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The dI3 population of spinal cord interneurons (INs) is a group of excitatory INs that receive varied sensory afferent input and project to ipsilateral motoneurons. Prior experiments have discovered that the permanent silencing of dI3 INs has a minimal impact on locomotor function in intact animals, but substantially interferes with locomotor rehabilitation/recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). To gain insight into how dI3 INs are involved with locomotor function and recovery, the inhibitory DREADD receptor (hM4Di) was expressed in dI3 INs using a hybrid line of transgenic mice (Isl1-Cre:Vglut2-Flp x FlexloxFlexFRT-hM4Di). Consistent with prior experiments, transient inhibition of hM4Di-expressing dI3 neurons with the DREADD agonist JHU37160 (0.5mg/kg) did not significantly impact locomotor function in intact animals. However, in T9-T10 SCI mice, transient silencing of dI3 INs resulted in a significant loss of flexor motor tone, demonstrated by a significant increase in the resting ankle joint angle (+43.9° ± 11.6°, n=7, t-test, p=0.0065). This coincided with decreased stepping and the qualitative appearance of hindlimb flaccidity during the treadmill locomotor task. Based on these results, dI3 INs appear to adopt a more significant role in hindlimb function after SCI, specifically the maintenance of basal motor tone in the absence of supraspinal input. Given that SCI patients often experience both hypotonia and spasticity (increased motor tone), these findings provide the impetus for targeting dI3 INs to modulate motor tone below the level of the lesion.

CAN-ACN 2021

dI3 interneurons maintain hindlimb motor tone in mice following spinal cord injury

transgenic mice

spinal cord interneurons

motor control

dreadds

rehabilitation

spinal cord injury

locomotion

Colleagues and Friends:

I am very happy to welcome you to the 14th annual Canadian Neuroscience Meeting, and to the first virtual edition of our meeting. I want to highlight the important work the CAN meeting chair, **Roger Thompson** and co-chair, **Alyson Fournier**, did to put together the great program we are offering this year. Moving to a virtual format required a complete re-design of the program, and both Roger and Alyson did a splendid job in providing us with an appealing and well adapted program for our first virtual event. I wish to thank them for this very important effort.

Highlights of this year’s scientific meeting include invited speakers **Michael Hausser, Franck Polleux, Gwyneth Card, Magdalena Götz**and Brain Prize winner **Huda Zoghbi**. Plenary and parallel symposia, proposed by our members complete our diverse [scientific program.](https://can-acn.org/meeting-2021/program-2021/)

The 2021 Advocacy session, chaired and organized by CAN advocacy committee chair **Karun Singh**, will feature a special lecture and question period with Member of Parliament and past Science Minister **Kirsty Duncan**. This will be followed by a short overview of CAN’s advocacy activities over the last year. We invite you to participate in this session for insight from Dr. Duncan on the workings of Parliament Hill, and to learn more about what CAN has been doing to promote neuroscience research in Canada.

We are also excited to host **Lisa Willis** in the Equity Diversity and Inclusion session, organized by EDI committee chair **Jibran Khokhar**.

A special highlight of our meeting will be the lectures by award-winning young neuroscientists. We are please to host the CAN 2020 Young Investigator Award winner **Mihaela Iordanova**, and CAN 2021 Young Investigator Award winners **Aaron Phillips** and **Tabrez Siddiqui**. Highlights will also include presentation by the top three winners of the CAN-CIHR-INMHA Brain Star Award winners, **Claire Gizowski, Nuria Daviu Abant** and **Lukas Tamayo-Orrego**.

Independently organized satellite symposia complement and complete this exciting program, check them out here: https://can-acn.org/meeting-2021/2021-satellite-symposia/

Some of the most engaging sessions are always the poster sessions featuring the work of our trainees, so make sure to log in to Gather Town during the poster sessions to chat with the presenters.
We hope you enjoy this program, and look forward to welcoming you, virtually.

Shernaz Bamji

President of the Canadian Association for Neuroscience

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/b9aea25343a87d5aac3b9367dc780974.jpg)



Please head to https://can-acn.org/meeting-2021/registration-2021/ to register. 

