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The generation and detection of spin currents are key a role in investigating basic physics phenomena and for applications in the field of spintronics. One method of generating spin current is the spin Seebeck effect (SSE) via applying a heat current along with the magnetic materials. The spin current can be converted to an electrical voltage in large spin-orbit coupling materials due to the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE). Recently, many reports have been shown that paramagnetic, ferrimagnetic, and antiferromagnetic materials reveal large spin-to-charge current conversion [1-4]. In this work, we investigate the SSE in thin-film the antiferromagnetic PtMn on top of sputtered YIG films.&lt;br/&gt;We prepared the following film stacks using rf and dc magnetron sputtering: substrate/buffer/Y&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Fe&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; (100 nm)/800 C/Pt&lt;sub&gt;0.35&lt;/sub&gt;Mn&lt;sub&gt;0.65&lt;/sub&gt; (10 nm)/MgO (2 nm)/Ta (1 nm)/375 C, where the temperatures are the post-annealing temperatures, and the films are grown at the room temperature. We used four substrate/buffer combinations: Gd&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Ga&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; (GGG) sub., Si/SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sub., Si/SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/Ta (5 nm), and Si/SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/Ta (5 nm)/Pt (5 nm). We optimized the YIG’s sputtering growth condition for stoichiometry, high saturation magnetization, low ferromagnetic resonance damping constant, and low surface roughness. The PtMn is made with rich Mn composition having an fcc phase.&lt;br/&gt;Subsequently, we measured the SSE. We applied a thermal gradient across the thickness direction of the substrate, and measured the conversion of generated spin current to electric voltage by means of ISHE in PtMn. Figure 1(a-b) shows our measurement result in the Si/SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/YIG /PtMn and GGG/YIG/PtMn samples as a function of applied magnetic field &lt;i&gt;H&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; at Δ&lt;i&gt;T&lt;/i&gt; = 4 K. We observed that SSE voltage &lt;i&gt;V&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;SSE&lt;/sub&gt; is revealed in both samples. Moreover, the magnitude of &lt;i&gt;V&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;SSE&lt;/sub&gt; is proportional to Δ&lt;i&gt;T&lt;/i&gt; as shown in Fig. 1(c-d). Even though our films are antiferromagnetic and have a Mn-rich composition, the magnitude of &lt;i&gt;V&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;SSE&lt;/sub&gt; in our samples is comparable to what is found in YIG/Pt systems [4]. Further data and discussion will be presented.&lt;br/&gt;This work was supported by the Center for Science and Innovation in Spintronics (CSIS), Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Tohoku University, and by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP19K15429. JP20H02185

**References:**

[1] Nakata et al., &quot;Spin Seebeck voltage enhancement by Mn system metals insertion at the interface between YIG and nonmagnetic layer.&quot; &lt;i&gt;Japanese Journal of Applied Physics&lt;/i&gt; 58, no. SB (2019): SBBI04.&lt;br/&gt;[2] Seki et al., &quot;Observation of inverse spin Hall effect in ferromagnetic FePt alloys using spin Seebeck effect.&quot; &lt;i&gt;Applied Physics Letters&lt;/i&gt; 107, no. 9 (2015): 092401.&lt;br/&gt;[3] Kikkawa et al. &quot;Longitudinal spin Seebeck effect free from the proximity Nernst effect.&quot; &lt;i&gt;Physical review letters&lt;/i&gt; 110, no. 6 (2013): 067207.&lt;br/&gt;[4] Mendes et al., &quot;Large inverse spin Hall effect in the antiferromagnetic metal Ir 20 Mn 80.&quot; &lt;i&gt;Physical Review B&lt;/i&gt; 89, no. 14 (2014): 140406

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/ae6968b7c2263f52936059e4033429d1.jpg)
(a-b) Field dependence of SSE voltage in the PtMn at ΔT=4 K, (c-d) ΔV as a function of ΔT .



