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Having recognized gender bias as a major issue affecting current translation technologies, researchers have primarily attempted to mitigate it by working on the data front. However, whether algorithmic aspects concur to exacerbate unwanted outputs remains so far under-investigated. In this work, we bring the analysis on gender bias in automatic translation onto a seemingly neutral yet critical component: word segmentation. Can segmenting methods influence the ability to translate gender? Do certain segmentation approaches penalize the representation of feminine linguistic markings? We address these questions by comparing 5 existing segmentation strategies on the target side of speech translation systems. Our results on two language pairs (English-Italian/French) show that state-of-the-art subword splitting (BPE) comes at the cost of higher gender bias. In light of this finding, we propose a combined approach that preserves BPE overall translation quality, while leveraging the higher ability of character-based segmentation to properly translate gender.

ACL-IJCNLP 2021

How to Split: the Effect of Word Segmentation on Gender Bias in Speech Translation

double decoder

gender bias

word segmentation

speech translation

**Welcome to ACL-IJCNLP 2021!**

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The great event is jointly organized by the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing (AFNLP).

technical paper

Topic models have been widely used to learn text representations and gain insight into document corpora. To perform topic discovery, most existing neural models either take document bag-of-words (BoW) or sequence of tokens as input followed by variational inference and BoW reconstruction to learn topic-word distribution. However, leveraging topic-word distribution for learning better features during document encoding has not been explored much. To this end, we develop a framework TAN-NTM, which processes document as a sequence of tokens through a LSTM whose contextual outputs are attended in a topic-aware manner. We propose a novel attention mechanism which factors in topic-word distribution to enable the model to attend on relevant words that convey topic related cues. The output of topic attention module is then used to carry out variational inference. We perform extensive ablations and experiments resulting in ~9-15 percentage improvement over score of existing SOTA topic models in NPMI coherence on several benchmark datasets - 20Newsgroups, Yelp Review Polarity and AGNews. Further, we show that our method learns better latent document-topic features compared to existing topic models through improvement on two downstream tasks: document classification and topic guided keyphrase generation.

TAN-NTM: Topic Attention Networks for Neural Topic Modeling

paper proposes an approach to cross-language sentence selection in a low-resource setting. It uses data augmentation and negative sampling techniques on noisy parallel sentence data to directly learn a cross-lingual embedding-based query relevance model. Results show that this approach performs as well as or better than multiple state-of-the-art machine translation + monolingual retrieval systems trained on the same parallel data. Moreover, when a rationale training secondary objective is applied to encourage the model to match word alignment hints from a phrase-based statistical machine translation model, consistent improvements are seen across three language pairs (English-Somali, English-Swahili and English-Tagalog) over a variety of state-of-the-art baselines.

Cross-language Sentence Selection via Data Augmentation and Rationale Training

Question answering (QA) systems for large document collections typically use pipelines that (i) retrieve possibly relevant documents, (ii) re-rank them, (iii) rank paragraphs or other snippets of the top-ranked documents, and (iv) select spans of the top-ranked snippets as exact answers. Pipelines are conceptually simple, but errors propagate from one component to the next, without later components being able to revise earlier decisions. We present an architecture for joint document and snippet ranking, the two middle stages, which leverages the intuition that relevant documents have good snippets and good snippets come from relevant documents. The architecture is general and can be used with any neural text relevance ranker. We experiment with two main instantiations of the architecture, based on POSIT-DRMM (PDRMM) and a BERT-based ranker. Experiments on biomedical data from BIOASQ show that our joint models vastly outperform the pipelines in snippet retrieval, the main goal for QA, with fewer trainable parameters, also remaining competitive in document retrieval. Furthermore, our joint PDRMM-based model is competitive with BERT-based models, despite using orders of magnitude fewer parameters. These claims are also supported by human evaluation on two test batches of BIOASQ. To test our key findings on another dataset, we modified the Natural Questions dataset so that it can also be used for document and snippet retrieval. Our joint PDRMM-based model again outperforms the corresponding pipeline in snippet retrieval on the modified Natural Questions dataset, even though it performs worse than the pipeline in document retrieval. We make our code and the modified Natural Questions dataset publicly available.

A Neural Model for Joint Document and Snippet Ranking in Question Answering for Large Document Collections

Information Retrieval using dense low-dimensional representations recently became popular and showed out-performance to traditional sparse-representations like BM25. However, no previous work investigated how dense representations perform with large index sizes. We show theoretically and empirically that the performance for dense representations decreases quicker than sparse representations for increasing index sizes. In extreme cases, this can even lead to a tipping point where at a certain index size sparse representations outperform dense representations. We show that this behavior is tightly connected to the number of dimensions of the representations: The lower the dimension, the higher the chance for false positives, i.e. returning irrelevant documents

The Curse of Dense Low-Dimensional Information Retrieval for Large Index Sizes

Aiming for a better integration of data-driven and linguistically-inspired approaches, we explore whether RST Nuclearity, assigning a binary assessment of importance between text segments, can be replaced by automatically generated, real-valued scores, in what we call a Weighted-RST framework. In particular, we find that weighted discourse trees from auxiliary tasks can benefit key NLP downstream applications, compared to nuclearity-centered approaches. We further show that real-valued importance distributions partially and interestingly align with the assessment and uncertainty of human annotators.

