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In open-domain question answering, questions are highly likely to be ambiguous because users may not know the scope of relevant topics when formulating them. 
Therefore, a system needs to find possible interpretations of the question, and predict one or multiple plausible answers.
When multiple plausible answers are found, the system should rewrite the question for each answer to resolve the ambiguity.
In this paper, we present a model that aggregates and combines evidence from multiple passages to adaptively predict a single answer or a set of question-answer pairs for ambiguous questions.
In addition, we propose a novel round-trip prediction approach to iteratively generate additional interpretations that our model fails to find in the first pass, and then verify and filter out the incorrect question-answer pairs to arrive at the final disambiguated output.
Our model, named Refuel, achieves a new state-of-the-art performance on the AmbigQA dataset, and shows competitive performance on NQ-Open and TriviaQA.
The proposed round-trip prediction is a model-agnostic general approach for answering ambiguous open-domain questions, which improves our Refuel as well as several baseline models.
We release source code for our models and experiments at https://github.com/amzn/refuel-open-domain-qa.

ACL-IJCNLP 2021

Answering Ambiguous Questions through Generative Evidence Fusion and Round-Trip Prediction

ambigqa

open-domain question answering

question answering

**Welcome to ACL-IJCNLP 2021!**

The great event is jointly organized by the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing (AFNLP). 

As in previous years, the program of the conference includes a poster session, tutorials, workshops and demonstrations in addition to the main conference.


We were able to keep the registration fees similar to those charged for the virtual ACL 2020. The one fee allows attendance at the main conference and any/all tutorials and workshops. These fees would be $125 Regular Early and $175 Regular Late; $50 Student Early and $75 Student Late. Early registration closes at midnight July 11, 2021 (Eastern Daylight Time).

**Reminder:** It is ACL’s policy that at least one author of each accepted paper (including ACL Finding papers) must register for the conference.

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Registration is now open

The great event is jointly organized by the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing (AFNLP).

technical paper

Metaphor involves not only a linguistic phenomenon, but also a cognitive phenomenon structuring human thought, which makes understanding it challenging. As a means of cognition, metaphor is rendered by more than texts alone, and multimodal information in
which vision/audio content is integrated with the text can play an important role in expressing and understanding metaphor. However, previous metaphor processing and understanding has focused on texts, partly due to the unavailability of large-scale datasets with ground truth labels of multimodal metaphor. In this paper, we introduce MultiMET, a novel multimodal metaphor dataset to facilitate understanding metaphorical information from multimodal text and image. It contains 10,437 text-image pairs from a range of sources with multimodal annotations of the occurrence of metaphors, domain relations, sentiments metaphors convey, and author intents. MultiMET opens the door to automatic metaphor understanding by investigating multimodal cues and their interplay. Moreover, we propose a range of strong baselines and show the importance of combining multimodal cues for metaphor understanding. MultiMET will be released publicly for research.

MultiMET: A Multimodal Dataset for Metaphor Understanding

Undermining the impact of hateful content with informed and non-aggressive responses, called counter narratives, has emerged as a possible solution for having healthier online communities. Thus, some NLP studies have started addressing the task of counter narrative generation. Although such studies have made an effort to build hate speech / counter narrative (HS/CN) datasets for neural generation, they fall short in reaching either high-quality and/or high-quantity. In this paper, we propose a novel human-in-the-loop data collection methodology in which a generative language model is refined iteratively by using its own data from the previous loops to generate new training samples that experts review and/or post-edit. Our experiments comprised several loops including diverse dynamic variations. Results show that the methodology is scalable and facilitates diverse, novel, and cost-effective data collection. To our knowledge, the resulting dataset is the only expert-based multi-target HS/CN dataset available to the community.

Human-in-the-Loop for Data Collection: a Multi-Target Counter Narrative Dataset to Fight Online Hate Speech

This paper presents the first large-scale meta-evaluation of machine translation (MT). We annotated MT evaluations conducted in 769 research papers published from 2010 to 2020. Our study shows that practices for automatic MT evaluation have dramatically changed during the past decade and follow concerning trends. An increasing number of MT evaluations exclusively rely on differences between BLEU scores to draw conclusions, without performing any kind of statistical significance testing nor human evaluation, while at least 108 metrics claiming to be better than BLEU have been proposed. MT evaluations in recent papers tend to copy and compare automatic metric scores from previous work to claim the superiority of a method or an algorithm without confirming neither exactly the same training, validating, and testing data have been used nor the metric scores are comparable. Furthermore, tools for reporting standardized metric scores are still far from being widely adopted by the MT community. After showing how the accumulation of these pitfalls leads to dubious evaluation, we propose a guideline to encourage better automatic MT evaluation along with a simple meta-evaluation scoring method to assess its credibility.

