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Antiferromagnets (AF) have many potential applications in spintronics such as data storage or long-range spin transport devices. The control of spins in AF by electrical current is proven to be possible by different mechanisms [1,2] but it remains challenging to verify experimentally [3]. Such detection can be unambiguously performed with the use of magnetic imaging techniques [4]. However, they are typically sensitive to the topmost layer and cannot be applied in more complex structures where the AF is buried far from the top interface. To mitigate this problem, we present a study of electrical signals in switching experiment in various temperatures for CoO. Basing on this temperature dependence of electrical data for AF CoO thin film we extract patterns that do not follow the trend expected for thermal effects but are probably fingerprints of magnetic changes.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;In characterization experiments for CoO, magnetoresistance studies for CoO reveal clear spin-flop transitions and pronounced antiferromagnetic hysteresis loops due to strong in-plane anisotropy. Magnetoresistance shows abrupt changes in R&lt;sub&gt;xy&lt;/sub&gt; around 7 T (240K) when the magnetic field is aligned along [110] axes (easy axes). They can be attributed to spin-flop transitions observed by means of Spin Hall Magnetoresistance. This behavior is hysteretic and absent when the field is aligned along [100] directions (hard axes) or in T = 304 K (above Néel temperature T&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;/sub&gt;). It confirms the presence of biaxial anisotropy in CoO and easy axes along [110] in agreement with literature [5]. Hysteresis loops in R&lt;sub&gt;xy&lt;/sub&gt; when the magnetic field is rotated with respect to crystalline axes are observed up to the highest tested magnetic fields due to the strong in-plane anisotropy.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;In the actual switching experiments of CoO (Fig. 1), the temperature dependence of the transverse resistance R&lt;sub&gt;xy&lt;/sub&gt; variations after current pulses applied in alternating directions in a CoO | Pt device is examined. Resistivity variations due to thermal effects (such as asymmetric heating) increase with increasing temperature or current pulse amplitude and persist above T&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;/sub&gt; of CoO. However, at lower current magnitudes we find a pattern that decreases with increasing temperature and vanishes above T&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;/sub&gt; suggesting its magnetic origin (Fig. 2).&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;In conclusion, we demonstrate that manipulation of temperature may help to gain more insight into the nature of electrical signals variations in experiments with antiferromagnets. These presented experimental findings can be important for current research acitivities towards using antiferromagnets in real spintronic devices.

**References:**

[1] P. Wadley, B. Howells, J. Zelezny et al., Science, 351, 587 (2016).&lt;br/&gt;[2] L. Baldrati, O. Gomonay, A. Ross et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 123, 177201 (2019).&lt;br/&gt;[3] C. C. Chiang, S. Y. Huang, D. Qu, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 123, 227203 (2019).&lt;br/&gt;[4] M. J. Grzybowski, P. Wadley, K. W. Edmonds et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 118, 057701 (2017).&lt;br/&gt;[5] L. Baldrati, C. Schmitt, O. Gomonay et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 125, 077201 (2020).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/dc1c0c50382cc7fa878e0b12ff757dcd.jpg)
Fig. 1 The switching experiment for CoO (5 nm) | Pt (5 nm) thin films device where the transverse resisitivity R&lt;sub&gt;xy &lt;/sub&gt;is measured after each pulse of high current (the direction of the pulsing current is changed to perpendicular one after each 5 pulses). Interestingly, above T&lt;sub&gt;N &lt;/sub&gt;the pattern visible in 240K is not present.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/151b408e9acc0384e83f5b04392a240d.jpg)
Fig. 2 The magnitude of R&lt;sub&gt;xy&lt;/sub&gt; variations after pulsing in orthogonal directions in CoO for 24 mA current diminishes with increasing temperature and is practically invisible in room temperature (above T&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;/sub&gt;). This trend is different for higher currents where R&lt;sub&gt;xy&lt;/sub&gt; variations increases with T as expected for thermal effects.

INTERMAG 2021

 Switching experiment of antiferromagnetic CoO in different temperatures

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Antiferromagnets (AF) have many potential applications in spintronics such as data storage or long-range spin transport devices. The control of spins in AF by electrical current is proven to be possible by different mechanisms [1,2] but it remains challenging to verify experimentally [3]. Such detection can be unambiguously performed with the use of magnetic imaging techniques [4]. However, they are typically sensitive to the topmost layer and cannot be applied in more complex structures where the AF is buried far from the top interface. To mitigate this problem, we present a study of electrical signals in switching experiment in various temperatures for CoO. Basing on this temperature dependence of electrical data for AF CoO thin film we extract patterns that do not follow the trend expected for thermal effects but are probably fingerprints of magnetic changes. In characterization experiments for CoO, magnetoresistance studies for CoO reveal clear spin-flop transitions and pronounced antiferromagnetic hysteresis loops due to strong in-plane anisotropy. Magnetoresistance shows abrupt changes in Rxy around 7 T (240K) when the magnetic field is aligned along [110] axes (easy axes). They can be attributed to spin-flop transitions observed by means of Spin Hall Magnetoresistance. This behavior is hysteretic and absent when the field is aligned along [100] directions (hard axes) or in T = 304 K (above Néel temperature TN). It confirms the presence of biaxial anisotropy in CoO and easy axes along [110] in agreement with literature [5]. Hysteresis loops in Rxy when the magnetic field is rotated with respect to crystalline axes are observed up to the highest tested magnetic fields due to the strong in-plane anisotropy. In the actual switching experiments of CoO (Fig. 1), the temperature dependence of the transverse resistance Rxy variations after current pulses applied in alternating directions in a CoO | Pt device is examined. Resistivity variations due to thermal effects (such as asymmetric heating) increase with increasing temperature or current pulse amplitude and persist above TN of CoO. However, at lower current magnitudes we find a pattern that decreases with increasing temperature and vanishes above TN suggesting its magnetic origin (Fig. 2). In conclusion, we demonstrate that manipulation of temperature may help to gain more insight into the nature of electrical signals variations in experiments with antiferromagnets. These presented experimental findings can be important for current research acitivities towards using antiferromagnets in real spintronic devices.

