Canada

Theta rhythms (4-12 Hz) are crucial for hippocampal network coordination and functions, including memory and anxiety. Lesion and pharmacological studies have shown that the median raphe nucleus (MR) exerts a strong modulation over theta rhythms. However, the MR is composed of mixed neuronal populations, including serotonergic neurons (5-HT) and glutamatergic neurons expressing the vesicular glutamate transporter type 3 (VGLUT3). In this study, we aim to evaluate the contribution of these two largely distinct median raphe neuronal populations to theta rhythm properties. We used optogenetics to activate either 5HT or VGLUT3 neurons in the median raphe (MR) of freely behaving mice. To do so, we injected CRE-dependent AAV vectors in the MR of either SERT-CRE or VGLUT3-CRE mice, to selectively transfect 5-HT or VGLUT3 MR neurons with the excitatory opsin ChETAET/TC. An optic fiber implanted above the MR allowed light delivery and activation of 5-HT or VGLUT3 neurons, while simultaneously recording theta rhythms in the hippocampus during REM sleep and awake locomotion. Our results show that 5HT and VGLUT3 neurons participate in the modulation of hippocampal theta frequency and power. These results suggest a potential role for MR 5-HT and VGLUT3 neurons in the modulation of hippocampal functions such as memory and anxiety.

CAN-ACN 2021

3Hippocampal theta rhythm modulation by the glutamatergic and serotonergic raphe

plenary session

### Looking for Cogsci 2023? Please [click here](https://underline.io/events/405/reception) to switch to 2023 edition.


**Dear Colleagues,**

Welcome to the 43rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society! 

This year’s conference brings together the latest research from all Cognitive Science and also highlights this year’s theme **Comparative Cognition: Animal Minds.** 

The program features four plenary speakers: Friederike Range (University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna), Onur Güntürkün (Ruhr University Bochum), Julia Fischer (University of Göttingen), and Erich Jarvis (The Rockefeller University). The keynotes and invited symposia showcase the broad spectrum of ideas that encompass the conference theme of comparative cognition. 

Further, the program includes the Rumelhart Prize keynote presentation by Susan Goldin-Meadow (University of Chicago), and symposia to celebrate the winner of the Elman Prize: Wei Ji Ma (New York University), the Heineken Award winner Robert Zatorre (McGill University), and the Robert J. Glushko Dissertation Prizes session.

The program committee for CogSci 2021 received 1,025 submissions, including 710 full papers, 275 member abstracts, 8 publication-based talks, as well as 15 proposals for symposia, and 17 for workshops and tutorials. After a rigorous review process, the committee selected 152 papers for oral presentation and inclusion in the conference proceedings (14.8%), 332 papers for poster presentation and inclusion in the proceedings (32.4%), and 175 papers for poster presentation with inclusion of abstracts in the proceedings (17.1%) We also selected 275 submitted member abstracts. In addition, we accepted 6 publication-based talks, 12 symposia, and 9 workshops and tutorials to make for an exciting and inclusive program.

We hope that you enjoy the conference this year!<br><br>

**Your Program Chairs,**
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**Learn more about the Vienna Cognitive Science Hub at the University of Vienna, hosts of CogSci 2021**

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To review the proceedings for the conference or review the searchable program, please visit the [website](https://cognitivesciencesociety.org/program/).


CogSci 2021

The Cognitive Science Society brings together researchers from around the world who hold a common goal: understanding the nature of the human mind. The mission of the Society is to promote Cognitive Science as a discipline, and to foster scientific interchange among researchers in various areas of study, including Artificial Intelligence, Linguistics, Anthropology, Psychology, Neuroscience, Philosophy, and Education. The Society is a non-profit professional organization and its activities include sponsoring an annual conference and publishing the journals Cognitive Science and TopiCS.

poster

Colleagues and Friends:

I am very happy to welcome you to the 14th annual Canadian Neuroscience Meeting, and to the first virtual edition of our meeting. I want to highlight the important work the CAN meeting chair, **Roger Thompson** and co-chair, **Alyson Fournier**, did to put together the great program we are offering this year. Moving to a virtual format required a complete re-design of the program, and both Roger and Alyson did a splendid job in providing us with an appealing and well adapted program for our first virtual event. I wish to thank them for this very important effort.

