M.A. Oey, M.Warnier and F.M.T. Brazier (June 1st 2010). Security in Large-Scale Open Distributed Multi-Agent Systems, Autonomous Agents, Vedran Kordic, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/9656.

New Zealand

Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems (DCOPs) are a suitable formulation for coordinating interactions (i.e. constraints) in cooperative multi-agent systems. The traditional DCOP model deals with variables that can take only discrete values. However, there are many applications where the variables are continuous decision variables. The existing methods for solving DCOPs with continuous variables come with a huge computation and communication overhead. In this paper, we apply continuous non-linear optimization methods on Cooperative Constraint Approximation (CoCoA) algorithm. Empirical results show that our algorithm is able to provide high-quality solutions at the expense of small communication cost and execution time.


AAMAS 2020

C-CoCoA: A Continuous Cooperative Constraint Approximation Algorithm to Solve Functional DCOPs

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### Welcome Message from our Co-Chairs

Through this message, we want to give you our warmest welcome to the 25th Ada-Europe International Conference on Reliable Software Technologies (AEiC 2021). The special circumstances we all go through have made the conference a virtual event. Nonetheless, this will allow us to take advantage of the benefits of this format by using the Underline.io platform that allows remote participation of speakers and attendees and a virtual exhibition.
The platform will also provide a virtual space through Gather.Town to facilitate social interaction among participants, which, in addition to presenting state of the art research results, is one of the most important goals of a conference. This platform will hold various social events together with breaks and a poster session. 

The conference schedule includes a four-day program and exhibition from Monday to Thursday, with parallel tutorials on Monday, and keynotes, technical sessions and a Work-in-Progress session on the remaining three days. The technical sessions include the presentations of 13 journal-track papers, 5 industrial presentations and 6 invited talks on leading topics on reliable software technologies. The program will be completed with three outstanding keynotes that will delight the participants.

The main conference activities will be from 13:00 to 18:00 Central European Summer Time (CEST) to allow participants from America to Central Asia to attend to the conference sessions. Virtual social events are scheduled at the beginning and the end of each day. We encourage you to participate in these activities as well as visiting the exhibition. We look forward to meeting you virtually in June 2021!

**J. Javier Gutiérrez and Mario Aldea Rivas**
 // AEiC 2021 Program Co-Chairs

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AEiC 2021 - 25th Ada-Europe International Conference on Reliable Software Technologies

technical paper

AAMAS is the leading scientific conference for research in autonomous agents and multi-agent systems. The AAMAS conference series was initiated in 2002 as the merging of three respected scientific meetings: the International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS), the International Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages (ATAL), and the International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AA). The aim of the joint conference is to provide a single, high-profile, internationally-respected archival forum for scientific research in the theory and practice of autonomous agents and multi-agent systems.

Browse keynotes, discussions, panels and over 300 presentations.


AAMAS is the leading scientific conference for research in autonomous agents and multi-agent systems. The AAMAS conference series was initiated in 2002 as the merging of three respected scientific meetings: the International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS), the International Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages (ATAL), and the International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AA). 

The paper introduces a generic approach to solving Sequential Security Games (SGs) which utilizes Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs). Formulation of the method (named EASG) is general and largely game-independent, which allows for its application to a wide range of SGs with just little adjustments addressing game specificity. Experiments performed on 3 different types of games (with 300 instances in total) demonstrate robustness and stability of EASG, manifested by repeatable achieving optimal or near-optimal solutions in the vast majority of the cases. The main advantage of EASG is time efficiency. The method scales better than state-of-the-art approaches and can be applied to sequential SGs with bigger numbers of steps compared to the existing methods. Due to anytime characteristics, EASG is very well suited for time-critical applications.


A Generic Metaheuristic Approach to Sequential Security Games

This paper considers the fairness in the problem of budget-feasible mechanism design in two-sided markets where multiple sellers come with indivisible items and buyers come with budgets. Buyers could untruthfully claim their budgets to procure as much value of items as possible from sellers. Each seller with a single item is required to bid his cost since the cost is privately known, while the value of each item is publicly known. A viable mechanism should satisfy buyers’ fairness where a buyer with more budget can procure more value of items, and budget feasibility where buyers’ respective budgets are not exceeded. The goal is to investigate budget-feasible mechanisms that guarantee the fairness, incentives and efficiency simultaneously. We consider two models by distinguishing the types of items, one with homogeneous items and one with heterogeneous items. Our main contributions are the budget-feasible mechanisms for these models that guarantee the fairness, the truthfulness both on the sellers’ side and the buyers’ side, and constant approximation to the optimal total procured value from sellers.


Two-sided Auctions with Budgets: Fairness, Incentives and Efficiency

We develop a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) method that finds approximately optimal policies for cooperative agents that co-exist in an environment. Central to achieving this is how the agents learn to communicate with each other. Can they together develop a language while learning to perform a common task? We formulate and study a MARL problem where cooperative agents are connected via a fixed underlying network. These agents communicate along the edges of this network by exchanging discrete symbols. However, the semantics of these symbols are not predefined and have to be learned during the training process. We propose a method for training these agents using emergent communication. We demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework by applying it to the problem of managing traffic controllers, where we achieve state-of-the-art performance (as compared to several strong baselines) and perform a detailed analysis of the emergent communication.