INTERMAG 2021

 Spin Seebeck Effect in Antiferromagnetic PtMn/YIG(Yttrium Iron Garnet) Thin Films

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The generation and detection of spin currents are key a role in investigating basic physics phenomena and for applications in the field of spintronics. One method of generating spin current is the spin Seebeck effect (SSE) via applying a heat current along with the magnetic materials. The spin current can be converted to an electrical voltage in large spin-orbit coupling materials due to the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE). Recently, many reports have been shown that paramagnetic, ferrimagnetic, and antiferromagnetic materials reveal large spin-to-charge current conversion [1-4]. In this work, we investigate the SSE in thin-film the antiferromagnetic PtMn on top of sputtered YIG films. We prepared the following film stacks using rf and dc magnetron sputtering: substrate/buffer/Y3Fe5O12 (100 nm)/800 C/Pt0.35Mn0.65 (10 nm)/MgO (2 nm)/Ta (1 nm)/375 C, where the temperatures are the post-annealing temperatures, and the films are grown at the room temperature. We used four substrate/buffer combinations: Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) sub., Si/SiO2 sub., Si/SiO2/Ta (5 nm), and Si/SiO2/Ta (5 nm)/Pt (5 nm). We optimized the YIG’s sputtering growth condition for stoichiometry, high saturation magnetization, low ferromagnetic resonance damping constant, and low surface roughness. The PtMn is made with rich Mn composition having an fcc phase. Subsequently, we measured the SSE. We applied a thermal gradient across the thickness direction of the substrate, and measured the conversion of generated spin current to electric voltage by means of ISHE in PtMn. Figure 1(a-b) shows our measurement result in the Si/SiO2/YIG /PtMn and GGG/YIG/PtMn samples as a function of applied magnetic field Hx at ΔT = 4 K. We observed that SSE voltage VSSE is revealed in both samples. Moreover, the magnitude of VSSE is proportional to ΔT as shown in Fig. 1(c-d). Even though our films are antiferromagnetic and have a Mn-rich composition, the magnitude of VSSE in our samples is comparable to what is found in YIG/Pt systems [4]. Further data and discussion will be presented. This work was supported by the Center for Science and Innovation in Spintronics (CSIS), Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Tohoku University, and by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP19K15429. JP20H02185

**References:**

[1] Nakata et al., "Spin Seebeck voltage enhancement by Mn system metals insertion at the interface between YIG and nonmagnetic layer." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 58, no. SB (2019): SBBI04. [2] Seki et al., "Observation of inverse spin Hall effect in ferromagnetic FePt alloys using spin Seebeck effect." Applied Physics Letters 107, no. 9 (2015): 092401. [3] Kikkawa et al. "Longitudinal spin Seebeck effect free from the proximity Nernst effect." Physical review letters 110, no. 6 (2013): 067207. [4] Mendes et al., "Large inverse spin Hall effect in the antiferromagnetic metal Ir 20 Mn 80." Physical Review B 89, no. 14 (2014): 140406

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/ae6968b7c2263f52936059e4033429d1.jpg)
(a-b) Field dependence of SSE voltage in the PtMn at ΔT=4 K, (c-d) ΔV as a function of ΔT .