W-RST: Towards a Weighted RST-style Discourse Framework

Atomic clauses are fundamental text units for understanding complex sentences. Identifying the atomic sentences within complex sentences is important for applications such as summarization, argument mining, discourse analysis, discourse parsing, and question answering. Previous work mainly relies on rule-based methods dependent on parsing. We propose a new task to decompose each complex sentence into simple sentences derived from the tensed clauses in the source, and a novel problem formulation as a graph edit task. Our neural model learns to Accept, Break, Copy or Drop elements of a graph that combines word adjacency and grammatical dependencies. The full processing pipeline includes modules for graph construction, graph editing, and sentence generation from the output graph. We introduce DeSSE, a new dataset designed to train and evaluate complex sentence decomposition, and MinWiki, a subset of MinWikiSplit. ABCD achieves comparable performance as two parsing baselines on MinWiki. On DeSSE, which has a more even balance of complex sentence types, our model achieves higher accuracy on the number of atomic sentences than an encoder-decoder baseline. Results include a detailed error analysis.

ABCD: A Graph Framework to Convert Complex Sentences to a Covering Set of Simple Sentences

We study a family of data augmentation methods, substructure substitution (SUB2), that generalizes prior methods. SUB2 generates new examples by substituting substructures (e.g., subtrees or subsequences) with others having the same label. This idea can be applied to many structured NLP tasks such as part-of-speech tagging and parsing. For more general tasks (e.g., text classification) which do not have explicitly annotated substructures, we present variations of SUB2 based on text spans or parse trees, introducing structure-aware data augmentation methods to general NLP tasks. For most cases, training with a dataset augmented by SUB2 achieves better performance than training with the original training set. Further experiments show that SUB2 has more consistent performance than other investigated augmentation methods, across different tasks and sizes of the seed dataset.

Substructure Substitution: Structured Data Augmentation for NLP

In challenging economic times, obtaining value for money by ensuring financial integrity and fairer distribution of services are among the top priorities for social and health-care systems globally. However, healthcare billing policies are complex and identifying non-compliance is often narrow-scope, manual and expensive. Maintaining ‘integrity’ is a challenge - ensuring that scarce resources get to those in need and are not lost to fraud and waste. Our approach fuses recent advances in dependency parsing with a policy ontology to convert the content of regulatory healthcare policy into human-friendly policy rules, that are amenable to machine-execution, with human oversight. We describe the ontology-guided transformation of textual patterns into a semantically-meaningful knowledge graph of rules, outline our experiments and evaluate results against policy rules obtained from professional investigators. The aim is to make a policy-compliance ‘landscape’ visible to healthcare programs - helping them identify Fraud, Waste or Abuse.

Towards Protecting Vital Healthcare Programs by Extracting Actionable Knowledge from Policy

Pre-trained language models induce dense entity representations that offer strong performance on entity-centric NLP tasks, but such representations are not immediately interpretable. This can be a barrier to model uptake in important domains such as biomedicine. There has been recent work on general interpretable representation learning (Onoe and Durrett, 2020), but these domain-agnostic representations do not readily transfer to the important domain of biomedicine. In this paper, we create a new entity type system and training set from a large corpus of biomedical texts by mapping entities to concepts in a medical ontology, and from these to Wikipedia pages whose categories are our types. From this mapping we derive Biomedical Interpretable Entity Representations BIERs), in which dimensions correspond to fine-grained entity types, and values are predicted probabilities that a given entity is of the corresponding type. We propose a novel method that exploits BIER's final sparse and intermediate dense representations to facilitate model and entity type debugging. We show that BIERs achieve strong performance in biomedical tasks including named entity disambiguation and entity linking, and we provide error analysis to highlight the utility of their interpretability, particularly in low-supervision settings. Finally, we provide our induced 68K biomedical type system, the corresponding 37 million triples of derived data used to train BIER models and our best performing model.

Biomedical Interpretable Entity Representations

State-of-the-art Variational Auto-Encoders (VAEs) for learning disentangled latent representations give impressive results in discovering features like pitch, pause duration, and accent in speech data, leading to highly controllable text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis. However, these LSTM-based VAEs fail to learn latent clusters of speaker attributes when trained on limited or noisy datasets. Further, different latent variables are found to encode the same features, limiting the control and expressiveness during speech synthesis. To resolve these issues, we propose REMMI (Reordered transformer Encoder with Minimal Mutual Information) where we minimize the mutual information between different latent variables and devise a modified Transformer architecture with layer reordering to learn controllable latent representations in speech data. We show that REMMI reduces the cluster overlap of speaker attributes by at least 30% over LSTM-VAE.

How to Split: the Effect of Word Segmentation on Gender Bias in Speech Translation

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TAN-NTM: Topic Attention Networks for Neural Topic Modeling

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How to Split: the Effect of Word Segmentation on Gender Bias in Speech Translation

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Next from ACL-IJCNLP 2021

TAN-NTM: Topic Attention Networks for Neural Topic Modeling

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AdaST: Dynamically Adapting Encoder States in the Decoder for End-to-End Speech-to-Text Translation

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