Networked Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning with Emergent Communication

Humans use language to collectively execute abstract strategies besides using it as a referential tool for identifying physical entities. In our paper, we study the role of emergent languages in discovering and implementing strategies. We formulate the problem using a voting game where two candidate agents contest in an election with the goal of convincing population members (other agents), that are connected to each other via an underlying network, to vote for them. To achieve this goal, agents are only allowed to exchange messages in the form of sequences of discrete symbols. Using our proposed framework, we answer the following questions: (i) Do the agents learn to communicate in a meaningful way? (ii) Does the system evolve as expected under various reward structures? (iii) How is the emergent language affected by the community structure in the network? To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to study emergence of communication among networked agents for discovering and implementing strategies.

Winning an Election: On Emergent Strategic Communication in Multi-Agent Networks

In many practical domains, applying machine learning is challenging not due to the lack of available data, but because labeled samples are in short supply. A common approach for obtaining additional labeled samples is co-training, a semi-supervised learning setting where two learners (agents), trained on different perspectives of the data, iteratively label additional samples. The rationale of this approach is that the different learner perspectives will produce a more diverse labeled set, resulting in more effective classifiers. While co-training proved effective in multiple cases, the labeling mechanisms used by existing approaches are heuristic and error-prone. We propose CoMet, a meta learning-based co-training algorithm. CoMet utilizes meta-models trained on previously analyzed datasets to select the samples to be labeled for the current dataset. Our experiments, conducted on 35 datasets, show that CoMet significantly outperforms the standard co-training approach.


CoMet: A Meta Learning-Based Approach for Cross-Dataset Labeling Using Co-Training

Testing modern computer games is notoriously hard. Highly dynamic behavior, inherent non-determinism, and fine grained interactivity blow up their state space; too large for traditional automated testing techniques. An agent-based testing approach offers an alternative as agents' goal driven planning, adaptivity, and reasoning ability can provide an extra edge. 
We present aplib, a Java library for programming intelligent test agents, featuring tactical programming as an abstract way to exert control on agents' underlying reasoning based behavior. Aplib is implemented in such a way to provide the fluency of a Domain Specific Language (DSL) while still staying in Java, and hence aplib programmers will keep all the advantages that Java programmers get: rich language features and a whole array of development tools.

APLIB: An Agent Programming Library for Testing Games

When dealing with election data it is reasonable to assume that the votes are incomplete or noisy. The reasons are manifold and range from cost-intensive elicitation to manipulation. We study the important questions of evaluating elections with incomplete data and the robustness of elections with noisy data from a computational point of view. To capture different motivations, we consider three models for the distribution of preferences: the uniform distribution over the completions of incomplete preferences inspired by the possible winner problem, the dispersion around complete preferences, also called Mallows noise model, and a model in which the distribution over the votes of each voter is explicitly given. We consider both approval vector preferences and linear order preferences and show that the complexity of the problem can vary greatly depending on the voting rule, the distribution model, and the parameterization.


Complexity of Election Evaluation and Probabilistic Robustness

In this paper, we propose a self-adaptive approach to build a smart traffic light management dealing with intersections. This approach relies on the multiagent systems architecture, suitable to support a distributed and collaborative mechanism of regulation while taking into account dynamic changes in the traffic flow. In our solution, the agents model the intersections and can decide how long is the duration of traffic lights according to their perception of the traffic flow. Each intersection agent uses a behavior tree to update the traffic light status (i.e. switch from green to red lights and vice-versa), changing the duration of each status dynamically, according to the number of cars perceived in each intersection. We also demonstrate how dynamic traffic control policies can be used in a collaborative scenario to regulate traffic flow. 


Adaptive and Collaborative Agent-based Traffic Regulation Using Behavior Trees

We present an overview of the Task Coordination (TC) problem in multiagent systems and discuss the specific elements that are required to develop a solution to this problem. Task coordination refers to a twofold problem where an exogenously imposed state of affairs should be satisfied by a multiagent system (MAS): (1) the agents need to be assigned tasks to fulfill the given state of affairs (task allocation) and (2) the behavior of agents needs to be monitored to evaluate whether their tasks are fulfilled so that responsibility for dismissed tasks can be determined (task responsibility). This becomes especially challenging when agents are autonomous and may have imperfect information about their environment. Then, the allocation of tasks and responsibilities should regard agents' strategic ability under imperfect information. To date, existing work on the application of strategic reasoning for task allocation assumes perfect information for agents (dismissing imperfect information settings) and allocates tasks to individual agents (dismissing the potential for allocating tasks to agent groups). This calls for TC frameworks able to model task allocation in imperfect information settings and by allowing the allocation of tasks to agent groups. Such a framework should also be able to determine the responsibility of agents for dismissed tasks via a task responsibility mechanism that complements the task allocation procedure. This work discusses various aspects of the TC problem, sets forward a conceptual analysis on expected properties of potential solution concepts, and presents the overview of a suggested approach for developing a TC framework using techniques from formal strategic reasoning.


Task Coordination in Multiagent Systems

Although plenty of qualitative logical frameworks have been pro- posed to evaluate and model trust in multi-agent sittings, these ap- proaches generally ignore reasoning about quantitative aspects such as degrees of trust. In this paper, we address this limitation from the modelling and verification perspectives. We start by constructing TCTLG , a logical language to represent the quantitative aspect of trust and present a set of its reasoning postulates. Moreover, we develop and implement a new symbolic model checking algorithm and open source tool for quantifying the relationships among the interacting agents. Finally, we investigate the complexity and evaluate our approach using a case study in the health care domain.


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