United States

Investigating Environmental Parameters, Total Bacteria and Vibrio spp. in Slaughter Beach, Delaware Devotha Tumushimiyimana1, Rosemary Ebirim2, Michael Watson3, Gary Richards3, Ph.D., Wilbert Long1, Ph.D, and Gulnihal Ozbay1,2, Ph.D. 1Food Science and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Human Ecology Department, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 2Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 3USDA-ARS, Center of Excellence, Delaware State University, Dover, DE Vibrio are members of the Vibrionaceae family are Gram- negative rod -shaped heterotrophic bacteria that are present in diverse array of aquatic environments including oligohaline, and polyhaline water. Vibrio species present in the aquatic environment common to human pathogens are V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. cholera, and cause wound infections, and gastro- intestinal disease. Other vibrio such as V. coralliilyticus, and V. tubiashii have been known as shellfish pathogens. This research is seeking to know if there are potential risks such as Vibrio spp. for juvenile oysters to grow in Slaughter Beach, if water from Slaughter Beach is suitable to establish an oyster production hatchery, and if Slaughter Beach has potential risks for human pathogenic Vibrio. The four species that are being studied include V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. coralliilyticus, and V. tubiashii. The objectives of this study are to evaluate total Vibrio vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. coralllilyticus, and V. tubiashi in seawater and oysters collected from Slaughter Beach, Delaware, and to determine relationship between water quality and Vibrio spp. level in seawater, and oysters collected from Slaughter Beach, Delaware. Water samples are collected from two different sites (Cedar Creek and Boat ramp) from June to July 2021 at high and low tides in Slaughter Beach, Delaware. The samples were collected bimonthly. A YSI-556 multiprobe system is used to monitor physical water parameters (Temperature (°C) Salinity (g/L) Conductivity (S/m), pH, Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L), Dissolved Oxygen (%) while chemical water quality parameters are monitored using YSI 9500 Photometer. Turbidity and Total Chlorophyll-a are monitored using a Global Water WQ770 turbidimeter and Turner Design AquaFlor Fluorometer, respectively. Vibrio are monitored by Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts Sucrose (TCBS) and Luria Broth (LB). The 100 microliters of seawater are inoculated at 26°C and 37°C, and isolated colonies are re-inoculated on LB agar, and stored for later 16Sr RNA Sequencing. Cedar Creek demonstrated high amounts of Vibrio spp. with high levels of salinity and temperature to both tides from June to July compared to the Boat ramp site. The Boat ramp site demonstrated high turbidity at high and low tides from June to July. This project is currently ongoing and further research is being conducted on seawater and oysters collected on Slaughter Beach, Delaware to have better understanding of the areas for potential oyster culture. Keywords: Vibrio, water quality, Eastern oyster, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio coralliilyticus, Vibrio tubiashii Acknowledgements: I acknowledge USDA NIFA Capacity Building Grant Award# 2016-06642 for funding my project as part of the student professional growth and my research, Faculty advisor Dr. Gulnihal Ozbay for providing this opportunity to learn from her.

DSU Summer Research Symposium 2021

Investigating Environmental Parameters, Total Bacteria and Vibrio spp. in Slaughter Beach, Delaware

Welcome to Delaware State University’s Annual Summer Research Symposium, and thank you for attending! Our symposium represents the culmination of students’ summer experiences in research at Delaware State University. This event showcases the work of college students working on faculty-led research projects, as well as middle and high school students experiencing research for the first time working in research groups. Whatever the case, this summer has been a unique experience for the students, and we hope a transformative one. Even for students who are not planning a career in scientific research, their summer experience has given them skills they will draw on for years to come. 
 Please join us on the mainstage and in Gather for the live event, and visit the recorded poster presentations any time.
 The student participants and organizers of the various summer programs at DSU would like to thank all of the research mentors who guided our summer program participants. There were many DSU faculty, graduate students, and other research and program staff who gave their time and energy to help our students have a fun and educational summer experience. Without their generosity and patience these summer programs would not be possible.
 For the research participants, we hope that you will maintain contact with your research mentors and colleagues. Science is a relatively small community made up of disciplinary “neighborhoods”. If you continue to work in a discipline, the other folks in that discipline will be like your neighbors that you run into regularly. Staying in contact with them will help you keep up with the news of the neighborhood, and open doors to educational and career opportunities. Whether you continue in science or take a different career path, for this summer you have been part of the world of research, and you will benefit from that perspective for the rest of your life.

