United States

Eastern black Walnut (Juglans nigra), endemic to the Eastern US is highly sought after for its timber products and uniquely flavored nuts. The University of Missouri houses a significant Black Walnut repository at the Horticulture and Agroforestry Research Center in New Franklin, MO. The cultivars in this repository are used to support a breeding program focused on economic traits related to nut production (nutmeat mass, overall nut quality, precociousness, and yield). In 1996, four ramets of 67 cultivars were each grafted and subsequently planted in an experimental orchard for further evaluation. Beginning in 2001 and ending in 2015, each tree was evaluated for eleven phenological and tens nut quality/yield characteristics. The economically relevant traits nut weight, percent kernel, and precociousness (total nuts produced age 6 to 10) ranged from 8.8 to 43.0 g, 5.3 to 39.3 percent, and 16 to 1522 total nut, respectively. Nut weight and percent kernel were negatively correlated (r=-0.60), while precociousness correlated positively (r=0.38) with percent kernel and negatively (r=-0.32) with nut weight. Preconsciousness also correlated negatively with first (r=-0.39) and last (r=-0.30) pistillate emergence. Furthermore, principal components and biplot analyses revealed high variation of the evaluated cultivars leading to the prioritization of certain breeding parents over others.

Molsamp 2021

Elias Bunting is currently an undergraduate senior in the College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources at the University of Missouri. Elias’ research interest lies in determining the drivers of genotypic and phenotypic traits in eastern American black walnut. In his research, he has worked to determine how to leverage these traits for improved walnut breeding programs.

poster

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As the world tries to shift to cleaner energy, it is important to keep track of how each country manages to meet their energy needs while reducing their impacts on the planet. Denmark is one of the leading countries in the world in wind power penetration, reporting that 47% of their electricity consumption came from wind in 2019 (Reuters). My research looks at how they have achieved this statistic, what exactly it means, and how it may be misleading for other countries or societies seeking to emulate Denmark’s high wind integration. The intermittency of wind energy is a big problem because the intermittency destabilizes the energy grid when combined with reliable, dispatchable energy sources like fossil fuels. My conclusions regarding how Denmark has been able to integrate wind energy and maintain high grid stability indicate that Denmark’s success is quite unique because of a) geographical proximity to the naturally high-wind areas of the North and Baltic seas, b) geographical proximity and strong import/export relationships to energy-intensive neighbors like Germany, which produces a lot of energy for its own domestic needs, and neighbors like Norway and Sweden, who possess vast amounts of hydropower reserves; c) Denmark consumes relatively little energy compared to its neighbors, and d) Denmark has enjoyed enough financial wealth and political stability to invest in diversified interconnectors to its neighbors as well as grow its own wind industry. All of these factors play important roles in how Denmark has been able to integrate wind into its electric grid, but perhaps the most important factor is the robust import/export system, which acts as a stabilizing “functional battery” for Denmark’s electricity system. More quantitative research is needed to establish a clearer idea of wind energy’s role in Denmark’s electric grid and understand how that energy is distributed.

Analyzing the Outlook for Renewable Energy: Denmark Case Study

COVID-19, or SARS-CoV-2, is a novel strain of coronavirus that has greatly affected societies world-wide. To combat this virus, Vitamin D3, or 1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3, is a promising factor to help manage the expression of COVID-19 in patients. The goal of this study is to understand the relationship between COVID-19 and Vitamin D with respect to various people, regardless of ethnic background. Patients selected will be from the St. Louis area and are within the age range of 18-50 years old. While Vitamin D3 is the overarching factor, there are other factors that modulate and enhance its capability, including: T-cells, memory B-cells and interleukin-10. Vitamin D will be analyzed using a 25(OH) Vitamin D ELISA kit. SARS-CoV-2 concentration will be determined by using RT-PCR. Flow cytometry will be used to determine levels of T-cell subset Th2. A memory B-cell isolation kit will be used to isolate memory B-cells by using antibody complexes. A Human IL-10 ELISA kit will be used to analyze IL-10 serum levels within patients. Furthermore, we plan to expand this study for the future by conducting this study in other countries and cities around the United States. In addition, access to healthcare and receiving blood work in marginalized communities will be explored in relation to Vitamin D will be explored for future potential application.