**References:**

[1] P. Wadley, B. Howells, J. Zelezny et al., Science, 351, 587 (2016). [2] L. Baldrati, O. Gomonay, A. Ross et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 123, 177201 (2019). [3] C. C. Chiang, S. Y. Huang, D. Qu, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 123, 227203 (2019). [4] M. J. Grzybowski, P. Wadley, K. W. Edmonds et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 118, 057701 (2017). [5] L. Baldrati, C. Schmitt, O. Gomonay et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 125, 077201 (2020).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/dc1c0c50382cc7fa878e0b12ff757dcd.jpg)
Fig. 1 The switching experiment for CoO (5 nm) | Pt (5 nm) thin films device where the transverse resisitivity Rxy is measured after each pulse of high current (the direction of the pulsing current is changed to perpendicular one after each 5 pulses). Interestingly, above TN the pattern visible in 240K is not present.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/151b408e9acc0384e83f5b04392a240d.jpg)
Fig. 2 The magnitude of Rxy variations after pulsing in orthogonal directions in CoO for 24 mA current diminishes with increasing temperature and is practically invisible in room temperature (above TN). This trend is different for higher currents where Rxy variations increases with T as expected for thermal effects.

technical paper

The voltage control of magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) is an active field of research, as it is a promising route towards the realization of low power spintronic devices. Among a few proposed VCMA mechanisms, voltage-induced oxygen migration (i.e., magneto-ionic effect) has demonstrated large modulation of magnetic anisotropy. In this work, we study the voltage control of the interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) in a series of Pt/Co/MOx (M=Al and Tb) trilayers [1]. The stacks were patterned by electron beam lithography and ion beam etching into stripes (1 – 50 µm width) then covered with a 10 nm thick ZrO2 dielectric layer and a 6 nm thick Pt top electrode to form capacitor-like structures. We show a large modification of interfacial magnetic anisotropy (β&gt;2000fJ(Vm)) accompanied by a non-volatile effect at room temperature (RT). This modification is explained in terms of voltage-induced oxygen migration towards/away from the Co/MOx interface. The Co films can be reversibly switched from an under-oxidized state with in-plane anisotropy (IPA) to an optimal oxidized state with maximum PMA, to an over-oxidized state under applied voltage (see figure). The switching time depends on the amplitude of the applied voltage. Here, we demonstrate that the switching time can be reduced from several seconds down to few milliseconds at RT by adjusting the voltage amplitude.

**References:**

[1] A. Fassatoui, S. Pizzini, Phys. Rev. Appl. 14, 064041 (2020).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/9867cc6713f62186cd8b1b84462308ad.jpg)
Variation of the coercivity of a Pt/Co/TbOx/ZrOx/Pt device during the application of different gate voltages: (a) for positive voltages showing the transition from an over-oxidised state, to max PMA, to under-oxidised state with in-plane anisotropy; (b) transition from under-oxidised to over-oxidised state with negative voltage. In both cases, increasing slightly the voltage gives rise to large acceleration of the electric-field effect.

 Large Reversible Voltage Manipulation of Interfacial Magnetic Anisotropy in Pt/Co/Oxide Multilayers

Controlling magnetic properties of materials with electric fields (EFs) is of remarkable importance in spintronics applications due to its potential for much lower power consumption devices. Much like the power efficiency, two other sought-after features to incorporate are non-volatility and reversibility. This has been demonstrated with magneto-ionics, where EFs induce the migration of mobile ionic-species towards/away from the magnetic interface [1–4]. However, several works conducted in a variety of magneto-ionic materials have revealed important issues like irreversibility, the need of elevated temperatures to recover the initial states and chemical and structural degradation [4–6]. Recent studies have also focused on the differences in magneto-ionic reversibility between various oxides [7], pointing out the importance of the mechanisms governing ionic conduction. In this study, we unravel a higher degree of complexity in an HfO2 based device and demonstrate the coexistence of two distinct magneto-ionic regimes. For this purpose, we chose amorphous Ta/CoFeB/HfO2 thin films grown by magnetron sputtering with an ionic-liquid gate. It is shown that a gate voltage drives the anisotropy of the system from an underoxidized state exhibiting in-plane anisotropy (IPA) to an optimum oxidation level resulting in perpendicular anisotropy (PMA) and further into an overoxidized state resulting IPA in a non-volatile manner. The IPA (underoxidized) to PMA regime is found to be highly irreversible and is significantly faster than the PMA to IPA (overoxidized) regime which is fully reversibile under the same gate voltages. In addition, the effective damping parameter also shows a marked dependence with the anisotropy evolution in different regimes; IPA to PMA regime going from 0.029 to 0.012 and only a modest increase to 0.014 in the PMA to IPA regime. The existence of two magneto-ionic regimes has been linked to a difference in the chemical environment of oxygen species added to under/over oxidized layers. Our results show that different magneto-ionic regimes can coexist and that their identification is of great importance for tuning the properties and the design of high performance spintronics devices based on magneto-ionics.