Highlights of this year’s scientific meeting include invited speakers **Michael Hausser, Franck Polleux, Gwyneth Card, Magdalena Götz**and Brain Prize winner **Huda Zoghbi**. Plenary and parallel symposia, proposed by our members complete our diverse [scientific program.](https://can-acn.org/meeting-2021/program-2021/)

The 2021 Advocacy session, chaired and organized by CAN advocacy committee chair **Karun Singh**, will feature a special lecture and question period with Member of Parliament and past Science Minister **Kirsty Duncan**. This will be followed by a short overview of CAN’s advocacy activities over the last year. We invite you to participate in this session for insight from Dr. Duncan on the workings of Parliament Hill, and to learn more about what CAN has been doing to promote neuroscience research in Canada.

We are also excited to host **Lisa Willis** in the Equity Diversity and Inclusion session, organized by EDI committee chair **Jibran Khokhar**.

A special highlight of our meeting will be the lectures by award-winning young neuroscientists. We are please to host the CAN 2020 Young Investigator Award winner **Mihaela Iordanova**, and CAN 2021 Young Investigator Award winners **Aaron Phillips** and **Tabrez Siddiqui**. Highlights will also include presentation by the top three winners of the CAN-CIHR-INMHA Brain Star Award winners, **Claire Gizowski, Nuria Daviu Abant** and **Lukas Tamayo-Orrego**.

Independently organized satellite symposia complement and complete this exciting program, check them out here: https://can-acn.org/meeting-2021/2021-satellite-symposia/

Some of the most engaging sessions are always the poster sessions featuring the work of our trainees, so make sure to log in to Gather Town during the poster sessions to chat with the presenters.
We hope you enjoy this program, and look forward to welcoming you, virtually.

Shernaz Bamji

President of the Canadian Association for Neuroscience

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Please head to https://can-acn.org/meeting-2021/registration-2021/ to register. 

14th Canadian Neuroscience Meeting from August 23rd-25th

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is produced in the lateral hypothalamus. It has important roles in homeostatic and motivated behaviour. As MCH projections and receptors are widely distributed, the brain regions underlying MCH functions are not well understood. We showed that MCH neurons send dense projections to the lateral septum (LS) and innervate LS neurons by glutamate release. Consistently, retrograde injections into the LS showed that MCH neurons that innervate the LS are largely distributed medial to the fornix. However, it is not known if MCH can regulate the activity of LS neurons. In order to characterize MCH action in the LS, we first mapped the distribution of MCH-immunoreactive fibers and MCH receptor mRNA (Mchr1) throughout the LS. We observed the highest expression of both MCH fibers and Mchr1 toward the lateral and ventral borders of the intermediate subregion of the LS, and we selected LS cells for whole-cell patch clamp recordings from these regions. Bath application of MCH directly hyperpolarized LS neurons and elicited a membrane current that reversed at the equilibrium potential for chloride ions. This MCH-mediated hyperpolarization and current were blocked by the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline and indicated that GABAA-dependent mechanisms underlie the inhibitory actions of MCH in the LS. By contrast, MCH does not alter the frequency of glutamatergic or GABAergic input to LS neurons. In aggregate, the postsynaptic actions of MCH in the LS suggests that in addition to glutamate, MCH neurons may also regulate the LS by MCH release.