poster

Rrare earth (RE) - transition metal (TM) ferrimagnetic alloys have been attracting much attentions due to the unconventional spin dynamics phenomena occuring at two critical temperatures, one is called magnetization compensation temperature, TM, and the other one is called angular momentum compensation temperature, TA. For examples, a fast domain-wall motion was detected near the TA of a GdFeCo alloy [1], the skyrmion Hall effect disappeared at TA of a GdFeCo alloy [2] and a highly efficiet spin-orbit torque was measured near the TM of CoTb alloy [3]. These reports make ferrimagnets more promising candidates for spintronic applications. However, the transports of RE-TM ferrimagnets have not been updated for decades. Especially, one of the most significant questions still remain is whether the transport of RE-TM ferrimagnets are solely associated with either the RE sub-moment or the TM sub-moment, or with both sub-moments. There were some controversies on assigning a dominant role to one of the two sub-moments [4, 5] or both sub-moments [6] in the early studies, but most of recent works have assumed that the TM plays a dominant role in the transport of ferrimagnets [7]. However, there has been no universally accepted consensus on this issue, mainly because of lack of experimental scheme to identify the transport of RE-TM ferrimagnets. In this work, we provide a supporting analysis on the opinion that both submoments are significantly involved to the transport by exploring longitudinal and transverse resistivities of GdFeCo. The longitudinal resistivity, ρxx, which reflects the change of anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR), is found to depend on the magnetic field, B, and temperature, T, in a distinct way: the ρxx increases with increasing B for T &lt; TM, while it decreases for T &gt; TM, and the slope of ρxx – B curve increases as the temperature decreases. On the other hand, the transverse resistivity, ρxy, which exhibits conventional anomalous Hall effect (AHE), has little dependence on the external magnetic field. The observed field-and temperature-dependence of the magnetoresistance of GdFeCo qualitatively differ from those of ferromagnetic transition metals caused by the electron-magnon scattering mechanism. These unconventional longitudinal and transverse magnetoresistances can be explained by the antiferromagnetic nature of the magnetic coupling and the ensuing sperimagnetism of GdFeCo. Fe and Gd moments in GdFeCo are coupled antiferromagnetically but their directions are spatially dispersed due to the weak exchange interactions [8] (Fig. 1(a)). When a magnetic field is applied to sperimagnetic GdFeCo, the cone angle of each sub-moment either increases or decreases depending on the relative direction between the sub-magnetic moment and the external field (Fig. 1(b)). This field-induced opposite change of the two cone angles can explain the observed magnetoresistances as shown in Fig 2. Our results suggest that the unconventional resistance change of GdFeCo is, contrary to the recent reports [6, 7], caused by both the RE and the TM sub-moments.

**References:**

[1] K. J. Kim, S. K. Kim and Y. Hirata, Nat. Mater. 16, 1187 (2017) [2] Y. Hirata, D. H. Kim and S. K. Kim, Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 232 (2019) [3] S. G. Je, J. C. Rojas-Sánchez and T. H. Pham, Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 062401 (2018) [4] A. Ogawa, T. Katayama and M. Hirano, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 15, 87 (1976) [5] Y. Mimura, N. Imamura, and Y. Kushiro, J. Appl. Phys. 47, 3371 (1976) [6] T. R. McGuire, R. J. Gambino and R. C. Taylor, J. Appl. Phys. 48, 2965 (1977) [7] T. Okuno, K. J. Kim and T. Tono, Appl. Phys. Express 9, 073001 (2016) [8] M. Mansuripur and M. F. Ruane, IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG-22, 33 (1986)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/18ed05aee1587cb676144fd52e613656.jpg)
Fig. 1 (a) Sperimagnetism of GdFeCo. (b) Cone angles of Fe(θFe) and Gd(θGd) submoments and their opposite behavior on external B-field.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/12be328050e6ee3254a830a963e93cbb.jpg)
Fig. 2 (a) External B-field dependent change of longitudinal resistivity, △ρ = ρxx(B)-ρxx(0), at various temepratures. (b) The slope of the longitudinal resistivity change at various temperatures in (a). The white dots are representing the absolute value of black ones.