**References:**

[1] U. Bauer, S. Emori, and G. S. D. Beach, Nat. Nanotech. 8, 411 (2013) [2] U. Bauer, L. Yao, A. J. Tan, and G. S. D. Beach, Nat. Mater. 14, 174 (2015) [3] A. J. Tan, M. Huang, C. O. Avci, and G. S. D. Beach, Nat. Mater. 18, 35 (2019) [4] L. Herrera Diez, Y. Liu, D. Gilbert, M. Belmeguenai, J. Vogel, S. Pizzini, E. Martinez, A. Lamperti, J. Mohammedi, A. Laborieux, et al., Phys. Rev. Appl. 12, 034005 (2019) [5] C. Bi, Y. Liu, T. Newhouse-Illige, M. Xu, M. Rosales, J. W. Freeland, O. Mryasov, S. Zhang, S. G. E. te Velthuis, and W. G. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 267202 (2014) [6] D. A. Gilbert, A. J. Grutter, E. Arenholz, K. Liu, B. J. Kirby, J. A. Borchers, and B. B. Maranville, Nat. Commun. 7, 12264 (2016) [7] A. Fassatoui, Phys. Rev. Appl. 14, 064041 (2020)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/739c64ac3b9dc0fe2b2d809ba80bb186.jpg)
Fig. 1: Graphic representation of the Ta/CoFeB/HfO2 magneto-ionic stack covered with an [EMI-TFSI] ionic liquid gate. The gate voltage induces motion of oxygen species in HfO2 that drive anisotropy changes in the CoFeB layer.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/a9cfb45146f55322b6c3cafa5270f8f3.jpg)
Fig. 2: A progressive oxidation is induced upon exposure to a gate voltage GV=-2V. Different exposure times t drive the system from IPA (a, initial state) through regime I (IPA to PMA) (b) into PMA (c) and back to IPA through regime II (PMA to IPA) (d).

 Reversible and Irreversible Magneto-ionic Regimes in Ta/CoFeB/HfO2

The Hall effect is one of the best known effects in (solid-state) physics. Conventionally, this phenomenon describes the occurrence of charge currents that are perpendicular to an externally applied electric field due to a time-reversal symmetry breaking magnetic field. Besides, in ferromagnetic systems, the net magnetization can break time-reversal symmetry even in the absence of a magnetic field which allows the so-called anomalous Hall effect. This effect originates from extrinsic and intrinsic contributions that are both related to the existence of spin-orbit coupling [1]. Moreover, another contribution to the Hall effect, which is known as the topological Hall effect, can exist even if spin-orbit coupling is negligible. It may occur in certain noncollinear noncoplanar magnetic textures with a nonzero scalar spin chirality like skyrmions [2, 3]. However, recent works [4, 5] reported the occurrence of an anomalous Hall effect in several compensated kagome magnets (cf. Fig. 1). These materials are coplanar antiferromagnets with vanishing net magnetization, and still, a group theoretical analysis allows the existence of the effect. The large conductivities obtained via first-principle calculations have been confirmed in experiments for Mn3Sn [6] and Mn3Ge [7]. However, a straightforward microscopic picture for this phenomenon was still missing. In this talk, we present an explanation on a microscopic level based on tight-binding calculations and analytical considerations [8]. For coplanar kagome magnets, we show the equivalence of spin-orbit coupling and an out-of-plane tilting of the magnetic moments. The existence of spin-orbit interaction does not only break a combined time-reversal and mirror symmetry of the Hamiltonian but can be transformed to a magnetic texture that is virtually canted, whereas, the original texture remains coplanar [cf. Fig. 2(a)]. Consequently, the ‘new’ anomalous Hall effect can be interpreted as a combination of an effective anomalous and topological Hall effect due to the net magnetic moment and the net scalar spin chirality of this virtual magnetic texture, respectively. Furthermore, as we demonstrate, a noncoplanar kagome magnet with spin-orbit coupling is able to behave like a system that is virtually coplanar and with compensated spin-orbit coupling [cf. Fig. 2(b)]. In this case, the combination of mirror and time-reversal symmetry of the Hamiltonian that was broken before has been restored. A critical out-of-plane tilting angle of the real texture can be found, where the virtual texture is coplanar and the Hall effect is absent for all energies. As we show in detail, the electronic properties are determined by this virtual texture that is hidden in the Hamiltonian. In consequent investigations, the calculations have been repeated for other transport quantities like the spin Hall effect where charge currents are converted into spin currents. These results can again be related to the virtual spin texture which has, however, different consequences for the spin Hall effect. Besides, in order to simulate the experimental situation, the investigated model was extended from a two-dimensional kagome lattice, as considered here, to a more realistic model including d-orbitals and kagome planes that are stacked along the out-of-plane direction.

**References:**

[1] N. Nagaosa, J. Sinova, S. Onoda, et al. "Anomalous Hall effect". Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 1539 (2010). [2] P. Bruno, V. K. Dugaev, and M. Taillefumier. "Topological Hall Effect and Berry Phase in Magnetic Nanostructures". Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 096806 (2004). [3] N. Nagaosa and Y. Tokura. "Topological properties and dynamics of magnetic skyrmions". Nat. Nanotechnol. 8, 899 (2013). [4] H. Chen, Q. Niu, and A. H. MacDonald. "Anomalous Hall Effect Arising from Noncollinear Antiferromagnetism". Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 017205 (2014). [5] Y. Zhang, Y. Sun, H. Yang, et al. "Strong anisotropic anomalous Hall effect and spin Hall effect in the chiral antiferromagnetic compounds Mn3X (X=Ge, Sn, Ga, Ir, Rh, and Pt)". Phys. Rev. B 95, 075128 (2017). [6] S. Nakatsuji, N. Kiyohara, and T. Higo. "Large anomalous Hall effect in a non-collinear antiferromagnet at room temperature". Nature (London) 527, 212 (2015). [7] A. K. Nayak, J. E. Fischer, Y. Sun, et al. "Large anomalous Hall effect driven by a nonvanishing Berry curvature in the noncolinear antiferromagnet Mn3Ge". Sci. Adv. 2, e1501870 (2016). [8] O. Busch, B. Göbel, and I. Mertig. "Microscopic origin of the anomalous Hall effect in noncollinear kagome magnets". Phys. Rev. Research 2, 033112 (2020).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/5ba5815bd43591c766a0d90db120a54b.jpg)
Fig. 1. Overview of the discussed coplanar kagome magnets. The arrows indicate the magnetic moments that are located at the basis atoms of the unit cell. The configurations can be characterized by their vector spin chiralities [(a), (b) positive, and (c), (d) negative]. Besides, each magnetic texture has different symmetry planes (time reversal T, mirror M or a combination of both) as indicated by the red lines.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/93336328e4e3193aa019ed2b5bbc3832.jpg)
 