Melanin-concentrating hormone mediated inhibition of lateral septum neurons

Melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) is an orexigenic neuropeptide located in the lateral hypothalamus. Cells expressing MCH are heterogenous and can be marked by their coexpression of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) or the neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R). Transcriptomic studies show that one-third of MCH neurons coexpress both CART and NK3R. However, the distribution of this MCH subpopulation has not yet been mapped in the mouse brain. We determined the percentage of MCH neurons that coexpress CART and/or NK3R and mapped their distribution to Allen Reference Atlas mouse brain templates. We identified MCH neurons by native EGFP fluorescence (EGFP-f) in Mch-cre;L10-Egfp mice and then labeled CART and NK3R immunoreactivity. We found that 96% of EGFP-f cells were MCH-positive. Within the lateral hypothalamus, EGFP-f cells may be clustered medial or lateral to the fornix. Nearly half (49%) of the EGFP-f cells counted expressed EGFP-f only and were most commonly found lateral to the fornix. In contrast, 47% of EGFP-f neurons coexpressed CART, and these cells were more common medial to the fornix. Of the CART-positive EGFP-f cells, half of them also coexpressed NK3R, which appeared evenly throughout the lateral hypothalamus. Lastly, 4% of EGFP-f neurons coexpressed NK3R only. Our results indicate a robust heterogeneity within MCH neurons, and we will expand our analysis to determine if these MCH subpopulations also express distinct electrical fingerprints based on their neurochemical properties.

Neurochemical characterization of melanin-concentrating hormone neurons in the mouse lateral hypothalamus

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) activates MCH receptor 1 (MCHR1) to promote positive energy balance. MCH or MCHR1 deletion, in part at GABAergic cells, leads to a hyperdopaminergic state and hyperactivity, as MCH can inhibit dopamine release. Here we assessed if MCH can directly regulate dopaminergic or GABAergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). We labelled mouse Mchr1 mRNA by RNAscope in situ hybridization throughout the VTA and quantified its expression on putative dopaminergic or GABAergic cells by colocalization with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity or Slc32a1 (Vgat) mRNA hybridization, respectively. Half of all Mchr1 cells expressed TH, which comprised 25% of TH VTA cells, while only 13% of Mchr1 cells expressed Vgat, which represented 13% of Vgat VTA cells. We then mapped the expression of Mchr1 in TH and Vgat VTA neurons onto Allen Reference Atlas brain templates to assess their spatial distribution. Mchr1 expression was most prevalent in the posterior VTA (Bregma -3.28 mm to -3.68 mm) and concentrated within the medial aspect of the VTA. Vgat expression and its colocalization with Mchr1 increased in more posterior levels but TH and Mchr1 colocalization was relatively higher posteriorly. Interestingly, 36% of Mchr1 cells were neither TH nor Vgat positive, and future experiments will determine if they may be glutamatergic VTA cells. Importantly, we provide evidence for Mchr1 expression in the VTA and provide the basis for electrophysiological recordings to assess MCH-mediated action at TH and Vgat VTA cells.

Spatial distribution of melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 in the ventral tegmental area

Object category recognition and discrimination may rely on the use of generalized category representations formed through exposure to various category exemplars. Presumably, to refine category representations, extraneous object features must be inhibited. Parvalbumin-containing GABAergic interneurons (PVINs) have been implicated in visual stimulus learning, including the inhibition of irrelevant stimuli. To determine the role of GABAergic transmission in the refinement of object category representations, C57/BL6 mice were administered a GABAA receptor antagonist (bicuculline) prior to exposure to various category exemplars. When tested on a rodent object category recognition (OCR) task, mice administered bicuculline failed to perform a 1-h retention delay which requires pre-exposure to category objects. Then, to specifically examine the role of GABAergic PVINs in the perirhinal cortex (PRh), a region necessary for object recognition, we infused male PVcre mice intracranially with adeno-associated virus containing inhibitory designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) to control the activity of PVINs in the PRh. The DREADD agonist 21 (11-(1-piperazinyl)-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine; C21) was administered systemically prior to exposure to object category exemplars. Mice administered C21 prior to pre-exposure sessions were not able to perform the OCR task with the 1-h retention delay. Thus, GABAergic transmission, and specifically PVIN activity in the PRh, may play an essential role in the refinement of object category representations.

