in every electoral year investigated. Moreover, despite the changes in the political-economic context over the years, neighboring cities seem to present similar voting behavior trends.

Brazilian Presidential Elections: Analysing Voting Patterns in Time and Space Using a Simple Data Science Pipeline

Many multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) scenarios lead towards Nash equilibria, which is knownto not always be socially efficient. In my research we aimed to align the social optimization objective of the system with the individual objectives of the agents by adopting a central controller which can interact with the agents.

Inducing selfish agents towards social efficient solutions

As technology evolves and electronic devices become widespread, the amount of data produced in the form of stream increases in enormous proportions. Data streams are an online source of data, meaning that it keeps producing data continuously. This creates the need for fast and reliable methods to analyse and extract information from these sources. Stream mining algorithms exist for this purpose, but the use of supervised machine learning is extremely limited in the stream domain since it is unfeasible to label every data instance requested to be processed. Tackling this problem, our paper proposes the use of active learning techniques for stream mining algorithms, specifically incremental Hoeffding trees-based. It is important to mention that the active learning techniques were implemented to match the stream mining constraints regarding low computational cost. We took advantage of the incremental tree original structure to avoid overburdening the original computational cost when selecting a label. In other words, the statistical strategy to grow each incremental tree has supported the execution of active learning. Using techniques of uncertainty sampling, we were able to drastically reduce the number of labels required at the cost of a very small reduction in accuracy. Particularly with Budget Entropy there was an average negative impact of accuracy about 4% using only 14% of samples labelled.

Active Learning embedded in incremental decision trees

Labor Accidents in Brazil: a Descriptive Analysis

The opinion issued by consumers of products and services has become increasingly valued, both by other consumers and by companies. The automatic interpretation of review texts to generate information is of paramount importance. With opinion mining at the aspect level, it is possible to extract and summarize opinions about different components of a product or service. This paper evaluates the behavior of a method for extracting aspects using natural language processing tools for the Portuguese language. The aim is to investigate the maturity of the tools for Portuguese compared to the already consolidated tools for the English language. The evaluation was carried out in three datasets from two different domains with original texts in Portuguese and their translations into English, and vice versa, and the results indicate that there is no difference between languages.

Machine Learning to Assist in Pneumonia Decision Making: A Systematic Review of the Literature

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Machine Learning to Assist in Pneumonia Decision Making: A Systematic Review of the Literature

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Next from BRACIS 2020

Towards ideal time window for classifying motor imagery in brain-computer interfaces

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A lightweight approach for predicting errors in chess matches

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