Fig. 2. Within the considered model, spin-orbit coupling gives rise to a virtual magnetic texture (red arrows) that is tilted out of the kagome plane with respect to the original magnetic texture (black arrows). (a) The virtual texture of a coplanar configuration can be noncoplanar resulting in the occurrence of an effective anomalous and topological Hall effect. (b) At a critical out-of-plane canting angle of the real magnetic texture, spin-orbit coupling is compensated and the virtual magnetic texture is coplanar. In this case, the anomalous Hall effect is absent.

 Interpretation of the anomalous Hall effect as an effective topological Hall effect in noncollinear kagome magnets

Antiferromagnetic spintronic devices have the potential to greatly outperform their current ferromagnetic counterparts due to their robustness to external fields, ultrafast dynamics and potential for high data density storage. Mn2Au is one of the most promising materials for antiferromagnetic spintronics due to its very high Néel temperature, moderate in-plane anisotropy and layered two sublattice spin structure [1]. Here we present atomistic spin simulations that allow us to estimate the temperature dependent magnetic properties of Mn2Au single crystals. We introduce a thermodynamically consistent spin Hamiltonian guided by previous ab-initiocalculations [3], which includes easy plane and rotational anisotropy terms. Temperature scaling of the anisotropy parameters is crucial for the performance optimization of antiferromagnetic devices, from the scale of magnetic domains to stability under thermal activation [2]. However, scaling in antiferromagnet has been barely studied due to the inherent difficulties to measure antiferromagnetic order parameter, n. We find a scaling of the easy plane anisotropy with the sublattice magnetization of n2.32. This is consistent with its two-ion origin [4], whereas the rotational anisotropy presents a n10dependence, consistent with the Callen-Callen scaling in ferromagnets of a 4thorder anisotropy. The crystal structure is shown in Fig. 1 showing two distinct Mn sites with a 180 degree relative orientation. We obtain quantitative agreement with experimental measurements of the temperature dependence of the order parameter by using a thermal-bath temperature rescaling, which has been demonstrated to work in ferromagnets. Our model provides a critical temperature (Neel) of 1256 K from the ab initiovalues of the exchange interactions. Due to the presence of four easy directions, the domain wall structure of 90 degrees and 180 degrees are stable in Mn2Au. We find a narrow domain wall width of 23.13 +/- 0.085 nm at zero temperature in both cases as shown in Fig. 2. Applying thermal spin fluctuations yields a domain wall width that increases with temperature, up to 25 +/- 2 at 300K and to 53 +/- 18 nm at 800K, matching well with experimental results of Sapozhnik et al[5]. In the case of a 180 degree wall the two separate 90 degree walls are weakly bound and separate at high temperatures. Further analysis of the domain wall width could provide information about the scaling of the exchange stiffness in antiferromagnets, a pivotal parameter for the construction of hierarchical multiscale models in magnetism, which are missing for antiferromagnets. When an electrical current is applied to the system along the [110]direction a spin orbit torque (SOT) is generated by the flow of electrons through the system interacting with the Au atoms. These SOTs cause the domain wall to move. For a Neel anti-damping SOT field of 0.05 T we find a domain wall velocity of 250 m/s at 0K, which is different to the usually fast dynamics displayed by anti-ferromagnetic materials.This is because the SOT applied is precessional in nature and both sublattices have precessional motion in the same direction. Applying a field-like SOT yields the usual fast motion of the domain walls. The atomistic spin model [6] used here to compute thermal properties of Mn2Au provide new insights on the temperature dependent magnetic properties – magnetic order and anisotropies and domain wall widths in Mn2Au. The understanding of the macroscopic parameters is necessary for the developments of multiscale models of Mn2Au that could greatly help to the development of novel antiferromagnetic spintronic devices.

**References:**

[1] V. Barthem et al Nature comminucations 4 (2013) [2] L Rózsa, S Selzer, T Birk, U Atxitia, U Nowak Physical Review B 100, 064422 (2019) [3] A. B. Shick et al. Phys. Rev. B 81, 212409 (2010) [4] R.F.L. Evans et al. Phys. Rev. B 102, 020412(2020) [5] A. A. Sapozhnik, Phys. Rev. B 97, 134429 (2018)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/c38d47266d2475804a86e9579cb756b5.jpg)
Magnetic unit cell of Mn2Au. The Mn atoms (atoms with arrows) form two anti-parallel sublattices aligned along the [110] and [-1-10] crystal directions. The gold coloured atoms represent Gold.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/22f100ca89efd90f63a1ac9868813590.jpg)
90 degree and 180 degree domain wall profiles.

