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Discrimination between antonyms and synonyms is an important and challenging NLP task. Antonyms and synonyms often share the same or similar contexts and thus are hard to make a distinction. This paper proposes two underlying hypotheses and employs the mixture-of-experts framework as a solution. It works on the basis of a divide-and-conquer strategy, where a number of localized experts focus on their own domains (or subspaces) to learn their specialties, and a gating mechanism determines the space partitioning and the expert mixture. Experimental results have shown that our method achieves the state-of-the-art performance on the task.

IJCNLP-AACL 2021

A Mixture-of-Experts Model for Antonym-Synonym Discrimination

subspace

salient semantic dimensions

antonym-synonym discrimination

mixture-of-experts

**Welcome to ACL-IJCNLP 2021!**

The great event is jointly organized by the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing (AFNLP). 

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The great event is jointly organized by the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing (AFNLP).

technical paper

Prior studies in multilingual language modeling (e.g., Cotterell et al., 2018; Mielke et al., 2019) disagree on whether or not inflectional morphology makes languages harder to model. We attempt to resolve the disagreement and extend those studies. We compile a larger corpus of 145 Bible translations in 92 languages and a larger number of typological features. We fill in missing typological data for several languages and consider corpus-based measures of morphological complexity in addition to expert-produced typological features. We find that several morphological measures are significantly associated with higher surprisal when LSTM models are trained with BPE-segmented data. We also investigate linguistically motivated subword segmentation strategies like Morfessor and Finite-State Transducers (FSTs) and find that these segmentation strategies yield better performance and reduce the impact of a language’s morphology on language modeling.

Morphology Matters: A Multilingual Language Modeling Analysis

Arabic diacritization is a fundamental task for Arabic language processing. Previous studies have demonstrated that automatically generated knowledge can be helpful to this task. However, these studies regard the auto-generated knowledge instances as gold references, which limits their effectiveness since such knowledge is not always accurate and inferior instances can lead to incorrect predictions. In this paper, we propose to use regularized decoding and adversarial training to appropriately learn from such noisy knowledge for diacritization. Experimental results on two benchmark datasets show that, even with quite flawed auto-generated knowledge, our model can still learn adequate diacritics and outperform all previous studies, on both datasets.

Improving Arabic Diacritization with Regularized Decoding and Adversarial Training

Subword segmentation algorithms have been a \textit{de facto} choice when building neural machine translation systems. However, most of them need to learn a segmentation model based on some heuristics, which may produce sub-optimal segmentation. This can be problematic in some scenarios when the target language has rich morphological changes or there is not enough data for learning compact composition rules.
Translating at fully character level has the potential to alleviate the issue, but empirical performances of character-based models has not been fully explored. 
In this paper, we present an in-depth comparison between character-based and subword-based NMT systems under three settings: translating to typologically diverse languages, training with low resource, and adapting to unseen domains. Experiment results show strong competitiveness of character-based models. Further analyses show that compared to subword-based models, character-based models are better at handling morphological phenomena, generating rare and unknown words, and more suitable for transferring to unseen domains.

When is Char Better Than Subword: A Systematic Study of Segmentation Algorithms for Neural Machine Translation

Analogies play a central role in human commonsense reasoning. The ability to recognize analogies such as “eye is to seeing what ear is to hearing”, sometimes referred to as analogical proportions, shape how we structure knowledge and understand language. Surprisingly, however, the task of identifying such analogies has not yet received much attention in the language model era. In this paper, we analyze the capabilities of transformer-based language models on this unsupervised task, using benchmarks obtained from educational settings, as well as more commonly used datasets. We find that off-the-shelf language models can identify analogies to a certain extent, but struggle with abstract and complex relations, and results are highly sensitive to model architecture and hyperparameters. Overall the best results were obtained with GPT-2 and RoBERTa, while configurations using BERT were not able to outperform word embedding models. Our results raise important questions for future work about how, and to what extent, pre-trained language models capture knowledge about abstract semantic relations.

BERT is to NLP what AlexNet is to CV: Can Pre-Trained Language Models Identify Analogies?

We propose to measure fine-grained domain relevance– the degree that a term is relevant to a broad (e.g., computer science) or narrow (e.g., deep learning) domain. Such measurement is crucial for many downstream tasks in natural language processing. To handle long-tail terms, we build a core-anchored semantic graph, which uses core terms with rich description information to bridge the vast remaining fringe terms semantically. To support a fine-grained domain without relying on a matching corpus for supervision, we develop hierarchical core-fringe learning, which learns core and fringe terms jointly in a semi-supervised manner contextualized in the hierarchy of the domain. To reduce expensive human efforts, we employ automatic annotation and hierarchical positive-unlabeled learning. Our approach applies to big or small domains, covers head or tail terms, and requires little human effort. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our methods outperform strong baselines and even surpass professional human performance.