The role of GABAergic inhibition in object category recognition

Perineuronal nets are highly organized components of the extracellular matrix which inhibit cellular plasticity and support cellular function. Depletion of perineuronal nets in rodents via developmental models of disease or via direct pharmacological interventions (e.g. chondroitinase) can impact cognitive function. In our current study, we utilized injections of an immune-evasive dual vector system, where the chondroitinase gene is under a doxycycline regulatory control, to induce bilateral secretion of chondroitinase, with temporal control, in the medial prefrontal cortex and retrosplenial cortex. These two brain regions are known to be involved in the function of working memory. We subjected mice to 30 days of activated chondroitinase-expression to deplete their perineuronal nets, followed by 30 days without to allow for a window of recovery. Prior to treatment, after treatment, and after 30 days without doxycycline-induced chondroitinase expression, animals were tested in a cross-modal object recognition task and an oddity task, which have been shown to be sensitive to manipulations of the medial prefrontal and retrosplenial cortex. Preliminary data indicates that controlled depletion of perineuronal nets in the medial prefrontal and retrosplenial cortex impacts performance of working memory. While there is some recovery in their working memory performance after 30 days without continuing enzymatic depletion, they do not recover to baseline behavioural performance. This data suggests that perineuronal net degradation in the medial prefrontal and retrosplenial cortex impacts working memory performance, and that these changes are long-lasting.

Cognitive impairments in mice after targeted perineuronal net depletion in the medial prefrontal or retrosplenial cortex.

Vicarious stress occurs when witnessing others undergo trauma and can be modeled in rodents. Prior stressor experience in witnesses may be required to enhance vicarious stress. Most studies utilize adult animals however less is known about vicarious stress in juveniles. We explored and compared the behavioural effects of vicarious stress and prior stressor experience in juvenile and adult female rats. Four witness groups were included: Control (no experience, no vicarious stress), Context (experience, no vicarious stress), Naive (no experience, vicarious stress), and Experienced (experience, vicarious stress). Experienced and Context groups were subjected to ten 1.0 mA footshocks over 12 minutes. On the next day, Naive and Experienced groups watched their cagemate endure footshocks from a perforated transparent barrier. Control and Context groups watched the cagemate roam freely. Fear expression was measured 24hrs after and social interactions and acoustic startle response were recorded. There were no age differences in Experienced groups which had greater fear expression during the vicarious stressor. Adult Experienced groups had greater fear expression after 24 hours compared to juveniles. There were no effects of vicarious stress and experience on the social interactions and acoustic startle response, yet juvenile rats spent more time interacting and had a larger startle response. In sum, prior stressor exposure was required for vicarious stress to increase fear expression acutely in adult and juvenile female rats yet led to unchanged behavioural responses.

Exploring the effects of prior stressor experience and vicarious stress in juvenile and adult female rats

Management of stress and anxiety is often listed as the primary motivation behind cannabis use, yet the understanding of how acute exposure to cannabis modulates the neurobehavioral and endocrine response to stress is not well characterized. As inhalation is the primary form of consumption in humans, modelling this approach in rodents is important given the robust impact of route of administration has on the pharmacokinetics of THC and its metabolites. With advancements in drug delivery for rodent studies, basic science approaches can now be employed to better establish the impact of cannabis use on stress reactivity in a highly translational manner. The current study aims to examine the impact of acute, controlled passive delivery of THC on male and female rats to determine how this impacts neural and endocrine responses to acute stress. Thirty-two male and 32 female adult rats were exposed to vehicle vapour for 9 days. On day ten, rats were randomly assigned to one of two vapour conditions: 1) control; and 2) THC and one of two stress conditions: 1) naïve; and 2) stress (30 min restraint stress). The initial exposure to vehicle vapour increases cort levels in male and female rats; however, only males habituated to exposure by day 9. Acute exposure to THC immediately elevated cort levels in males but not females. The impact of THC vapour on neuronal activity using c-fos is currently underway. These data indicate that acute exposure to THC vapour is sufficient to produce elevations in the stress hormone cort in males but does not impact stress-induced changes in cort.