 Unconventional magnetoresistance induced by sperimagnetism of GdFeCo

Magnetocapacitance (MC) is the change in capacitance of a solid with applied magnetic field. This change in capacitance is due to spin accumulation which coexists with geometric capacitance [1]. The effect is explained using the formation of spin channels in solids due to selective spin scattering either at interface [2] or by magnetic ions [3]. The MC is observed in magnetoelectrically coupled solids or interfaces as well. It is used as a tool to evaluate the magnetoelectric effect [4]. Spin accumulation in 2-D materials is one of interesting areas of investigation because of its device applications, studied with the help of magnetocapacitance effect. Hence Graphene and related materials have been studied extensively for spin transport [5]. Graphene oxide (GO) is a unique material and has a monomolecular layered structure similar to that of graphene with various oxygen containing functional groups which make the atomic thick layers’ defect reach [6]. Delocalized π electrons in aromatic ring structures induce diamagnetism in Graphene like compounds, but in GO π electrons develop ferromagnetism due to its unique structural properties. It has been proven that GO exhibits ferromagnetism with the presence of epoxy groups and it is a soft ferromagnetic material with shapedM-H curve [7]. In the present work we investigate spin dependent capacitance in GO with different frequencies and estimate the spin accumulation length. The magnetic interaction and the origin of magnetocapacitance in these was interpreted with sign of MC and AC magnetoresistance study. The results of GO are compared to reduced GO (rGO) to depict the spin accumulation capacity. For spin accumulation study GO was prepared by modified Hummer’s method from graphitic powder and it was further reduced to form rGO using hydrazine hydrate. This method is expected to yield GO with large defect densities. The formed GO was subjected to AFM (inset of Figure 1) and Raman spectroscopic study (Figure 1) confirming the formation of flakes like GO. The magnetism in GO was investigated using a vibrating sample magnetometer showing soft ferromagnetism at room temperature. The GO and rGO were compressed to form parallel plate capacitors to study spin accumulation in them. The AC magnetoresistance (MR) and MC were studied from 100 Hz to 5 MHz at room temperature (Figure 2a). The change in capacitance with frequency was modelled with the Havriliak-Negami relaxation process (inset of Figure 2a). The change in asymmetry parameter showed contribution of defects in the relaxation process. The relaxation time was found to change with applied magnetic field supporting strong magnetic field dependent scattering in GO. We observed positive MC of 20 % at around 200 Hz and 100 Oe, where capacitive coupling is higher and 2.2 % at 1.1 MHz (Figure 2b) which is due to predominant inductive coupling. The positive sign of MC indicates the interface mediated spin accumulation process in GO [1]. This low field MC is very important for device development The spin diffusion length calculated, equivalent to capacitance change was of the order of 56nm. MR in GO was observed to change sign from negative to positive indicating the increase of interface mediated effects with higher magnetic fields. In contrast to GO, rGO showed no spin accumulation effects except significant change in impedance, attributed to surface permeability change. The report projects GO as a significant spin accumulation material useful in different spintronic device applications.

**References:**

1. Y. H. Zhu, X. X. Zhang, J. Liu and P. S. He J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 122, p. 043902 (2017). 2. G. Catalan ,Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol. 88, p.1–4(2006). 3. K. T. McCarthy, A. F. Hebard and S. B. Arnason Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 90(11), p.1172015–8 (2002). 4. K. Manna, R. S. Joshi, S. Elizabeth and P. S. Anil Kumar, Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol.104 p.2–6(2014). 5. E. C Ahn npj 2D Materials and Applications Vol. 4, p.17 (2020). 6. A. Stergiou,., et al.. J. Nanotechnol. 5, p.1580-1589 (2014). 7. L. Dongwook, S.Jiwon, Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, p.172402 (2015).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/1f85cb12ca24b6e94fac2e26df228ffc.jpg)
Figure 1: Raman spctra for GO (Inset shows AFM impage of as prepared GO grafted on SiO2 ) substrate

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/fdb7c4d2f9cacda291b12cb7af91696b.jpg)
Figure 2 (a). Variation of capacitance with respect to frequency for different applied magnetic fields in GO (inset shows fit of Havriliak-Negami relaxation model to the data) (b) MC in graphene with applied magnetic field for different frequencies.

 Large Low Magnetic Field Magnetocapacitance Effect and Spin Accumulation in Graphene Oxide

