Thailand

Every natural text is written in some style. Style is formed by a complex combination of different stylistic factors, including formality markers, emotions, metaphors, etc. One cannot form a complete understanding of a text without considering these factors. The factors combine and co-vary in complex ways to form styles. Studying the nature of the covarying combinations sheds light on stylistic language in general, sometimes called cross-style language understanding. This paper provides the benchmark corpus (XSLUE) that
combines existing datasets and collects a new one for sentence-level cross-style language understanding and evaluation. The benchmark contains text in 15 different styles under the proposed four theoretical groupings: figurative, personal, affective, and interpersonal groups. For valid evaluation, we collect an additional diagnostic set by annotating all 15 styles on the same text. Using
XSLUE, we propose three interesting cross-style applications in classification, correlation, and generation. First, our proposed cross-style classifier trained with multiple styles together helps improve overall classification performance against individually-trained style
classifiers. Second, our study shows that some styles are highly dependent on each other in human-written text. Finally, we find that combinations of some contradictive styles likely generate stylistically less appropriate text. We believe our benchmark and case studies help explore interesting future directions for cross-style research. The preprocessed datasets and code are publicly available.

IJCNLP-AACL 2021

Style is NOT a single variable: Case Studies for Cross-Stylistic Language Understanding

xslue

cross-style

style

correlation

generation

**Welcome to ACL-IJCNLP 2021!**

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The great event is jointly organized by the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing (AFNLP).

technical paper

Despite pre-trained language models have proven useful for learning high-quality semantic representations, these models are still vulnerable to simple perturbations. Recent works aimed to improve the robustness of pre-trained models mainly focus on adversarial training from perturbed examples with similar semantics, neglecting the utilization of different or even opposite semantics. Different from the image processing field, the text is discrete and few word substitutions can cause significant semantic changes. To study the impact of semantics caused by small perturbations, we conduct a series of pilot experiments and surprisingly find that adversarial training is useless or even harmful for the model to detect these semantic changes. To address this problem, we propose Contrastive Learning with semantIc Negative Examples (CLINE), which constructs semantic negative examples unsupervised to improve the robustness under semantically adversarial attacking. By comparing with similar and opposite semantic examples, the model can effectively perceive the semantic changes caused by small perturbations. Empirical results show that our approach yields substantial improvements on a range of sentiment analysis, reasoning, and reading comprehension tasks. And CLINE also ensures the compactness within the same semantics and separability across different semantics in sentence-level.

CLINE: Contrastive Learning with Semantic Negative Examples for Natural Language Understanding

Topic modeling has been widely used for discovering the latent semantic structure of documents, but most existing methods learn topics with a flat structure. Although probabilistic models can generate topic hierarchies by introducing nonparametric priors like Chinese restaurant process, such methods have data scalability issues. In this study, we develop a tree-structured topic model by leveraging nonparametric neural variational inference. Particularly, the latent components of the stick-breaking process are first learned for each document, then the affiliations of latent components are modeled by the dependency matrices between network layers. Utilizing this network structure, we can efficiently extract a tree-structured topic hierarchy with reasonable structure, low redundancy, and adaptable widths. Experiments on real-world datasets validate the effectiveness of our method.

Tree-Structured Topic Modeling with Nonparametric Neural Variational Inference

Prior work infers the causation between events mainly based on the knowledge induced from the annotated causal event pairs. However, additional evidence information intermediate to the cause and effect remains unexploited. By incorporating such information, the logical law behind the causality can be unveiled, and the interpretability and stability of the causal reasoning system can be improved. To facilitate this, we present an \textbf{E}vent graph knowledge enhanced e\textbf{x}plainable \textbf{CA}usal \textbf{R}easoning framework (\textbf{ExCAR}). ExCAR first acquires additional evidence information from a large-scale causal event graph as logical rules for causal reasoning. To learn the conditional probabilistic of logical rules, we propose the Conditional Markov Neural Logic Network (CMNLN) that combines the representation learning and structure learning of logical rules in an end-to-end differentiable manner. Experimental results demonstrate that ExCAR outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods. Adversarial evaluation shows the improved stability of ExCAR over baseline systems. Human evaluation shows that ExCAR can achieve a promising explainable performance.

ExCAR: Event Graph Knowledge Enhanced Explainable Causal Reasoning

For natural language processing systems, two kinds of evidence support the use of text representations from neural language models "pretrained" on large unannotated corpora: performance on application-inspired benchmarks (Peters et al., 2018, inter alia), and the emergence of syntactic abstractions in those representations (Tenney et al., 2019, inter alia). On the other hand, the lack of grounded supervision calls into question how well these representations can ever capture meaning (Bender and Koller, 2020). We apply novel probes to recent language models -- specifically focusing on predicate-argument structure as operationalized by semantic dependencies (Ivanova et al., 2012) -- and find that, unlike syntax, semantics is not brought to the surface by today's pretrained models. We then use convolutional graph encoders to explicitly incorporate semantic parses into task-specific finetuning, yielding benefits to natural language understanding (NLU) tasks in the GLUE benchmark. This approach demonstrates the potential for general-purpose (rather than task-specific) linguistic supervision, above and beyond conventional pretraining and finetuning. Several diagnostics help to localize the benefits of our approach.