Measuring Fine-Grained Domain Relevance of Terms: A Hierarchical Core-Fringe Approach

In this paper, we investigate reasoning over natural language based on modern neural networks.
Prior efforts such as PRover train the question answering module and proof generation module through a multi-task classification framework, which does not consider explicit inter-dependency among nodes and edges in the proof graph.
In this paper, we propose PRobr,
a novel approach for answer prediction and proof generation.
PRobr defines a joint probabilistic distribution over all possible proofs and answers via an induced graphical model. 
We then optimize the model using variational approximation on top of neural textual representation. 
Experiments on several datasets verify the effectiveness of PRobr under multiple diverse settings (fully supervised, few-shot and zero-shot evaluation),
e.g., achieving 10\%-30\% improvement on QA accuracy in few/zero-shot evaluation.

Probabilistic Graph Reasoning for Natural Proof Generation

In this paper, we consider a realistic scenario on stance detection with more application potential, i.e., zero-shot and few-shot stance detection, which identifies stances for a wide range of topics with no or very few training examples. Conventional data-driven approaches may be not applicable to the above zero-shot and few-shot scenarios. For human beings, the commonsense knowledge is a crucial element of understanding and reasoning. In the absence of annotated data and cryptic expression of users' stance, we believe that introducing commonsense relational knowledge as support for reasoning can further improve the generalization and reasoning ability of the model in the zero-shot and few-shot scenarios. Furthermore, we introduce a commonsense knowledge enhanced module to exploit both the structural-level and semantic-level information of the relational knowledge. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods for zero-shot and few-shot stance detection task.

Enhancing Zero-shot and Few-shot Stance Detection with Commonsense Knowledge Graph

Conversational Machine Reading (CMR) aims at answering questions in complicated interactive scenarios. Machine needs to answer questions through interactions with users based on given rule document, user scenario and dialogue history, and even initiatively asks questions for clarification if necessary. Namely, the answer to the task needs a machine in the response of either "Yes, No, Irrelevant" or to raise a follow-up question for further clarification. To effectively capture multiple objects in such a challenging task, graph modeling is supposed to be adopted, though it is surprising that this does not happen until this work proposes a dialogue graph modeling framework by incorporating two complementary graph models, i.e., explicit discourse graph and implicit discourse graph, which respectively capture explicit and implicit interactions hidden in the rule documents. The proposed model is evaluated on the ShARC benchmark and achieves new state-of-the-art by first exceeding the milestone accuracy score of 80%.

Dialogue Graph Modeling for Conversational Machine Reading

Indonesian language is heavily riddled with colloquialism whether in written or spoken forms. In this paper, we identify a class of Indonesian colloquial words that have undergone morphological transformations from their standard forms, categorize their word formations, and propose a benchmark dataset of Indonesian Colloquial Lexicons (IndoCollex) consisting of informal words on Twitter expertly annotated with their standard forms and their word formation types/tags. We evaluate several models for character-level transduction to perform morphological word normalization on this testbed to understand their failure cases and provide baselines for future work. As IndoCollex catalogues word formation phenomena that are also present in the non-standard text of other languages, it can also provide an attractive testbed for methods tailored for cross-lingual word normalization and non-standard word formation.

IndoCollex: A Testbed for Morphological Transformation of Indonesian Word Colloquialism

In this paper, we investigate few-shot joint
learning for dialogue language understanding.
Most existing few-shot models learn a single task each time with only a few examples. However, dialogue language understanding contains two closely related tasks, i.e., intent detection and slot filling, and often benefits from jointly learning the two tasks. This
calls for new few-shot learning techniques that
are able to capture task relations from only a
few examples and jointly learn multiple tasks.
To achieve this, we propose a similarity-based
few-shot learning scheme, named Contrastive
Prototype Merging network (ConProm), that
learns to bridge metric spaces of intent and
slot on data-rich domains, and then adapt the
bridged metric space to specific few-shot domain. Experiments on two public datasets,
Snips and FewJoint, show that our model significantly outperforms the strong baselines in
one and five shots settings.

A Mixture-of-Experts Model for Antonym-Synonym Discrimination

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