Scientific Credibility of Machine Translation Research: A Meta-Evaluation of 769 Papers

SOTA coreference resolution produces increasingly impressive scores on the OntoNotes benchmark. However lack of comparable data following the same scheme for more genres makes it difficult to evaluate generalizability to open domain data. This paper provides a dataset and comprehensive evaluation showing that the latest neural LM based end-to-end systems degrade very substantially out of domain. We make an OntoNotes-like coreference dataset called OntoGUM publicly available, converted from GUM, an English corpus covering 12 genres, using deterministic rules, which we evaluate. Thanks to the rich syntactic and discourse annotations in GUM, we are able to create the largest human-annotated coreference corpus following the OntoNotes guidelines, and the first to be evaluated for consistency with the OntoNotes scheme. Out-of-domain evaluation across 12 genres shows nearly 15-20% degradation for both deterministic and deep learning systems, indicating a lack of generalizability or covert overfitting in existing coreference resolution models.

OntoGUM: Evaluating Contextualized SOTA Coreference Resolution on 12 More Genres

Recent work has investigated the interesting question using pre-trained language models (PLMs) as knowledge bases for answering open questions. However, existing work is limited in using small benchmarks with high test-train overlaps. We construct a new dataset of closed-book QA using SQuAD, and investigate the performance of BART. Experiments show that it is challenging for BART to remember training facts in high precision, and also challenging to answer closed-book questions even if relevant knowledge is retained. Some promising directions are found, including decoupling the knowledge memorizing process and the QA finetune process, forcing the model to recall relevant knowledge when question answering.

Can Generative Pre-trained Language Models Serve As Knowledge Bases for Closed-book QA?

This paper studies joint models for selecting correct answer sentences among the top k provided by answer sentence selection (AS2) modules, which are core components of retrieval-based Question Answering (QA) systems. Our work shows that a critical step to effectively exploiting an answer set regards modeling the interrelated information between pair of answers. For this purpose, we build a three-way multi-classifier, which decides if an answer supports, refutes, or is neutral with respect to another one. More specifically, our neural architecture integrates a state-of-the-art AS2 module with the multi-classifier, and a joint layer connecting all components. We tested our models on WikiQA, TREC-QA, and a real-world dataset. The results show that our models obtain the new state of the art in AS2.

Joint Models for Answer Verification in Question Answering Systems

As part of scientific articles, grant information refers to funder names and their corresponding grant numbers. Extracting such funding information from articles is of significant importance to both academic and funding bodies. The studies on this topic face two major challenges: 1) no high-quality benchmark datasets; and 2) difficulties in extracting complex relationships between funders and grantIDs. In this paper, we present a novel pipeline framework called GrantRel, which consists of a funding sentence classifier, as well as a joint entity and relation extractor. For this purpose, we manually label two high-quality datasets called Grant-SP and Grant-RE, respectively. In addition, our relation extraction (RE) model uses both position embedding and context embedding in an adaptive-learning way. The experiment results have demonstrated that our model outperforms several state-of-the-art BERT-based RE baselines as higher as 6.5% of F1 scores against the PubMed Central (PMC) test set and 3.5% of that against the arXiv test set.

GrantRel: Grant Information Extraction via Joint Entity and Relation Extraction

This work empirically explores effective exploiting of intermediate output from pre-trained language models (PrLMs) for language generation tasks. For this purpose, we propose an improved method to integrate public checkpoints of PrLMs for the most convenience and perform extensive experiments on 6 different kinds of PrLMs, including BERT, ELECTRA, GPT2, Multi-lingual BERT, and XLM RoBERTa.
Evaluation with automatic metrics shows that our approach significantly improves the generation quality on the generation tasks, up to 1.8 BLEU points for neural machine translation (Korean-to-English, Korean-to-Chinese) and 1.8 ROUGE points improvements for text summarization.

Enhancing Language Generation with Effective Checkpoints of Pre-trained Language Model

Ever since the advent of deep learning, cross-modal representation learning has been dominated by the approaches involving convolutional neural networks for visual representation and recurrent neural networks for language representation. Transformer architecture, however, has rapidly taken over the recurrent neural networks in natural language processing tasks, and it has also been shown that vision tasks can be handled with transformer architecture, with compatible performance to convolutional neural networks. Such results naturally lead to speculation upon the possibility of tackling cross-modal representation for vision and language exclusively with transformer. This paper examines transformer-exclusive cross-modal representation to explore such possibility, demonstrating its potentials as well as discussing its current limitations and its prospects.

Transformer-Exclusive Cross-Modal Representation for Vision and Language

Neural machine translation suffers when parallel data for training is scarce. Previous works have explored transfer learning to assist training in low-resource scenarios. However, they transfer either from high-resource parallel data, or from monolingual data. In this work, we propose a framework to transfer multiple sources of auxiliary data, including both high-resource parallel data and monolingual data of involved languages. Knowledge in those sources is respectively encoded in a high-resource translation model and pretrained language models, and dually transferred to the low-resource translation model by our approach. Extensive experiments show that our approach yields consistent improvements over strong competitors for multiple translation directions. Furthermore, our approach still exhibits benefit on top of back-translation, making it a useful addition to practitioners' toolbox.

Answering Ambiguous Questions through Generative Evidence Fusion and Round-Trip Prediction

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