14th Canadian Neuroscience Meeting from August 23rd-25th

poster

**AMajor depressive disorder (depression) involves different mechanisms and brain scales. Altered cortical inhibition is associated with treatment-resistant depression, and reduced dendritic inhibition by somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons is a key component of the pathology. Electroencephalography (EEG) is an important source of biomarkers for depression to improve diagnosis and inform personalized treatments. However, whether the effects of reduced SST inhibition on microcircuit activity have signatures detectible in EEG remains unknown. We used detailed models of human cortical layer 2/3 microcircuits with normal or reduced SST inhibition to simulate resting-state activity together with the EEG signals in health and depression. We show that the healthy microcircuit models had emergent properties that reproduced key features of resting-state EEG theta-alpha frequency bands. We found that simulated EEG from depression microcircuits showed a significant increase in theta rhythmic activity and increased broadband power. Neuronal spiking showed a spike preference of EEG peak phase, and did not differ between conditions. We also showed using a realistic head model that the EEG signal biomarkers were mostly localized. Our study thus used detailed computational models to identify EEG biomarkers of reduced SST inhibition in cortical microcircuits in depression, which may serve to improve the diagnosis and stratification of depression subtypes, and in monitoring the effects of pharmacological modulation for treating depression.

Biomarkers of reduced inhibition in human cortical microcircuit signals in depression

Only recently has the scope of parental research expanded beyond maternal contributions to include the paternal sphere. Epidemiological studies have suggested that paternal stress, nutrition, and alcohol consumption, all impact neurobiological and behavioural characteristics in offspring. Given their high prevalence and comorbid use, a severely understudied domain in paternal research includes caffeine, alcohol use, and exercise. In this experiment, sires received seven weeks of regular tap water (placebo) or caffeine and/or ethanol (drug) and were housed in regular static cages (no ex) or cages with running wheels attached (ex). Beginning at P40, offspring were administered RmTBIs or sham injuries, followed by a behavioural test battery designed to assess post concussive symptomology. Post-mortem qRT-PCR was used to assess gene expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). Paternal experience did not improve or exacerbate RmTBI outcomes. However, female and male offspring displayed unique responses to RmTBI and paternal experience, resulting in sex-dependent changes in physical, behavioural, and molecular outcomes. Injury and paternal exercise drove significant changes in female offspring, whereas male offspring were affected by paternal exercise and drug treatment. Our findings add valuable insight into paternal experience and epigenetic inheritance in offspring. While not directly exacerbating or improving recovery from RmTBI, paternal experience affected male and female offspring in a sexually dimorphic manner.

Rathletes do not give you wings: How paternal exercise, caffeine, and/or alcohol affects offspring pathophysiology and behaviour following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (RmTBI)

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) frequently disturbs the nervous system. However, COVID-19's neurological disease requires a detailed characterization. Furthermore, we do not know what predicts poor neurological outcomes in patients. Previous reports have linked neurological disturbances to COVID-19's increased mortality. Here, we describe the clinical alterations in COVID-19 patients presenting with neurological manifestations and correlate neurological outcomes with disease severity. Methods We retrospectively analyzed clinical, neurological, neuroimaging (CT or MRI scans) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) laboratory data from 33 confirmed COVID-19 hospitalized Brazilian patients subjected to CSF sampling as clinically indicated. Findings COVID-19 was associated with a broad spectrum of neurological diseases in mild and severe cases. Headache was the only symptom associated with mild disease. In a bivariate analysis, severe patients had an 18-fold increased risk of presenting neuroimaging alterations. CSF findings do not differ in severe and mild cases. Only four patients presented increased CSF white blood cell counts. CSF levels were high for protein in 12 patients and glucose in six patients. Interpretation These findings strengthen the notion that COVID-19-induced neurological disease is heterogeneous and manifests regardless of patient state. It will be most important to determine the time course of neurological disease and whether it is permanent or alleviated over time so that COVID-19 patients with neurological alterations can be adequately treated.

