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Product reviews contain a large number of implicit aspects and implicit opinions. However, most of the existing studies in aspect-based sentiment analysis ignored this problem. In this work, we introduce a new task, named Aspect-Category-Opinion-Sentiment (ACOS) Quadruple Extraction, with the goal to extract all aspect-category-opinion-sentiment quadruples in a review sentence and provide full support for aspect-based sentiment analysis with implicit aspects and opinions. We furthermore construct two new datasets, Restaurant-ACOS and Laptop-ACOS, for this new task, both of which contain the annotations of not only aspect-category-opinion-sentiment quadruples but also implicit aspects and opinions. The former is an extension of the SemEval Restaurant dataset; the latter is a newly collected and annotated Laptop dataset, twice the size of the SemEval Laptop dataset. We finally benchmark the task with four baseline systems. Experiments demonstrate the feasibility of the new task and its effectiveness in extracting and describing implicit aspects and implicit opinions. The two datasets and source code of four systems are publicly released at \url{https://github.com/NUSTM/ACOS}.

ACL-IJCNLP 2021

Aspect-Category-Opinion-Sentiment Quadruple Extraction with Implicit Aspects and Opinions

implicit opinion

implicit aspect

aspect-category-opinion-sentiment quadruple extraction

aspect-based sentiment analysis

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The great event is jointly organized by the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing (AFNLP).

Word alignment and machine translation are two closely related tasks. Neural translation models, such as RNN-based and Transformer models, employ a target-to-source attention mechanism which can provide rough word alignments, but with a rather low accuracy. High-quality word alignment can help
neural machine translation in many different ways, such as missing word detection, annotation transfer and lexicon injection. Existing methods for learning word alignment include statistical word aligners (e.g. GIZA++) and recently neural word alignment models. This paper presents a bidirectional Transformer based alignment (BTBA) model for unsupervised learning of the word alignment task. Our BTBA model predicts the current target word by attending the source context and both left-side and right-side target context to produce accurate target-to-source attention (alignment). We further fine-tune the target-to-source attention in the BTBA model to obtain better alignments using a full context based optimization
method and self-supervised training. We test our method on three word alignment tasks and show that our method outperforms both previous neural word alignment approaches and the popular statistical word aligner GIZA++.

A Bidirectional Transformer Based Alignment Model for Unsupervised Word Alignment

Multilingual neural machine translation aims at learning a single translation model for multiple languages. These jointly trained models often suffer from performance degradationon rich-resource language pairs. We attribute this degeneration to parameter interference. In this paper, we propose LaSS to jointly train a single unified multilingual MT model. LaSS learns Language Specific Sub-network (LaSS) for each language pair to counter parameter interference. Comprehensive experiments on IWSLT and WMT datasets with various Transformer architectures show that LaSS obtains gains on 36 language pairs by up to 1.2 BLEU. Besides, LaSS shows its strong generalization performance at easy adaptation to new language pairs and zero-shot translation. LaSS boosts zero-shot translation with an average of 8.3 BLEU on 30 language pairs. Codes and trained models are available at https://github.com/NLP-Playground/LaSS.

Learning Language Specific Sub-network for Multilingual Machine Translation

The high-quality translation results produced by machine translation (MT) systems still pose a huge challenge for automatic evaluation. Current MT evaluation pays the same attention to each sentence component, while the questions of real-world examinations (e.g., university examinations) have different difficulties and weightings. In this paper, we propose a novel difficulty-aware MT evaluation metric, expanding the evaluation dimension by taking translation difficulty into consideration. A translation that fails to be predicted by most MT systems will be treated as a difficult one and assigned a large weight in the final score function, and conversely. Experimental results on the WMT19 English-German Metrics shared tasks show that our proposed method outperforms commonly used MT metrics in terms of human correlation. In particular, our proposed method performs well even when all the MT systems are very competitive, which is when most existing metrics fail to distinguish between them. The source code is freely available at https://github.com/NLP2CT/Difficulty-Aware-MT-Evaluation.

Difficulty-Aware Machine Translation Evaluation

While state-of-the-art NLP models have been achieving the excellent performance of a wide range of tasks in recent years, important questions are being raised about their robustness and their underlying sensitivity to systematic biases that may exist in their training and test data. Such issues come to be manifest in performance problems when faced with out-of-distribution data in the field. One recent solution has been to use counterfactually augmented datasets in order to reduce any reliance on spurious patterns that may exist in the original data. Producing high-quality augmented data can be costly and time-consuming as it usually needs to involve human feedback and crowdsourcing efforts. In this work, we propose an alternative by describing and evaluating an approach to automatically generating counterfactual data for the purpose of data augmentation and explanation. A comprehensive evaluation on several different datasets and using a variety of state-of-the-art benchmarks demonstrate how our approach can achieve significant improvements in model performance when compared to models training on the original data and even when compared to models trained with the benefit of human-generated augmented data.