The topological insulator (TI) and superconductor (SC) condensed matter states are different at the fundamental level. Superconductors spontaneously break gauge symmetry, while topological insulators are defined by a topological invariant of their band structure. Theoretical work by Fu and Kane in 2008 proposed a novel way to engineer an exotic superconducting system using the proximity effect, to combine the electronic properties of these two distinct systems [1]. They showed that the resulting system was a spinless superconductor, which does not break the time reversal symmetry. A proximity coupled topological insulator / superconductor (TI/SC) bilayer system is suitable to realize topological superconductivity [2]. Bi2Te3/Nb thin films constitute a simple proximity system of a topological insulator and an s-wave superconductor to study magnetotransport phenomena in topological superconductors, working toward coupling superconductivity and other spin states. In the present work we report studies on the structural and magnetotransport properties of Bi2Te3/Nb bilayer and Bi2Te3/Nb/Bi2Te3 trilayer samples, as well as reference single layer samples of Bi2Te3 and Nb. Samples were fabricated through DC magnetron sputtering process with base pressure 10-8 Torr, without breaking the vacuum to ascertain a perfect interface between Bi2Te3 and Nb for optimum proximity coupling. The Ar deposition pressure was fixed at 3 mTorr and the substrate’s temperature was held constant at 300 oC. Both systems, the Si(111)/Bi2Te3(100nm)/Nb(100nm) bilayer and the trilayer Si(111)/Bi2Te3(100nm)/Nb(100nm)/Bi2Te3(100nm) trilayer exhibited large pyramid-like structures of Bi2Te3 as observed with Field-Emission Scanning-Electron-Microscopy (FESEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The crystal structure of the topological insulator layer is consistent with the rhombohedral space group for Bi2Te3, and reveals a predominant texture with planes oriented along the (00l) direction as can be inferred from (006) and (00-15) peaks. The coherence diffraction domain size, estimated using Scherrer’s formula and considered as average crystallite size is 23 nm for the Bi2Te3 layer. The average crystallite size for the superconductor layer of Nb, which is cubic, was extracted from the (101) peak and is equal to 21 nm. For the magnetotransport measurements Hall bar shaped samples were prepared using a Hall stencil mask with current channel length 2.5 mm and width 0.4 mm, aligned in a 7x7 mm2 Si(111) substrate. A second mask was then aligned to make pads of Cr/Au and eventually the ohmic contacts were made using a wire bonder. The magnetotransport measurements were performed in a 9 T QD-PPMS and for temperatures varying from 2.5 K to 300 K. The temperature dependence of longitudinal resistance, Rxx, confirmed that the 100 nm Nb films present a superconducting transition at 8.7 K which decreases with decreasing film thickness, due mostly to dimensionality and increasing disorder. The magnetoconductivity, Δσxx(B), curves of the 100 nm thick Bi2Te3 reference sample, which are shown in Figure 1 in the low field region (B &lt; 0.2 T), were calculated from the magnetotransport data. Observation of a logarithmic variation of magnetoconductance at fields close to zero is an indication of weak antilocalization (WAL) effects that have been widely described in materials with strong spin–orbit coupling, such as topological insulators [3]. The parameters from fitting magnetoconductivity data to Hikami-Larkin-Nagaoka equation at low temperatures have been extracted. The phase coherence length, lφ, is approximately 300 nm and decreases as temperature is raised. The value of coefficient α that indicates the number of independent conducting channels in the system and the type of localization, is equal to 1 at 2.5 K (WAL in a perfect system with two surface conducting channels, each contributing to the pre-factor with a value of 0.5) and decreases to 0.5 at 15 K. Figure 2 presents low temperature magneto-transport measurements probing the nature of the SC in bilayers of Bi2Te3-Nb. The onset of superconductivity of Nb layer adjacent to the topological insulator destroys the WAL phenomena and topological properties of Bi2Te3 that at the single layer Bi2Te3 reference sample dominate in the low field regime at temperatures up to 20 K. At T=3 K the switching between the normal and superconducting state is found to occur at magnetic field value |B|=1.5 T, with an excitation current I = 2 mA. Magnetoconductance and differential magnetoresistance data are examined to show evidence of proximity effect and topological superconductivity.

**References:**

[1] Liang Fu and C.L. Kane, Superconducting proximity effect and Majorana Fermions at the Surface of a Topological Insulator, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 096407 (2008) [2] Gad Koren, Proximity effects at the interface of a superconductor and a topological insulator in NbN-Bi2Se3 thin film bilayers, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 28 025003 (2015) [3] J.J. Cha et al. Weak antilocalization in Bi2(SexTe1−x)3 nanoribbons and nanoplates, Nano Lett. 12 1107–1111 (2012)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/9c9692e192e0e5d18676604dad6ebc60.jpg)
Figure 1: Magnetoconductivity data for the Bi2Te3 reference sample, with magnetic field perpendicular to film plane.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/cfc1b757135aba7e1f863dfdfe3a19f5.jpg)
Figure 2: Longitudinal resistance data for the Bi2Te3/Nb bilayer film, with the magnetic field perpendicular to film plane.