COVID-19 is associated with a broad spectrum of neurological disease

Loss-of-function variants in the human Zdhhc9 gene are identified in 2% of patients diagnosed with X-linked intellectual disability. These patients exhibit striking reductions in white matter volume and altered microstructure of white matter tracts. To further understand the role of Zdhhc9 in the brain and to elucidate how disrupting Zdhhc9 function contributes to phenotypes observed in patients, we have characterized a Zdhhc9 knockout mouse line. We demonstrate that Zdhhc9 is enriched in oligodendrocytes and is approximately two-fold higher in the corpus callosum than in any other region of the mouse brain. Zdhhc9 knockout mice exhibit significant reduction in myelin/oligodendrocyte associated markers, as well as reductions in the palmitoylation of these proteins, suggesting palmitoylation of myelin proteins may be required for their stability. RNA sequencing of different brain regions from control and Zdhhc9 knockout mice demonstrate differential expression of oligodendrocyte marker genes, suggesting a larger population of immature oligodendrocytes and fewer mature oligodendrocytes in knockout brains. This work provides a new perspective into the role of Zdhhc9 in oligodendrocytes and provides evidence that palmitoylation contributes to the development of white matter.

The role of palmitoylating enzyme, zDHHC9, in intellectual disability

*Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by different functional changes in the brain. BD adversely affects human behavior, speech, and cognition. However, the neural basis of BD is still poorly understood. In this study, we apply graph theory analysis to compare functional brain networks features between BD and normal control individuals. Twenty-one individuals in each BD and control groups were participated in this study. Resting state electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded in the resting state condition for each participant in both groups. Then functional brain networks (derived from calculation of lagged coherence between source localized current densities) were compared between groups. Using graph theoretical analysis, we found that BD group exhibited significant reduction in clustering coefficient, global efficiency, largest eigenvalue, and the second smallest eigenvalue in the theta (4-8 Hz) and alpha bands (8-12 Hz). These results suggest that BD is associated with alterations in segregation, integration, synchronizability and robustness of functional brain networks. According to these results, BD group exhibited reduced neural information processing in global brain network scales and specific modules that can be associated with cognitive/behavioral deficits in BD.

Functional brain networks alterations in bipolar disorder: evidence from EEG and Graph theoretical analysis

Introduction: Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a well-established consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Most of the studies reported OD in patients with moderate and severe TBI in the acute phase. However, inconsistent results have been found on OD in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). This study aims to investigate olfactory perception in patients with mTBI in the acute phase. Method: We measured olfactory capacities in 53 patients with mTBI between 2 and 4 weeks following their trauma and in 53 healthy controls (HC). More specifically, we administered a well-established olfactory test (Sniffin'Sticks) and we measured odor detection (yes/no paradigm) and odor perception of 4 common odorants (eucalyptol, benzaldehyde, parmesan cheese, geraniol), by using a computer controlled automated odor presentation device (olfactometer). Results: We did not observe any group difference in the Sniffin'Sticks test scores. However, compared to HC, mTBI patients showed more difficulty detecting odors (p= .001) and perceived them as more intense (p= .015). Furthermore, depending on the odorant (interaction odor * group: p= .001), mTBI patients perceived odors as less pleasant than HC. Conclusion: These findings show that patients with mTBI suffer from altered olfactory detection and perception from the first weeks following their trauma. However, well-established olfactory tests such as the Sniffin'Sticks test may not be sufficiently sensitive to these changes. 

Patients with a mild traumatic brain injury: what happens to their sense of smell in the acute phase?

Circadian clocks are ubiquitous throughout tissues and organs in mammals, forming a multioscillatory network that controls daily rhythms in physiology and behavior. A brain region expressing circadian clock genes is the striatum; a basal ganglia structure receiving dopaminergic input plays a major role in motor control. It is composed of distinct populations of medium spiny neurons (MSNs), either expressing Dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) of the direct (stimulatory) or Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) of the indirect (inhibitory) pathway. Components of the dopamine signalling pathway and circadian clock genes mutually influence one other in striatal MSNs, which are key in the role of behaviorial control. Thus, we hypothesize that appropriate motor responses to a selective dopaminergic stimulation of either direct or indirect pathway depends on proper striatal clock function. Experiments were carried out on mice with a conditional knockout (KO) of the core clock gene Bmal1 from MSNs. Under baseline conditions, male and female Bmal1 KO mice display a hyperactive phenotype. To determine whether dopamine signaling was altered in the MSNs, mice were treated with a D1 and D2 receptor agonist and their locomotor activity were recorded in the context of the open field. KOs of both sexes display an attenuated response to the D1 agonist relative to controls, whereas the D2 agonist suppresses activity similarly in KO and control animals of both sexes. Data suggest that disrupted clock function in MSNs influences the locomotor outputs of the basal ganglia, particularly within the direct pathway.