Exploring the Efficacy of Automatically Generated Counterfactuals for Sentiment Analysis

As a fine-grained task, the annotation cost of aspect term extraction is extremely high. Recent attempts alleviate this issue using domain adaptation that transfers common knowledge across domains. Since most aspect terms are domain-specific, they cannot be transferred directly. Existing methods solve this problem by associating aspect terms with pivot words (we call this passive domain adaptation because the transfer of aspect terms relies on the links to pivots). However, all these methods need either manually labeled pivot words or expensive computing resources to build associations. In this paper, we propose a novel active domain adaptation method. Our goal is to transfer aspect terms by actively supplementing transferable knowledge. To this end, we construct syntactic bridges by recognizing syntactic roles as pivots instead of as links to pivots. We also build semantic bridges by retrieving transferable semantic prototypes. Extensive experiments show that our method significantly outperforms previous approaches.

Bridge-Based Active Domain Adaptation for Aspect Term Extraction

With the popularity of smartphones, we have witnessed the rapid proliferation of multimodal posts on various social media platforms. We observe that the multimodal sentiment expression has specific global characteristics, such as the interdependencies of objects or scenes within the image. However, most previous studies only considered the representation of a single image-text post and failed to capture the global co-occurrence characteristics of the dataset. In this paper, we propose Multi-channel Graph Neural Networks with Sentiment-awareness (MGNNS) for image-text sentiment detection. Specifically, we first encode different modalities to capture hidden representations. Then, we introduce multi-channel graph neural networks to learn multimodal representations based on the global characteristics of the dataset. Finally, we implement multimodal in-depth fusion with the multi-head attention mechanism to predict the sentiment of image-text pairs. Extensive experiments conducted on three publicly available datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach for multimodal sentiment detection.

Multimodal Sentiment Detection Based on Multi-channel Graph Neural Networks

Current open-domain question answering systems often follow a Retriever-Reader architecture, where the retriever first retrieves relevant passages and the reader then reads the retrieved passages to form an answer.
In this paper, we propose a simple and effective passage reranking method, named Reader-guIDEd Reranker (RIDER), which does not involve training and reranks the retrieved passages solely based on the top predictions of the reader before reranking.
We show that RIDER, despite its simplicity, achieves 10 to 20 absolute gains in top-1 retrieval accuracy and 1 to 4 Exact Match (EM) gains without refining the retriever or reader.
In addition, RIDER, without any training, outperforms state-of-the-art transformer-based supervised rerankers.
Remarkably, RIDER achieves 48.3 EM on the Natural Questions dataset and 66.4 EM on the TriviaQA dataset when only 1,024 tokens (7.8 passages on average) are used as the reader input after passage reranking.

Reader-Guided Passage Reranking for Open-Domain Question Answering

Fixed length summarization aims at generating summaries with a preset number of words or characters. Most recent researches incorporate length information with word embeddings as the input to the recurrent decoding unit, causing a compromise between length controllability and summary quality. In this work, we present an effective length controlling unit Length Attention (LenAtten) to break this trade-off. Experimental results show that LenAtten not only brings improvements in length controllability and ROGUE scores but also has great generalization ability. In the task of generating a summary with the target length, our model is 732 times better than the best-performing length controllable summarizer in length controllability on the CNN/Daily Mail dataset.

LenAtten: An Effective Length Controlling Unit For Text Summarization

The introduction of transformer-based cross-lingual language models brought decisive improvements to multilingual NLP tasks. However, the lack of labelled data has necessitated a variety of methods that aim to close the gap to high-resource languages. Zero-shot methods in particular, often use translated task data as a training signal to bridge the performance gap between the source and target language(s). We introduce XeroAlign, a simple method for task-specific alignment of cross-lingual pretrained transformers such as XLM-R. XeroAlign uses translated task data to encourage the model to generate similar sentence embeddings for different languages. The XeroAligned XLM-R, called XLM-RA, shows strong improvements over the baseline models to achieve state-of-the-art zero-shot results on three multilingual natural language understanding tasks. XLM-RA performs on par with state-of-the-art models on a cross-lingual adversarial paraphrasing task and its text classification accuracy exceeds that of XLM-R trained with labelled data.

XeroAlign: Zero-shot cross-lingual transformer alignment

Analysis of teacher evaluations is crucial to the development of robust educational programs, particularly through the validation of desirable qualities being reflected on in the text. This research applies Natural Language Processing techniques on a real-world dataset from a Filipino education non-profit to explore insights from analyzing evaluations written by Teacher Fellows who assess their own progress. Prior to this research, only qualitative assessment had been conducted on the text. Inspired by the use of word embedding similarities to capture semantic alignment, we utilize GloVe embeddings to determine to what extent these evaluations reflect concepts critical to measuring the competency of Teacher Fellows and upholding the organization’s Vision and Mission. As Fellows’ quantitative ratings improved, so too did their demonstration of competency in the text. Further, Teacher Fellow language was consistent with the organization’s Vision and Mission. This research therefore showcases the possibilities of NLP in education, improving our understanding of Teacher Fellow evaluations, which can lead to advances in program operations and education efforts.

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