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Welcome to Delaware State University’s Annual Summer Research Symposium, and thank you for attending!

poster

Portable prototype design of a mid-infrared laser-based methane sensor Andrew Horne, Yvens Louis, Abdullah Al-Rubaye, Marwan Rasamny and Mohammad A. Khan Division of Physics, Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science Optical Center for Applied Research, Delaware State University, Dover, DE It is estimated that about 60 percent of total global methane emissions are from anthropogenic sources and about 40 percent from natural sources. Anthropogenic sources encompass a wide range of human activities, including food and energy production and waste disposal. Atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, is 25 times more effective at trapping heat than carbon dioxide. This project aims to enhance our understanding of spatiotemporal profiles of methane concentrations in the state of Delaware. To this end, we show the portability and performance of a mid-infrared laser-based prototype methane sensor that is field deployable at multiple sites across the state. We will also investigate the impact of thermal effects on molecular density due to sensors surface effects using a combination of a 2D-sonic anemometer and a thermal anemometer. During the calibration of the sensor purged using 1790 ppbv of certified methane, the current signal-to-noise ratio is 12 that accounts for a 180 ppbv detection limit at 1-second averaging timescales. Funder Acknowledgement: We acknowledge the Optical Science Center for Applied Research (OSCAR), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA MIRO grant # NNX15AP84A). We also acknowledge support from NSF grant 2011728, and, Department of Defense grant (ARO) W911NF-20-1-0316.

Portable prototype design of a mid-infrared laser-based methane sensor

Remote sensing technology, such as ENVI has helped in agriculture, natural resources, and conservation of natural resources. Satellite imageries are used to apply remote sensing technique to demonstrate the adoption of precision agriculture for agricultural production. In Virginia, the Appomattox River is one of the five rivers feeding the Cheapskate Bay. Agricultural farms are located around this river, and the farming practices are of concern due to pollution from the runoff points. The hypothesis of this study is to locate the agricultural farms along the Appomattox River in counties such as: Appomattox, Prince Edward, Buckingham, Cumberland, Powhatan, Amelia, and Nottoway. Therefore, studies were taken to locate the land cover within the above-mentioned counties by particular interest by obtaining satellite imageries from United State Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Explorer. A spatial subset of the Area of Interest (AOI) was created by using ENVI software 5.6. With this software, the AOI was selected to perform the supervised and unsupervised classification of the following landcover classes: 1) Water, 2) Urban, 3) Agriculture/Herbaceous, 4) Forest, and 5) Barren. These land cover classes were mapped by using ArcGIS Pro 2.6. The results showed that the unsupervised classification of the AOI did not display the landcover classes as accurate as the supervised classification. The unsupervised classification displayed misclassified landcover classes in the AOI. The supervised classification was more precise in determining each landcover class in the AOI. Research is in progress to apply accuracy assessment for each of the classifications. This enables to determine the accuracy of the classification by the user (author: Latia Jackson) for demonstrating each of the land features (water, urban, agriculture/herbaceous, forest, barren) of the land cover surrounding the Appomattox River. Acknowledgement: DSU/ VSU Grant NIFA CBG Integrated 2017-38821-26431 and VSU Grant NIFA CBG Grant, 2017-38821-26404.

Land Cover Classifications of the Appomattox River Using ENVI Software

Examining Water Quality and Blue Crabs (Callinectes sapidus) Gut Content in Blackbird Creek, Delaware State University Kayla McKinley, Jackie Maina, and and Gulnihal Ozbay, Ph.D. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Dover, DE Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901 Blue crabs are an important part of the Delmarva local economy. They bring in revenues amounting to 4 to 6 million dollars annually. Blue crab habitat use is dependent on life cycle stage. Marsh habitats are especially essential for juvenile blue crabs as they provide shelter from predators. Marsh dynamics are influenced by nutrient input, affecting their ability to support crab populations. The objective of this study was to examine water quality conditions and investigate blue crab feeding behavior in Blackbird Creek, Delaware. Five sites were identified based on dominant vegetation. Site 1: Sporobolus alterniflora and Phragmites australis. Site 2: S. alterniflora and Sporobolus cynosuroides. Site 3:S. alterniflora, S. cynosuroides and P. australis. Site 4: S. alterniflora.Site 5: P. australis. As 51% of the land surrounding Blackbird creek is agricultural land, water quality monitoring targeting nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients was conducted in 2017 and 2020 to determine the creek’s suitability as a blue crab habitat. Fifty-two crabs in total were collected using crab traps. Percentage gut fullness and volume were determined. The preliminary results indicate that the highest mean nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and orthophosphates were from sites 5 (0.44 mg/L) site 2 (0.0136 mg/ L), site 5 (0.068 mg/ L) and site 1 (0.498 mg/ L) respectively. All the nutrients were within Delaware’s regulatory ranges for surface water quality. The crab gut content analysis indicates that the highest percentage fullness mean (75%), and the highest gut volume mean (4.57 mL) were from site 5. The water quality values are almost similar across sites, and they are unlikely to influence blue crab feeding habits in Blackbird Creek. The vegetation is therefore the most likely determinant of food availability in this habitat meaning that although P. australis is an invasive species, it provides a better feeding environment for the blue crabs. Keywords: Blue crab, Gut content, Blackbird Creek, Water quality, Marsh grass Acknowledgements: We acknowledge USDA NIFA Capacity Building Grant Awards# 2016-06642 and 2016-06476 for funding my internship and the project as part of the student experiential learning goal and the Project Director, Dr. Gulnihal Ozbay, and the Project Director, Dr. Shobha Sriharan, respectively for providing this internship opportunity.