The Impact of Vitamin D on the Immune Response of COVID-19 Positive Patients

The disproportionate increase in cases of SARS-CoV-2 virus causing COVID-19 in communities of color across the U.S has sparked conversations on the effect that the deadly virus has on communities of color and the lingering question of why. COVID-19 was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has subsequently spread worldwide thus, called a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Current data shows that communities of color have been impacted at a much higher rate than other ethnicities. This cohort study discusses why higher rates of diabetes among communities of color cause disproportionately higher rates of transmission and mortality as a result of COVID-19 and examines the mechanisms of diabetes that cause disproportionately higher rates of transmission and mortality as a result of COVID-19. By evaluating scientific evidence and physical data, our research findings show that the transmission and mortality as a result of COVID-19 among communities of color occur at a higher rate compared to other demographic groups due to underlying health conditions. In 2018, it was reported by the CDC that 11.7 percent of African Americans and 12.5 percent of Latinx people were diagnosed with diabetes. This research also indicates that people of color, specifically Latinx and African Americans, are disproportionately affected at higher rates by COVID-19 due to higher rates of diabetes compounded by medication that is commonly taken by diabetes patients, such as ACE inhibitors and ARBs. Both of these types of medications can potentially upregulate the ACE-2 receptor, which is the entryway for SARS-CoV-2 into the body. As a result, patients with diabetes have a higher susceptibility to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, resulting in worse outcomes in communities of color. This is, however, contradicting speculation that these types of medications can be a potential treatment for COVID-19. Further, this research verifies the impact that socioeconomic factors have on minoritized people and how this may predispose them to diabetes and other underlying health conditions. In Dekalb County, Georgia, African Americans’ median household income was $50,901 in 2018; while their white peers' income was $95,450. The research study reflects the importance of good overall health and wellness management amongst communities of color, while also highlighting the importance of knowledge of and understanding about medical prescriptions, medications, and the effects that it has on the body.

The Effects of COVID-19 on Communities of Color Due to Diabetes Mellitus and Other Underlying Health Issues

Neurotransmitters are vital for understanding the relationship between biological interactions in the brain and their subsequent effects on cognition and behavior. Neuromodulators are neurotransmitters with the ability to regulate other cells, most commonly functioning by activating G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Protein kinase A (PKA) integrates input from GPCRs and triggers different cellular responses dependent on the timing of neuromodulatory inputs and the location of the subcellular compartment in which it is activated. PKA has previously been found to modulate several important functions in the brain, including synaptic transmission, plasticity, learning and memory. We have targeted a PKA activity reporter to different subcellular compartments. The goal of this project is to evaluate how accurately the subcellular reporting targeting is. I created short programs (macros) to automate the colocalization analysis of confocal images to find co-occurring or “colocalized” regions of interest between compartmentally targeted PKA reporters with synaptic terminal markers. These macros will help streamline colocalization analysis into a more objective and efficient process, as performing the analysis manually is a subjective and time-consuming procedure. I found that the macros successfully identified colocalized regions of interest between confocal images of PKA reporters and synaptic terminal markers in an automated manner, with some manual intervention required. Conducting colocalization analysis in an automated manner allows us to evaluate how efficiently we have targeted the PKA reporters to different subcellular compartments. Learning more about how and where GPCRs activate PKA, as well as the resultant behaviors, will help us to better understand the dynamics of neuromodulator action, and the various neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders in which PKA plays a considerable role.

Automating colocalization analysis of confocal microscopy images

Interactions of aqueous solutions of K2PtCl4 with solutions of three nitroso-naphtolates at room temperature results in formation of precipitates of PtL2·Solv composition (Solv = acetonitrile CH3CN, or dimethylformamide DMF). Compounds will be isolated via filtration, washed with water, and then dried under vacuum in a desiccator charged with H2SO4(c). Characterization of these new compounds will be carried out using conventional physical-chemical techniques such as melting points determination, elemental analysis on C,H,N content, as well as using spectroscopic methods. These will be the IR-, UV-visible spectroscopy and fluorescence measurements (both in solid state and in solution). Particularly interesting will be investigations of the NIR region for the emission. Crystal growth for the X-ray analysis will be done by using the vapor diffusion method in two-vials closed system and selected single crystals will undergo structural characterization. All synthesized compounds are planned for biological in vitro cell culture studies against human cancers.