Infusing Finetuning with Semantic Dependencies

This work explores a framework for fact verification that leverages pretrained sequence-to-sequence transformer models for sentence selection and label prediction, two key sub-tasks in fact verification. Most notably, improving on previous pointwise aggregation approaches for label prediction, we take advantage of T5 using a listwise approach coupled with data augmentation. With this enhancement, we observe that our label prediction stage is more robust to noise and capable of verifying complex claims by jointly reasoning over multiple pieces of evidence. Experimental results on the FEVER task show that our system attains a FEVER score of 75.87% on the blind test set. This puts our approach atop the competitive FEVER leaderboard at the time of our work, scoring higher than the second place submission by almost two points in label accuracy and over one point in FEVER score.

Exploring Listwise Evidence Reasoning with T5 for Fact Verification

Scientific document understanding is challenging as the data is highly domain specific and diverse. However, datasets for tasks with scientific text require expensive manual annotation and tend to be small and limited to only one or a few fields. At the same time, scientific documents contain many potential training signals, such as citations, which can be used to build large labelled datasets. Given this, we present an in-depth study of cite-worthiness detection in English, where a sentence is labelled for whether or not it cites an external source. To accomplish this, we introduce CiteWorth, a large, contextualized, rigorously cleaned labelled dataset for cite-worthiness detection built from a massive corpus of extracted plain-text scientific documents. We show that CiteWorth is high-quality, challenging, and suitable for studying problems such as domain adaptation. Our best performing cite-worthiness detection model is a paragraph-level contextualized sentence labelling model based on Longformer, exhibiting a 5 F1 point improvement over SciBERT which considers only individual sentences. Finally, we demonstrate that language model fine-tuning with cite-worthiness as a secondary task leads to improved performance on downstream scientific document understanding tasks.

CiteWorth: Cite-Worthiness Detection for Improved Scientific Document Understanding

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a key Natural Language Processing task. However, most existing work on NER targets flat named entities (NEs) and ignores the recognition of nested structures, where entities can be enclosed within other NEs. Moreover, evaluation of Nested Named Entity Recognition (NNER) across domains remains challenging, mainly due to the limited availability of datasets. To address these gaps, we present EWT-NNER, a dataset covering five web domains annotated for nested named entities on top of the English Web Treebank (EWT). We present the corpus and an empirical evaluation, including transfer results from German and Danish. EWT-NNER is annotated for four major entity types, including suffixes for derivational entity markers and partial named entities, spanning a total of 12 classes. We envision the public release of EWT-NNER to encourage further research on nested NER, particularly on cross-lingual cross-domain evaluation.

Cross-Lingual Cross-Domain Nested Named Entity Evaluation on English Web Texts

Text generation has received a lot of attention in computational argumentation research as of recent. A particularly challenging task is the generation of {\em counter}-arguments. So far, approaches largely focus on rebutting a given conclusion, yet other ways to counter an argument exist. In this work, we go beyond previous research by exploring argument {\em undermining}, that is, countering an argument by attacking one of its premises. We hypothesize that identifying the argument's weak premises is key to effective countering. Accordingly, we propose an approach to assess the strength of a premise to then generate a counter-argument specifically targeting the weak ones. On the one hand, both manual and automatic evaluation proves the importance of identifying weak premises in counter-argument generation. On the other hand, when considering {\em correctness} and {\em content richness}, human annotators favored our approach over state-of-the-art counter-argument generation.

Counter-Argument Generation by Attacking Weak Premises

It is well known that human is not good at deception detection because of a natural inclination of truth-bias. However, during a conversation, when an interlocutor (interrogator) is being asked explicitly to assess whether his/her interacting partner (deceiver) is lying, this perceptual judgment depends highly on how the interrogator interprets the context of the conversation. While the deceptive behaviors can be difficult to model due to their heterogeneous manifestation, we hypothesize that this contextual information, i.e., whether the interlocutor trusts or distrusts what his/her partner is saying, provides an important condition in which the deceiver’s deceptive behaviors are more consistently distinct. In this work, we propose a Judgmental-Enhanced Automatic Deception Detection Network (JEADDN) that explicitly considers interrogator’s perceived truths-deceptions with three types of speech-language features (acoustic-prosodic, linguistic, and conversational temporal dynamics features) extracted during a conversation. We evaluate our framework on a large Mandarin Chinese Deception Dialog Database. The results show that the method significantly outperforms the current state-of-the-art approach without conditioning on the judgements of interrogators on this database. We further demonstrate that the behaviors of interrogators are important in detecting deception when the interrogators distrust the deceivers. Finally, with the late fusion of audio, text, and turn-taking dynamics (TTD) features, we obtain promising results of 87.27% and 94.18% accuracy under the conditions that the interrogators trust and distrust the deceivers in deception detection which improves 7.27% and 13.57% than the model without considering the judgements of interlocutor respectively.

``Does it Matter When I Think You Are Lying?" Improving Deception Detection by Integrating Interlocutor's Judgements in Conversations

Many task-oriented dialogue systems use deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to learn policies that respond to the user appropriately and complete the tasks successfully. Training DRL agents with diverse dialogue trajectories prepare them well for rare user requests and unseen situations. One effective diversification method is to let the agent interact with a diverse set of learned user models. However, trajectories created by these artificial user models may contain generation errors, which can quickly propagate into the agent's policy. It is thus important to control the quality of the diversification and resist the noise. In this paper, we propose a novel dialogue diversification method for task-oriented dialogue systems trained in simulators. Our method, Intermittent Short Extension Ensemble (I-SEE), constrains the intensity to interact with an ensemble of diverse user models and effectively controls the quality of the diversification. Evaluations on the Multiwoz dataset show that I-SEE successfully boosts the performance of several state-of-the-art DRL dialogue agents.

Style is NOT a single variable: Case Studies for Cross-Stylistic Language Understanding

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