 Temperature-dependent magnetic properties and domain wall width of the antiferromagnet Mn2Au

Antiferromagnets (AFMs) are promising materials for spintronics, that compared to ferromagnets exhibit faster dynamics, enhanced stability with respect to interfering magnetic fields and higher bit packing density, thanks to the absence of long-range magnetic coupling via stray fields. However, the absence of a net magnetic moment makes manipulation using conventional magnetic fields challenging [1]. For the use of AFMs, one requires efficient electrical writing and reading. Recently, there have been reports on the current-induced switching of the Néel vector orientation [2-5]. In particular, we demonstrated that in the insulating antiferromagnet NiO/heavy metal Pt thin film system there are multiple effects contributing to the electrical signal [6]. These include the switching of the magnetic Néel order, whose mechanism is debated in terms of origin and efficiency [2-6], but also non-magnetic signals possibly related to annealing or electromigration in the Pt layer [7]. While NiO has been intensively studied, key information such as the torque strength is missing so far. Using a different AFM such as CoO, that we study here [8], entails a number of advantages: we first show that, due to the compressive strain by the MgO substrate, a fourfold in-plane magnetic anisotropy of the CoO layer with two easy axes of the Néel order in the (001) plane is favored, and the spin flop field is accessible (around 7 T at 200 K). Such a system with two orthogonal stable states (along the [110] and [-110] directions) is ideal for applications where the orientation of n is read by spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) [4, 9, 10]. Furthermore, we achieve electrical switching and probe its symmetry, where the accessible spin flop field allows us to directly compare the effects of fields and currents. By looking at the switching above and below the Neél temperature in the CoO/Pt bilayer, we can show that this switching is of magnetic origin, as the signal related to the antiferromagnetism disappears above the Néel temperature, which in CoO is easily accessible around room temperature. For the switching, 8-arms Hall stars devices are used, made of Pt 2 nm thick, with the pulsing arms orientated along the [110] and [-110] easy axes directions (Fig.1). Before the pulses, the Néel vector n is aligned along [110]. When current pulses are applied along the orientation given by the contact combination 3-2 (initial state n∥jpulse), the transverse resistance drops in a step-like fashion, indicating a current-induced 90° n rotation (Fig. 1a). Performing a MR scan with field along the contact combination 4-1 after the current pulses, shown in Fig. 1b, yields a field-induced spin flop transition of n back to the initial state (along [110]). No background was subtracted to the data in Fig. 1, meaning that at this temperature (200 K), pulse length (1 ms), average current density (jpulse = 1.15x1012 A m−2) and in this switching configuration (straight pulses), where the effect of hot corners is not important, the non-magnetic effects are negligible and the electrical signal is dominated by a step-like magnetic contribution. At higher current densities the non-magnetic signal, possibly related to a local annealing process and electromigration in the Pt layer, can be observed and does not disappear above the Néel temperature, in contrast to the magnetic one. Finally, one can see how the threshold and saturation current density of the switching vary as a function of the magnetic field applied during the switching. By doing this, we find a linear relation between the current and the magnetic field and we ascertain a current-field equivalence ratio of value 4x10−11 T A−1 m2, that is orders of magnitude higher than for ferromagnets. The Néel vector final state (n⊥j) in the center of the device and the linear current-field dependence are in line with a thermomagnetoelastic switching mechanism for a negative magnetoelastic constant of the CoO, whose sign is at the moment not known for CoO thin films. With this we show that, for the switching of AFMs, currents are much more efficient than magnetic fields.

**References:**

[1] V. Baltz et al., Rev. Mod. Phys., Vol. 90, p. 015005 (2018); [2] L. Baldrati et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 123, p. 177201 (2019); [3] T. Moriyama et al., Sci. Rep., Vol. 8, p. 14167 (2018); [4] X. Z. Chen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 120, p. 207204 (2018); [5] H. Meer et al., Nano Lett. 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03367, (2020); [6] F. Schreiber et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 117, p. 082401 (2020); [7] T. Matalla-Wagner et al., Phys. Rev. Research, Vol. 2, p. 033077 (2020); [8] L. Baldrati et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 125, p. 077201 (2020); [9] H. Nakayama et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 110, p. 206601 (2013); [10] L. Baldrati et al., Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 98, p. 024422 (2018).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/2450f831dc6eff9ad0429b7fc8ecf987.jpg)
Figure 1: Symmetry of the current-induced switching. (a) Current-induced spin flop transition. (b) Field-induced spin flop, resetting n. Adapted from Ref. [8].

 Quantifying spin torques in CoO(001)/Pt bilayers by comparing field- and current-induced switching

