Thailand

In this paper, we aim to explore an uncharted territory, which is Chinese multimodal named entity recognition (NER) with both textual and acoustic contents. To achieve this, we construct a large-scale human-annotated Chinese multimodal NER dataset, named \texttt{CNERTA}. Our corpus totally contains 42,987 annotated sentences accompanying by 71 hours of speech data. Based on this dataset, we propose a family of strong and representative baseline models, which can leverage textual features or multimodal features. Upon these baselines, to capture the natural monotonic alignment between the textual modality and the acoustic modality, we further propose a simple multimodal multitask model by introducing a speech-to-text alignment auxiliary task. Through extensive experiments, we observe that: (1) Progressive performance boosts as we move from unimodal to multimodal, verifying the necessity of integrating speech clues into Chinese NER. (2) Our proposed model yields state-of-the-art (SoTA) results on \texttt{CNERTA}, demonstrating its effectiveness. For further research, the annotated dataset is publicly available at \url{http://github.com/DianboWork/CNERTA}.

IJCNLP-AACL 2021

A Large-Scale Chinese Multimodal NER Dataset with Speech Clues

multimodal ner

chinese ner

speech

**Welcome to ACL-IJCNLP 2021!**

The great event is jointly organized by the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing (AFNLP). 

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The great event is jointly organized by the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing (AFNLP).

technical paper

Ordinal Classification (OC) is an important classification task where the classes are ordinal. For example, an OC task for sentiment analysis could have the following classes: highly positive, positive, neutral, negative, highly negative. Clearly, evaluation measures for an OC task should penalise misclassifications by considering the ordinal nature of the classes. Ordinal Quantification (OQ) is a related task where the gold data is a distribution over ordinal classes, and the system is required to estimate this distribution. Evaluation measures for an OQ task should also take the ordinal nature of the classes into account. However, for both OC and OQ, there are only a small number of known evaluation measures that meet this basic requirement. In the present study, we utilise data from the SemEval and NTCIR communities to clarify the properties of nine evaluation measures in the context of OC tasks, and six measures in the context of OQ tasks.

Evaluating Evaluation Measures for Ordinal Classification and Ordinal Quantification

High-quality alignment between movie scripts and plot summaries is an asset for learning to summarize stories and to generate dialogues. The alignment task is challenging as scripts and summaries substantially differ in details and abstraction levels as well as in linguistic register.
This paper addresses the alignment problem by devising a fully unsupervised approach based on a global optimization model. Experimental results on ten movies show the viability of our method with 76% F1-score and its superiority over a previous baseline. We publish alignments for 914 movies to foster research in this new topic.

AligNarr: Aligning Narratives on Movies

Entity Matching (EM) aims at recognizing entity records that denote the same real-world object. Neural EM models learn vector representation of entity descriptions and match entities end-to-end. Though robust, these methods require many annotated resources for training, and lack of interpretability. In this paper, we propose a novel EM framework that consists of Heterogeneous Information Fusion (HIF) and Key Attribute Tree (KAT) Induction to decouple feature representation from matching decision. Using self-supervised learning and mask mechanism in pre-trained language modeling, HIF learns the embeddings of noisy attribute values by inter-attribute attention with unlabeled data. Using a set of comparison features and a limited amount of annotated data, KAT Induction learns an efficient decision tree that can be interpreted by generating entity matching rules whose structure is advocated by domain experts. Experiments on 6 public datasets and 3 industrial datasets show that our method is highly efficient and outperforms SOTA EM models in most cases. We will release the codes upon acceptance.

Interpretable and Low-Resource Entity Matching via Decoupling Feature Learning from Decision Making

Named entity recognition (NER) is a well-studied task in natural language processing. Traditional NER research only deals with flat entities and ignores nested entities. The span-based methods treat entity recognition as a span classification task. Although these methods have the innate ability to handle nested NER, they suffer from high computational cost, ignorance of boundary information, under-utilization of the spans that partially match with entities, and difficulties in long entity recognition. To tackle these issues, we propose a two-stage entity identifier. First we generate span proposals by filtering and boundary regression on the seed spans to locate the entities, and then label the boundary-adjusted span proposals with the corresponding categories. Our method effectively utilizes the boundary information of entities and partially matched spans during training. Through boundary regression, entities of any length can be covered theoretically, which improves the ability to recognize long entities. In addition, many low-quality seed spans are filtered out in the first stage, which reduces the time complexity of inference. Experiments on nested NER datasets demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms previous state-of-the-art models.