Investigating the effect of THC vapour exposure on stress reactivity in rats following an acute stressor

To successfully navigate uncertain environments, we need an algorithm for exploration: a way to ensure that we sample policies whose value is uncertain. We also need a mechanism to reliably follow rewarding policies we discover: a system for exploitation. Understanding how exploration and exploitation are implemented in the brain is a major topic of research in decision-making neuroscience, with several studies pointing to pupil-linked mechanisms. However, these studies relied on ad hoc applications of reinforcement learning models that were not designed to identify exploration. As a result, it is still not clear whether pupil-linked mechanisms predict exploratory behavior per se, much less its neural signatures. Here we applied a novel approach that models exploration and exploitation as latent goal states generating decisions. This allowed us to contrast model-labelled explore and exploit decisions in terms of both (1) pupil size and (2) neural activity recorded in the frontal eye fields (FEF), a part of the prefrontal cortex implicated in sensorimotor decision-making. We found that pupil size was larger during exploration and ramped up in anticipation of exploration. Then, it abruptly decreased below baseline levels at the start of exploitation. Concurrently, pupil size predicted neural signatures of exploration in FEF neurons and neuronal populations. In sum, we found that pupil-linked processes anticipate exploration via disruption of neuronal tuning. Further research will be necessary to identify how exactly pupil-linked mechanism influence exploration.

Pupil size anticipates exploration and predicts disorganization in prefrontal cortex

Objective: The purpose of our study was to determine whether indirect social stress could affect brain areas important for spatial learning and memory in adult rats. Methods: Each week for 10 consecutive weeks, 4 male and 4 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to same-sex pairs. Next, twice daily for 5 consecutive days, one male and one female rat were placed on an elevated platform for 30 min (Platform Stress, PS). The cage-mates of PS animals were considered members of the Bystander Stress (ByS) group (i.e., those receiving indirect stress). As well, Platform Control (PC) animals were simply moved to another room twice daily for 30 min, and the cage-mate of each PC animal was considered to be a Bystander Control (ByC). Spatial learning and memory were then assessed over 5 days using standard training and probe trials in the Morris water maze. The animals were then sacrificed and brain tissue harvested to allow for the assessment of differences in synaptic proteins. Results: Regardless of sex, there were no statistically significant differences among the ByC and ByS animals in either spatial learning [training day four: F (3, 72) = 1.4; p = .24], or memory [F (3, 72) = 1; p = .17]. Conclusion: Our results suggest that ByS may not dramatically affect spatial learning and memory in either male, or female rats. As our next step, we will analyse the synaptic expression and phosphorylation level of several plasticity-related proteins (e.g., GluN1, GluA2, PSD-95) in the hippocampus across the treatment groups.

Would short-term, indirect social stress affect spatial learning and memory in either male, or female rats?

In humans and rodents, the perception of control during stressful events has lasting behavioral consequences. But how the brain links prior stressful experience to subsequent behaviors was poorly understood. We showed that hypothalamic CRH neurons increase their activity prior to the initiation of innate escape behavior. This anticipatory increase is sensitive to stressful stimuli that have high or low levels of outcome control. Specifically, experimental stress with high outcome control increases CRH anticipatory activity, increasing future escape behavior. By contrast, stress with no outcome control prevents the emergence of this anticipatory activity and decreases subsequent escape behavior. These observations indicate that CRH neurons encode stress controllability and contribute to shifts between active and passive innate defensive strategies.

3Hippocampal theta rhythm modulation by the glutamatergic and serotonergic raphe

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Melanin-concentrating hormone mediated inhibition of lateral septum neurons

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