Magnetic skyrmions, topologically stabilized quasi-particles, have attracted much attention not only from fundamental physics but also from device applications1. Ferromagnetic skyrmions can be easily stabilized at room temperature by an interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) and can be efficiently controlled electrically through spin-orbit torques (SOT)2. However, problems arise from a large gyrotropic force due to the skyrmion Hall effect (SkHE)3, which is a diagonal motion along with current flow direction, that is easily able to surpass repulsive force from device edge. Thus, ferrimagnetic/antiferromagnetic skyrmions, which consist of two skyrmions antiferromagnetically coupled at each sublattice4,5, have received much attention due to a SkHE-free motion. Formation of ferrimagnetic6/synthetic antiferromagnetic (SyAFM) skyrmions7 has lately been demonstrated. Also, the SkHE-free motion of a half skyrmion is observed in a ferrimagnetic system at a specific temperature where angular momentum is compensated8. Earlier theoretical work has also predicted intriguing thermal characteristics of AF skyrmion including topology-dependent diffusive dynamics5,9. Nevertheless, the thermal effect on AF skyrmion is hitherto experimentally unexplored. Our work comprises two parts to comprehensively cover the full dynamics range. The first one is about the current-induced deterministic motion10, where we show the current-induced motion of skyrmions with suppressed SkHE even at room temperature in a SyAFM system. In the second part, we demonstrate the first observation of thermal diffusive dynamics for SyAFM skyrmions, which allows us to uncover the thermal effect on AF-coupled skyrmions. Ir-based SyAFM system whose ferromagnetic elements are composed of CoFeB is used for this work. The second peak of oscillation of the interlayer exchange coupling is used for maximizing antiferromagnetic exchange coupling as well as stabilizing perpendicular easy axis. Figure 1 shows the current density dependence of average velocity and SkHE for the skyrmion in the FM and SyAFM systems. We find that skyrmions in both systems are driven by current, indicating topological stabilization stemming from the skyrmion spin structure. More importantly, the skyrmions in the SyAFM system are driven by an order-of-magnitude smaller current density than those in the ferromagnetic system at comparable velocities. Based on an extended Thiele’s equation with a separately quantified SOT strength, it is shown that the achieved efficient motion of SyAFM skyrmions can be attributed to the enhanced SOTs by Pt, Ir, and W, compensated magnetic moments, and the reduction of effective topological charge. Figure 1 also shows that monotonically increasing SkHE with velocity for the FM skyrmions as in previous studies that consider an effect of pinning and/or field-like torque on SkHE3. Meanwhile, for a SyAFM skyrmion, no noticeable SkHE is observed, even in the depinning and flow regime10. Such inhibition of SkHE should be primarily caused by a reduction of the effective topological charge due to opposite magnetization at each sub-lattice. The achieved favorable properties are attributed to the employed stack structure which is engineered so that the interlayer exchange coupling, DMI, and SOT act in a concerted way10. Figure 2 shows the trajectories of SyAFM skyrmion under μ0|H| = 0.1 mT at 297.2 K measured for 1 hour. We observe that some of SyAFM skyrmions are displaced from an original position through the trajectory even though there is no bias current. The thermal diffusive dynamics of AF coupled skyrmions have been observed for the first time. We measure mean squared displacement to characterize the diffusion constant as previously conducted for FM skyrmions11. We find that the temperature dependence of diffusion constant of SyAFM skyrmions behaves approximately linear in log scale but more sensitive compared to that of FM skyrmions due to possibly suppressing gyrotropic force which stems from finite topological charge. Also, large size fluctuation of SyAFM skyrmions is observed with the thermal diffusive dynamics, which is consistent with the observed uneven sizes of skyrmions during the current induced motion. The origin could be intrinsic large thermal fluctuation of spins, relatively small interlayer exchange coupling, and/or differences in the magnetic properties between ferromagnets. In conclusion, we find that SyAFM skyrmions can be efficiently driven by currents with suppressed SkHE at room temperature, which has been a challenge of skyrmion research so far. Also, we show the first observation of the thermal diffusive dynamics of AF coupled skyrmions, which indicates that AF skyrmions would be promising to realize not only deterministic skyrmionic devices such as race-track memory12 but also unconventional computing e.g. the skyrmion-based token computing11,13. This work was supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI 19H05622.

**References:**

[1] N. Nagaosa and Y. Tokura, Nat. Nanotechnol. 8, 899 (2013). [2] S. Woo et al., Nat. Mater. 15, 501 (2016). [3] K. Litzius et al., Nat. Electron. 3, 30 (2020). [4] X. Zhang et al., Nat. Commun. 7, 10293 (2016). [5] J. Barker and O. A. Tretiakov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 147203 (2016). [6] S. Woo et al., Nat. Commun. 9, 959 (2018). [7] W. Legrand et al., Nat. Mater. 19, 34 (2020). [8] Y. Hirata et al., Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 232 (2019). [9] C. Schütte et al., Phys. Rev. B 90, 174434 (2014). [10] T. Dohi et al., Nat. Commun. 10, 5153 (2019). [11] J. Zázvorka et al., Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 658 (2019). [12] A. Fert et al., Nat. Nanotechnol. 8, 152 (2013). [13] Y. Jibiki et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 117, 082402 (2020).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/fd236c5719509720fd04249ef1c920ad.jpg)
Figure 1 Average velocity of skyrmions (black, rectangle) and skyrmion Hall angle (red, circle) as a function of current density in FM (Left) and SyAFM (Right) system.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/39bd75d01aa63d0d8c44ac35c2d7efe2.jpg)
Figure 2 Trajectories of SyAFM skyrmions for 1hour under |μ0H| = 0.1 mT at 297.2 K. Skyrmions have alloted color, respectively. The motion of skyrmions is traced by using trackpy.

 Dynamics of synthetic antiferromagnetic skyrmion from current-induced deterministic motion to thermally-activated diffusive motion

Efficient electrical read-out and writing of antiferromagnetic (AFM) insulators is a key prerequisite in view of using this class of materials as active elements in spintronic applications. The understanding of the electrical manipulation of the antiferromagnetic order n is a crucial aspect to exploit the advantages these materials exhibit compared to ferromagnets, such as THz dynamics, enhanced stability with respect to interfering magnetic fields and higher bit packing densities due to the absence of stray fields [1]. The absence of a net magnetic moment in antiferromagnets makes manipulation using conventional magnetic fields challenging. Recently, several reports demonstrated current-induced writing of the Néel order orientation in antiferromagnets and different switching mechanisms have been put forward [2-5]. The mechanisms depend on the type of domains present in AFM thin films. So far, however, it is largely unknown between which types of domains electrical switching occurs and in which direction the Néel vector is pointing. There are reports stating that in MgO//NiO the tensile strain induces a preferential out-of-plane orientation of n with respect to the sample plane [2] and on the other hand the Néel vector switching is detected electrically by spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) measurements, sensitive to the in-plane components of n, thus indicating the presence of an in-plane component of the Néel vector [6]. In our work [7] we focus on collinear insulating antiferromagnetic NiO/Pt thin films as a materials platform, and we image reversible electrical switching by photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) employing the x-ray magnetic linear dichroism (XMLD) effect (Fig.1). By varying the x-ray polarization, energy and sample azimuthal angle, we identify the crystallographic orientation of the domains that can be switched by currents and quantify the Néel vector direction changes, showing that the switching occurs between different T-domains. The Néel vector orientation in these domains shows an enlarged out-of-plane component pointing along [±1 ±1 3.8], different from the bulk &lt;112&gt; directions. The final state of the in-plane component of the Néel vector n after switching in a Hall cross geometry by current pulses j along the [1 ±1 0] directions is n||j in the centre of the device.