Locate and Label: A Two-stage Identifier for Nested Named Entity Recognition

Event extraction is challenging due to the complex structure of event records and the semantic gap between text and event.
Traditional methods usually extract event records by decomposing the complex structure prediction task into multiple subtasks.
In this paper, we propose Text2Event, a sequence-to-structure generation paradigm that can directly extract events from the text in an end-to-end manner.
Specifically, we design a sequence-to-structure network for unified event extraction, a constrained decoding algorithm for event knowledge injection during inference, and a curriculum learning algorithm for efficient model learning. 
Experimental results show that, by uniformly modeling all tasks in a single model and universally predicting different labels, our method can achieve competitive performance using only record-level annotations in both supervised learning and transfer learning settings.

Text2Event: Controllable Sequence-to-Structure Generation for End-to-end Event Extraction

Having numerous potential applications and great impact, end-to-end speech translation (ST) has long been treated as an independent task, failing to fully draw strength from the rapid advances of its sibling - text machine translation (MT). With text and audio inputs represented differently, the modality gap has rendered MT data and its end-to-end models incompatible with their ST counterparts. In observation of this obstacle, we propose to bridge this representation gap with Chimera. By projecting audio and text features to a common semantic representation, Chimera unifies MT and ST tasks and boosts the performance on ST benchmarks, MuST-C and Augmented Librispeech, to a new stateof-the-art. Specifically, Chimera obtains 27.1 BLEU on MuST-C ENDE, improving the SOTA by a +1.9 BLEU margin. Further experimental analyses demonstrate that shared semantic space indeed conveys common knowledge between these two tasks and thus paves a new way for augmenting training resources across modalities.

Learning Shared Semantic Space for Speech-to-Text Translation

Present language understanding methods have demonstrated extraordinary ability of recognizing patterns in texts via machine learning. However, existing methods indiscriminately use the recognized patterns in the testing phase that is inherently different from us humans who have counterfactual thinking, e.g., to scrutinize for the hard testing samples. Inspired by this, we propose a Counterfactual Reasoning Model, which mimics the counterfactual thinking by learning from few counterfactual samples. In particular, we devise a generation module to generate representative counterfactual samples for each factual sample, and a retrospective module to retrospect the model prediction by comparing the counterfactual and factual samples. Extensive experiments on sentiment analysis (SA) and natural language inference (NLI) validate the effectiveness of our method.

Empowering Language Understanding with Counterfactual Reasoning

Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) aims to extract answers to questions given a passage, 
which has been widely studied recently especially in open domains. 
However, few efforts have been made on closed-domain MRC, mainly due to the lack of large-scale training data. In this paper, we introduce a multi-target MRC task for the medical domain, whose goal is to predict answers to medical questions and the corresponding support sentences from medical information sources simultaneously, in order to ensure the high reliability of medical knowledge serving. A high-quality dataset more than 18k samples) is manually constructed for the purpose, named Multi-task Chinese Medical MRC dataset (CMedMRC), with detailed analysis conducted. We further propose a Chinese medical BERT model for the task (CMedBERT), which fuses medical knowledge into pre-trained language models by the dynamic fusion mechanism of heterogeneous features and the multi-task learning strategy.
Experiments show that CMedBERT consistently outperforms strong baselines by fusing context-aware and knowledge-aware token representations.

Knowledge-Empowered Representation Learning for Chinese Medical Reading Comprehension: Task, Model and Resources

Chinese spelling correction (CSC) is an important yet challenging task. Existing state-of-the-art methods either only use a pre-trained language model or incorporate phonological information as external knowledge. In this paper, we propose a novel end-to-end CSC model that integrates phonetic features into language model by leveraging the powerful pre-training and fine-tuning method. Instead of conventionally masking words with a special token in training language model, we replace words with phonetic features and their sound-alike words. We further propose an adaptive weighted objective to jointly train error detection and correction in a unified framework. Experimental results show that our model achieves significant improvements on SIGHAN datasets and 
outperforms the previous state-of-the-art methods.

Correcting Chinese Spelling Errors with Phonetic Pre-training

Question generation is the task of generating coherent and relevant questions given context paragraphs. Recently, with the development of large-scale question answering datasets such as SQuAD, the English question generation has been rapidly developed. However, for other languages such as Chinese, the available training data is limited, which hinders the development of question generation in the corresponding language. To investigate the multi-lingual question generation, in this paper, we develop a language-agnostic language model, which learns the shared representation from several languages in a single architecture. We propose an adversarial training objective to encourage the model to learn both language-specific and language-independent information. We utilize abundant monolingual text to improve the multi-lingual question generation via pre-training. With the language-agnostic language model, we achieve significant improvement in multi-lingual question generation over five languages. In addition, we propose a large-scale Chinese question generation dataset containing more than 220k human-generated questions to benefit the multi-lingual question generation research.

A Large-Scale Chinese Multimodal NER Dataset with Speech Clues

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