Disrupted circadian clock function in the striatum affects dopamine-related motor responses

Introduction: Intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]i) is high in primary sensory neurons due to the activity of the Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), causing greater Cl- accumulation than typically seen in CNS neurons. Consequently, central terminals of primary afferents in the spinal dorsal horn experience depolarization upon activation of GABAA receptors (GABAAR). Thus, regulation of [Cl-]i in these terminals may significantly affect transmitter release. Determining the exact [Cl-]i in C-fiber terminals is pivotal to understand sensory processing. Methods: To image [Cl-]i we used the genetically-encoded ratiometric Cl- sensor, superclomeleon, using 2-photon microscopy in acute spinal cord slices. Superclomeleon was virally transduced selectively in C-fibers in NaV1.8-cre mice. The GABAAR agonist and antagonist muscimol and bicuculline, as well as the NKCC1 antagonist bumetanide, were used to modulate [Cl-]i in afferent terminals in the dorsal horn. NKCC1 mRNA levels in the dorsal root ganglia was evaluated with RNAScope. Results: We found that [Cl-]i in C-fibers was significantly higher in males than females. Bumetanide significantly decreased [Cl-]i in males but not in females. Bicuculline did not significantly affect [Cl-]i in C-fibers indicating a minimal contribution of tonic GABAA signaling to [Cl-]i. NKCC1 mRNA was also significantly lower in females than males, consistent with the functional data. Conclusion: Presynaptic inhibition appears to be under distinct control by GABAergic inhibition between sexes, which should be taken into consideration in future studies.

Sex differences in chloride homeostasis of c-fiber primary afferents in the spinal cord dorsal horn

Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrices that surround various types of neurons and are thought to restrict the plasticity of the neurons they surround. For example, the increased expression of PNNs around parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in sensory areas are thought to consolidate mechanisms of sensory processing. Given their effects on neural function, it is important to better understand the characteristics of neurons associated with PNNs (i.e., to predict which neurons will be surrounded by PNNs), as such neurons might be most important for adaptive brain functioning. Given the importance of PV to neural plasticity, we tested the hypothesis that PNNs were more likely to be associated with neurons with more intense PV expression. To this end, we analyzed PV intensity in PV neurons with or without PNNs in sensory and sensorimotor brain structures. We first examined this pattern in adult zebra finches, a songbird with discrete sensory and sensorimotor brain circuits for vocal learning and control. Consistent with our hypothesis, PV intensity was greater in PV neurons surrounded by PNNs than in PV neurons without PNNs in sensorimotor brain areas. We are currently extending these analyses across development, between sexes, and in other species (e.g., rodents) to assess the degree to which this pattern relates to developmental, sex, and species variation in behavioral plasticity.

Insights into neural characteristics that predict perineuronal net expression in brain circuitry

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is associated with executive control and response selection, but the extent to which it is involved in effector-specific transformations is unclear. We addressed this question by recording single neurons from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) while two trained monkeys performed a head-unrestrained reaching paradigm that allowed freely coordinated motion of gaze, head reaching in depth. Animals touched one of three central LEDs at waist level while maintaining gaze on a central fixation dot and were rewarded if they touched a target appearing at one of 15 locations in a 40° x 20° (visual angle) array. Preliminary analysis of 271 neurons in both monkeys showed an assortment of target/stimulus, gaze, pre-reach and reach-timed responses in DLPFC. We first tested for gaze, head, and hand gain fields during the different neuronal responses and found that 38% of the responses were gain modulated by initial hand position. A small fraction of neurons showed gain fields for initial eye position (4%), and for both initial eye and hand position (6%). After removing the gain field effects, we fitted the residual data against various spatial models and found that the visual response best encoded the target relative to space (Ts), whereas responses at gaze and hand onset showed a tendency towards coding hand displacement (dA). In addition, some (20%) neurons showed a preference for coding final head position or displacement. A more complete analysis will describe the complete coding and distribution of gaze, head, and reach signals in this region.

dI3 interneurons maintain hindlimb motor tone in mice following spinal cord injury

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Biomarkers of reduced inhibition in human cortical microcircuit signals in depression

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