**References:**

[1] V. Baltz, et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 90, 015005 (2018). [2] T. Moriyama, et al., Sci. Rep. 8, 14167 (2018). [3] X. Z. Chen, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 207204 (2018). [4] L. Baldrati, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 177201 (2019). [5] P. Zhang, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 247206 (2019). [6] S. Altieri, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 137201 (2003). [7] C. Schmitt, et al., arXiv:2008.08507 (2020)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/61bda7be24d63a6809e26b078ae55a48.jpg)
Fig. 1: The application of current pulses alternating between [100] and [010] reveals reversible switching of three different T-domains (Figure adapted from Ref. 7).

 Identification of Néel vector orientation in antiferromagnetic domains switched by currents in NiO/Pt thin films

Electrical manipulation of the magnetization and exchange bias in antiferromagnet (AFM)/ferromagnet (FM) heterostructures[1,2] is expected to be of use in several high performance spintronic devices. An efficient method for electrical switching of the FM magnetization is to use the spin–orbit torque (SOT) generated from a heavy metal layer in AFM/FM/heavy metal structures[3]. The in-plane exchange field generated at the AFM/FM interface enables field-free switching of the perpendicular magnetization[4,5]. However, manipulation of the exchange bias is usually achieved by field cooling, which requires an external magnetic field and high temperature, hindering its application in practical devices. It has been demonstrated that the exchange bias field at the AFM/FM interface can be switched by the SOT generated in the Pt layer in a Pt/Co/IrMn structure, passing through the thin Co layer[2]. Strong SOTs can also be generated in certain AFM thin films (such as IrMn and PtMn) due to their giant spin Hall angle[6,7], allowing simpler spintronic devices to be created. Here, we report the current-induced switching of exchange bias field in a perpendicularly magnetized IrMn/CoFeB bilayer structure using a spin-orbit torque generated in the antiferromagnet IrMn layer[8]. By manipulating the current direction and amplitude, independent and repeatable switching of the magnetization and exchange bias field below the blocking temperature can be achieved. Figure 1a illustrates four states for the CoFeB magnetization and the interfacial IrMn spins. By applying a negative pulse current in the presence of an in-plane magnetic field ofμ0Hx = 100 mT, switching of the magnetization from up to down can be realized, as shown in Fig. 1c. Interestingly, the exchange bias field before the magnetization switching is -1.3 mT (Fig. 1b), but it changes to 1.6 mT after the magnetization switching (Fig. 1d), indicating reversal of the exchange bias field from negative to positive driven by the SOT current. Next, we find that when a relatively small current (e.g. 7 mA) is applied to a sample with DP state, only the magnetization switches, while the exchange bias field remains unchanged, leading to a transition from DP to UAP state, as shown in Fig. 1e. Then, when a pulse current with amplitude of 8 mA is applied to the samples with UAP state, the exchange bias field is reversed alone, but the magnetization remains unswitched, resulting in a transition from UAP to UP state (see Fig. 1f-h). X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR) measurements and micromagnetic simulations show that a small net magnetization within the IrMn interface plays a crucial role in these phenomena. Figure 2 illustrates the micromagnetic simulation results of exchange bias and its manipulation by SOT. Figure 2a shows the schematic of the AFM/FM exchange bias system. Initially, a positive exchange bias field is obtained, as shown in Fig. 2b. When we apply a SOT current of JSOT = 90 MA●cm-2, the FM magnetization can be switched while the exchange bias field is still positive, as indicated in Fig. 2c. Moreover, Fig. 2c also shows that a large SOT current ( JSOT= 270 MA●cm-2) can be used to reverse the exchange bias field. Figure 2d and 2e are snapshots of the z component of FM magnetization at selected times upon the application of different SOT currents. Through sweeping the SOT current density, it is clearly shown in Fig. 2f that the critical switching current density for the exchange bias is larger than that for the magnetization. Furthermore, to confirm the different critical current densities for magnetization and exchange bias field, temperature- and thickness-dependent switching are explored. In summary, we have reported current-induced exchange bias switching via the SOT originating from the AFM layer in an IrMn/CoFeB bilayer. The independent switching of magnetization and exchange bias field in a repeatable manner is demonstrated by manipulating the current direction and amplitude in the presence of an in-plane magnetic field. Experimental results from PNR and XMCD indicate a small net magnetization exists at the IrMn interface, comprised primarily of rotatable uncompensated Mn spins and a much smaller fraction (&lt;10%) of pinned spins. Micromagnetic simulations and temperature-dependent measurements show that the critical current density to switch the interfacial pinned spins, and hence the exchange bias field, is larger than that of magnetization reversal, and this difference allows the FM layer and exchange bias to be individually manipulated by SOT currents, rather than via perpendicular magnetic fields.

**References:**

[1] D.R. Xiong, S.Z. Peng and W.S. Zhao, Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol. 117, no. 21, pp. 212401 (2020). [2] P.H. Lin, B.Y. Yang and C.H. Lai, Nat. Mater. Vol. 18, pp. 335–341 (2019). [3] S.Z. Peng, D.Q. Zhu and W.S. Zhao, Adv. Electron. Mater. Vol. 5, pp.1900134 (2019). [4] Y.W. Oh, S.C. Baek and B.G. Park, Nat. Nanotechnol, Vol. 11, pp.878–884 (2016). [5] S.Z. Peng, J.Q. Lu and W.S. Zhao, IEEE Int. Electron Devices Meet. (IEDM), p. 28.6.1-28.6.4 (2019). [6] D. Wu, G.Q. Yu and K.L. Wang, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 109, pp.222401 (2016). [7] Y.X. Ou, S.J. Shi and R.A. Buhrman, Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 93, pp. 220405(R) (2016). [8] S.Z. Peng, D.Q. Zhu and W.S. Zhao, Nat. Electron. Vol. 3, pp. 757–764 (2020).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/80a05ae9b4e976a9e973c73b4ec889d9.jpg)
Fig.1 Exchange bias and magnetization switching driven by current-induced SOT. a, Schematic configurations of four states for the CoFeB magnetization and interfacial IrMn spins and transitions among them. b-h, Concurrent switching of the magnetization and exchange bias field (b-d), independent switching of magnetization (e) and independent switching of exchange bias field (f-h) by a pulse current in the presence of an in-plane magnetic field.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/2832a31a51b3b77bf9dccc9d8b4fd9ee.jpg)
Fig.2 Micromagnetic simulation results of exchange bias and its manipulation by SOT. a, Schematic of the AFM/FM exchange bias system. b,c, Hysteresis loops (b) before and (c) after application of SOT currents. d,e, Snapshots of the z component of the FM magnetization configuration (mz) at selected times. f, Switching of the exchange bias and magnetization under different SOT current densities.