Examining Water Quality and Blue Crab Gut Content in Blackbird Creek

There is increasing interest in natural products that spans many applications due to their perceived safety over synthetic counterparts. Medicinal plants and herbs like Prunus africana (African cherry) and Syzygium aromaticum (cloves) have been traditionally used in herbal remedies. The phytochemicals in these materials have been reported to be bioactive and linked to various properties including antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of various extraction methods on the phytochemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activities of African cherry and cloves. Cloves and African cherry and were infused in olive oil for 15 or 17, respectively or extracted with methanol or water. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were measured spectrophotometrically, and antimicrobial activities were tested against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Aeromonas sobria using the agar diffusion assay. The TPC of African cherry and cloves extracts ranged between 0.02 and 262.81 mg GAE/g. Aqueous extracts of cloves had the highest TFC of 4.54 mg Rutin/g. A dose dependent radical scavenging activity was observed in the methanolic extracts of cloves and African cherry and aqueous extract of cloves. Both methanolic extracts were efficient, with low amounts of radicals remaining at the highest concentration tested. Methanolic extract of cloves exhibited antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms studied. The results suggest that both materials are strong antioxidants and magnitude is dependent on method of extraction and type of solvent used.

Bioactive Properties of Prunus africana and Syzygium aromaticum Macerates and Extracts

This project involves assessing the amount of Vibrio spp. in seawater at Slaughter Beach, Delaware. Vibrios are bacteria that thrive in warm seawater and are highly pathogenic to humans and oysters. The four species that we seek to identify are V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. coralliilyticus, and V. tubiashii. Monitoring the level of Vibrio and environmental parameters such as salinity, temperature, and turbidity help managers determine whether Slaughter Beach is an acceptable location for a future oyster hatchery. The objectives for this project are to investigate total V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. coralllilyticus, and V. tubiashi in seawater, and to determine the relationship between the water quality parameters and level of Vibrio spp. Water samples were collected bimonthly in June and July 2021. The YSI 556 multi probe was used to monitor salinity and temperature, and turbidity was monitored using the Global Water WQ770 turbidimeter at two sites (The Slaughter Beach Boat Ramp and Cedar Creek) during high and low tide. Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts Sucrose (TCBS) is the agar used to monitor Vibrio growth and 100 μL of seawater were inoculated at 26 ℃ and 37 ℃. The turbidity level at the Boat Ramp was higher than at Cedar Creek during both tides from June to July. At both tides, salinity was low, but Cedar Creek had greater amounts of Vibrio spp., with more salinity and higher temperature than at the Boat Ramp. This suggests that Vibrio may grow more in seawater at low salinity, high turbidity, and temperature. Monitoring these Vibrio spp. and water quality parameters can aid in reducing human and oyster infections.

Analyzing the Total Level of Vibrio spp. in Seawater at Slaughter Beach, Delaware

Examining Differences in Water Quality and how it Affects Oyster Growth in Rehoboth Bay, Delaware Kevin Knight, Aaron Bland and and Gulnihal Ozbay, Ph.D. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Delaware State University, Dover, DE Rehoboth Bay, one of the three Delaware Inland Bays, is a site of recently implemented oyster aquaculture and oyster artificial reefs. Oyster aquaculture is the farming of oysters to eat and artificial reefs help restore the wild oyster population. Oysters, both wild and farmed, help filter nutrients in the water and provide habitat to fishes and invertebrates. Oysters in Rehoboth Bay may help manage the excessive nutrient pollution affecting the Bay. Water quality can affect oyster growth, but it is not clear whether water quality changes across the Bay. This information could help oyster farmers and conservation managers find the best areas for oysters to grow. The objectives of this project are to figure out if throughout the bay there are major differences in water quality and whether those differences may impact how oysters grow. To test the hypothesis that there would be significant differences in water quality across Rehoboth Bay, seven sites in Rehoboth Bay were visited approximately every two weeks, weather permitting, from July to November 2020. Sites were either an aquaculture site, artificial reef site or a control site without oysters. Water quality was determined using a YSI 556 multiprobe system, an AquaFluor Handheld Fluorometer, and a Global Water WQ770 Turbidimeter, taking three readings per site visit. Collected water samples were filtered through a pre-weighed filter to determine Total Suspended Solids (TSS). Temperature, TSS, chlorophyll, and dissolved oxygen were the main factors used to determine whether or not the hypothesis was correct. The data were averaged out for each site by each month. Four two-factor ANOVA tests were used to determine if there were significant differences in the parameters between the months and across sites. It was determined that, for each parameter, there was a significant difference by month and site. Differences between months were generally greater than those across sites. Based on literature values, it is unlikely that there would be significant differences in oyster growing suitability across the different sites. Keywords: Rehoboth Bay, Oysters, Aquaculture, Artificial Reefs, Water Quality Acknowledgements: We acknowledge USDA NIFA Capacity Building Grant Awards# 2016-06642 and 2016-06476 for funding my internship and the project as part of the student experiential learning goal and the Project Director, Dr. Gulnihal Ozbay for providing this internship opportunity.