Synthesis and Characterization of Oximates of Pt-group Metals

The Springfield Plateau groundwater province is an aquifer that runs through southwestern Missouri and parts of Oklahoma and Arkansas. It overlies the Ozark confining unit and is mainly recharged by precipitation. This karst aquifer is unconfined, which makes it vulnerable to waste contaminants from animals or other surface activities, that can percolate through the soil and fractured limestone. Little research has been reported on this aquifer since it is not used for drinking supply or irrigation. There are karst features that have form, such as springs that feed into streams that sustain the nearby biota The objective of this study is to evaluate the ground water quality through analysis of the nitrates and selected major ions in samples collected from springs and streams in Polk county Missouri. I will be collecting about 40 samples and will analyze for pH, alkalinity, turbidity, sulfate, chloride, and nitrate. The results will show the extent of contamination of groundwater (springs) and their impact to receiving streams. Also, since I will be collecting samples at intervals of 1-2 months, I will determine seasonal changes in water quality.​ ​

Water Quality Analysis of the Springfield Plateau Aquifer

My research will primarily deal with synthesizing and characterizing various mesoporous nanomaterials and their composites. When synthesizing these materials, we aim to make them tunable in terms of their uniformity, size, and mesporosity to improve the nanomaterial’s nucleic acid binding capabilities for gene therapy, RNA stabilization, vaccine adjuvants, and other biological applications. I will be conducting wetlab research and synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles and their composite colloid via a template method. The precursor will be dissolved, heated in an autoclave, and the resultant powder will be centrifuged and washed. Eventually, the nanoparticles and colloid mixture will be ground and sintered, followed by calcination at 300-450 C. For this semester, my focus will be on synthesizing enough tunable mesoporous nanomaterials for extensive characterization and biological testing.

Synthesis of Tunable Mesoporous Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Biological Applications

Our planet’s energy crisis and environmental pollutions, caused partly by our continuous use of nonrenewable energy sources, have led us to explore new technologies that can harvest energy from the environment. Vibrational energy harvesters, that rely on mechanical energy, have proven themselves to be a useful way of converting ambient energy into electricity. Piezoelectric materials are used as transducers for electromechanical energy harvesting systems. This research will investigate optimal piezoelectric energy harvesting designs.

Analytical Investigation of Optimal Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Designs

Our project focuses on constructing an elementary NV center experiment at a low-cost and at home. Through the Zeeman Effect, the ms= +/- 1 degeneracy is lifted by a magnetic field. Green light induces unpaired electrons in the N-V- center from their spin-1 ground state to their spin-1 excited state. At this point, the electrons either emit red fluorescence when they transition back to ground state or they change their spin-state (if they are ms= +/- 1) and transition to a singlet state before the ground state (ms = 0). The ms= +/- 1 transition to the singlet state reduces its fluorescence intensity. As a result, the more electrons present in the ms = 0 ground state, the greater it fluoresces. Consequently, when a resonant microwave frequency corresponding to the Zeeman shift is applied, the transitions from I 0 > -> I +/- 1 > state results in a decrease in luminescence. External perturbations such as temperature, strain, and magnetic field affect the Zeeman shift and measurement of the adjusted luminescence allows for the detection of these quantities provided the others are known.

High Sensitivity Magnetometry with Nitrogen Vacany Centers

Leaf shape is genetically determined, characteristic to each plant species (heterochrony), and changes developmentally (heteroblasty) and seasonally (environmental plasticity). Aside from being a fascinating biological phenomenon, leaf shape is also important from the perspective of agricultural and environmental sustainability, as it influences the efficiency of light harvesting, evapotranspiration and thermal regulation in plants. This study examines the genetic variation of leaf shape in an F1 hybrid population from a cross between two North American grapevine species Vitis rupestris and Vitis riparia. We collected leaf shape data from three different positions in the shoot. The analysis of the data will allow us to assess the phenotypic variation due to heterochrony, heteroblasty and environmental plasticity. The data presented here examine the range of two key phenotypic features, leaf size and leaf blade width) in F1 progeny. The range of variation in these two phenotypes from the parent phenotypes demonstrate transgressional segregation. These traits may be exploited by agricultural sustainability to breed specific plants with agronomically optimal morphology.

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