 Exchange bias switching in an antiferromagnet/ferromagnet bilayer driven by spin–orbit torque

We identified and exploited a novel mechanism in an emerging branch of spintronics based on transport phenomena governed by crystal and magnetic symmetries, and its interplay with the antiferromagnetic order [1]. In this talk, we will focus on the origin of the subsequent experimental observation of a large spontaneous Hall effect in the Mn5Si3 antiferromagnet, arising mostly by time-reversal symmetry breaking. These findings could prove essential for the development of robust large effects, vital in new device concepts. More specifically, the Zeeman effect is among the cornerstones of quantum physics that contributed to the development of spintronics. To date, the Zeeman spin-splitting of atomic energy levels or bands in crystals has been associated with the presence of a magnetic dipole. Countering the established physical picture [2-4], we identify an antiferromagnet with a band-structure comprised of separated crystal-momentum valleys with opposite Zeeman spin-splittings, which allows for their probing and exploiting by analogous electron-transport phenomena as used for the Zeeman effect in the presence of the magnetic dipole. In this talk we focus on one of the most prominent consequences of spin splitting – the spontanous Hall effect. We experimentally demonstrated its presence in Mn5Si3 an antiferromagnet with separated Zeeman spin-split valleys [1]. We carefully disentangled various contributions to the measured transversal signal and we show that the signal is dominated by a robust spontaneous (present at zero magnetic field) Hall contribution with broad coercivity, which can only be attributed to the antiferromagnetic Zeeman effect. We further present structural, magnetization and magneto-transport results in a sample series and discuss the role of epitaxial growth on our results.

**References:**

[1] H. Reichlova, R. L. Seeger et al, under review. arXiv:2012.15651 [2] L. Néel. Magnetism and Local Molecular Field. Science 174, 985-992 (1971). [3] N. J. Ghimire et al. Large anomalous Hall effect in the chiral-lattice antiferromagnet CoNb3S6. Nat. Com. 9, 3280 (2018). [4] C. Sürgers, et al. Large topological Hall effect in the non-collinear phase of an antiferromagnet. Nat. Com. 5, 3400 (2014).

**Images:**

 Spontaneous Hall effect in the Mn5Si3 antiferromagnet, due to antiferromagnetic Zeeman spin-splitting

The spin-1/2 of an electron makes it an archetypal two-level system and inspires the description of other two-level systems using an analogous pseudospin. The quantized spin excitations of an ordered antiferromagnet are such pairs of spin-up and -down magnons and can be characterized by a magnonic pseudospin. The similarity between electronic spin and magnonic pseudospin has triggered the prediction of exciting phenomena like emergent spin-orbit coupling and topological states in antiferromagnetic magnonics. An experimental observation of the associated dynamics of antiferromagnetic pseudospin, however, has eluded experiments thus far. As a first step we will introduce the concept of magnon pseudospin and the description of magnon pseudospin dynamics, as well as briefly discuss similarities to electron spin transport [1]. In the second part, we show our recent experiments demonstrating control of magnon spin transport and pseudospin dynamics in a 15 nm thin film of the antiferromagnetic insulator hematite (α-Fe2O3) utilizing two Pt strips for all-electrical magnon injection and detection [2] (c.f. Fig. 1 (a)). We observe an oscillation in polarity of the magnon spin signal at the detector as a function of the externally applied magnetic field (see Fig. 1 (b)), which we quantitatively explain in terms of diffusive magnon transport. In particular, we observe a coherent precession of the magnon pseudospin caused by the easy-plane anisotropy and the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. This observation can be viewed as the magnonic analogue of the electronic Hanle effect and the Datta-Das transistor, unlocking the high potential of antiferromagnetic magnonics towards the realization of electronics-inspired phenomena. Financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy - EXC-2111 - 390814868 and project AL2110/2-1, and the Research Council of Norway through its Centers of Excellence funding scheme, project 262633, "QuSpin" is gratefully acknowledged.

**References:**

[1] A. Kamra et al., Physical Review B 102, 174445 (2020) [2] T. Wimmer et al., Physical Review Letters 125, 247204 (2020)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/ec8627bd4d1b243e84613268af7a73af.jpg)
Fig. 1: (a) Sketch of the device geometry, the electrical wiring, and the coordinate system. The canting of the magnetic sublattices m1 and m2 and the corresponding net moment mnet as well as the Néel order parameter n are illustrated. Upon applying a charge current Iinj to the injector, a spin current Is with spin polarization s is generated via the SHE and injected into the hematite (α-Fe2O3) with thickness t = 15 nm. The emerging antiferromagnetic magnon current is then detected via the inverse SHE induced current at the detector by measuring the electrical voltage drop Veldet. (b) Magnon transport signal Veldet as a function of the external magnetic field magnitude. The signal oscillates between positive and negative values. The qualitative behaviour is very similar to the electronic Hanle effect.

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