Examining Differences in Water Quality and How it Affects Oyster Growth in Rehoboth Bay, DE

Artificial Oyster Reefs and Oyster Farms Impact on Recruitment, Species Diversity, and Water Quality in Rehoboth Bay, Delaware

Artificial Oyster Reefs and Oyster Farms Impacts on Water Quality, Species Diversity, and Recruitment in Rehoboth Bay

Alkali atoms, like rubidium (Rb) are used in precision measurements of physical quantities such as time, electromagnetic field, rotation and acceleration etc. In my experiment, I have used two different spectroscopic techniques to study various possible optical transitions resulting from laser excitation in a rubidium cell containing a mixture of 85Rb and 87Rb isotopes. The two methods used were saturated absorption spectroscopy (SAS) and dichroic atomic vapor spectroscopy (DAVS). A pump-probe technique is used in SAS to obtain Doppler-free SAS spectra. A high magnetic field is applied along the cell axis to obtain the Doppler-broadened DAVS spectrum. In both cases, we have identified the spectral signatures of 85Rb and 87Rb isotopes. This study helps us in understanding the atomic structure of rubidium, and the effect of atomic motion on the spectra

The Doppler-Free and Doppler-Broadened Atomic Spectroscopy in Rubidium Vapor

Surface roughness noise of nitrogen vacancy center

Studies On The Water Quality Indicators and Mapping Its Locations In The Five River Basins Of Chesapeake Bay Student Author: Jarell Hines1 Faculty Advisor: Dr. Shobha Sriharan1, Research Mentors: Ms. Darlette Meekins1 and Gulnihal Ozbay2 Assisting Graduate Student: Latia Jackson1 1Department of Agriculture, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806 2Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State University, Dover DE 19901 Research has shown that non-point source pollutants such as sediments, nutrients, pesticides, fertilizers, and animal wastes, account for more than half of the pollution in U.S. waters. One such polluted system is the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, which extend into more than six states. The Chesapeake Bay and the rivers, Appomattox, James, York, Rappahannock, Potomac, and Susquehanna serve as a source of drinking water. However, the water quality of these rivers are a concern due to nonpoint source pollution from the agricultural farms and industries. The hypothesis of this study is that the water quality is affected by the runoff from these rivers. Therefore, studies were conducted to collect data (5 year and 10 years: 2012 and 2018) on the chemical indicators. Nitrogen, nitrates, total phosphorus, dissolved orthophosphate, and suspended sediment in the above mentioned five river basins from the USGS Water Data Dashboard. Further, the location point was mapped by using Arc GIS Pro. The results showed that the Appomattox River Basin is the least impaired due to lack of intensive agricultural practices and industries. The York River Basin and Rappahannock River Basin were impaired due to farming practices that result in high concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediments. Our observation indicates that the agricultural practices and materials discharged from the small industries (energy, coal plants) contribute to the impairment of water quality in a few of the above-mentioned river basins. Further research to identify these observations will be undertaken. The mapping of the five river basins of Arc GIS Pro showed that the runoff points in York River Basin and James River Basin were from the surrounding industries and agricultural farms. Our findings suggest that factors such as agriculture and industry are the biggest contributors of the accumulation of chemical indicators. Furthermore, the health of these river basins can be improved through the cooperation of government agencies, industry professionals, and citizens. Acknowledgements: We acknowledge USDA NIFA Capacity Building Grant Awards# 2016-06642 and 2016-06476 for funding my internship and the project as part of the student experiential learning goal and the Project Director, Dr. Gulnihal Ozbay, and the Project Director, Dr. Shobha Sriharan, respectively for providing this internship opportunity

Investigating Environmental Parameters, Total Bacteria and Vibrio spp. in Slaughter Beach, Delaware

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