 Magnetotransport Phenomena in Topological Insulator / Superconductor Bi2Te3/Nb Bilayer and Trilayer Thin Films

Recently the anomalous Hall effect was predicted as a possible mechanism to produce magnetization-dependent spin current. Here we have applied NiFe/Ru/perpendicular magnetic multilayers and a specific geometry to demonstrate magnetization switching driven by anomalous spin-orbit torque resulting from the bulk anomalous Hall effect. The anomalous spin Hall torque of NiFe is strong enough not only to switch the magnetization of perpendicular Co but also leads to opposite switching chirality compared with the ordinary spin Hall torque. This work confirmed the existence of a strong anomalous spin Hall torque due to anomalous Hall effect, which may lay a foundation to develop spin-orbit torque devices free of heavy metals. Spin current can be obtained in magnetic materials. Besides the ordinary geometry-constrained spin current, magnetic materials can also give birth to magnetization-dependent spin current components with high efficiency, which grants us a flexible manner to produce polarization-tunable SOT. In theory, the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) and planar Hall effect (PHE) [1] inside magnetic materials or interfacial spin-related scattering [2] on the interface of magnetic materials with nonmagnetic materials can produce spin current. Specifically, AHE, though discovered one century ago, is just recently predicted as a probable spin current source [1,3]. In this paper [4], we also used a core structure of NiFe/Ru/perpendicular ferromagnetic trilayer but a specific geometry to verify the bulk ASHE torque. In this geometry, pinned magnetization of NiFe (MNiFe) by exchange bias, applied current parallel with MNiFe, and applied field Hx transverse to MNiFe was critical to achieve our targeted goal as discussed below. Our results demonstrated that the ASHE torque of NiFe could be not only strong enough to switch magnetization but also lead to opposite switching chirality with ordinary SHE-torque switching. Therefore, this work experimentally verified the newly predicted ASHE torque due to the century-old AHE mechanism not only exists but is also strong, which might lay a foundation for the development of heavy-metal-free SOT devices.

**References:**

[1] T. Taniguchi, J. Grollier, and M. D. Stiles, Phys. Rev. Appl. 3, 044001 (2015). [2] V. P. Amin and M. D. Stiles, Phys. Rev. B 94, 104419 (2016). [3] S. Iihama, T. Taniguchi, K. Yakushiji, A. Fukushima, Y. Shiota, S. Tsunegi, R. Hiramatsu, S. Yuasa, Y. Suzuki, and H. Kubota, Nat. Electron. 1, 120 (2018). [4] T. Y. Ma, C. H. Wan and X. F. Han*, et al., Phys. Rev. B 101, 134417 (2020).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/d4cf8b0a0c51335319f8a9f427c93de2.jpg)
FIG. 1. Schematic diagrams of SOT switching driven by (a) the ordinary SHE and by interplay of the ordinary and anomalous SHE under (b) a small negative or (c) a small positive Hx. Calculated dependence of Mz on current or torque in units of HK with (d) Hx=0 and (e) Hx = ±0.4HK. (f) ΔMz (torque=0) chirality as a function of Hx. Note that after anomalous SHE is taken into account, the switching chirality can be switched from −1 (CW) to +1 (CCW). Otherwise, ordinary SHE can only produce the −1 chirality. Calculation was based on the following parameters HC = 0.05HK and HEB = 0.3HK.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/fe61c88fe25abd7e6748485426c46633.jpg)
FIG. 2. (a) Measurement setup as applying Iy and Hx. Directions of MNiFe, HC, σSHE, and σAHE are schematically marked. This subfigure depicts a case of small Hx so that MNiFe is nearly aligned along the y axis. (b) Switching behaviors as Iy and Hx applied. (c) Hx dependence of ΔRxy repeated by 10 times. The dotted line separates regions with CW (−1) and CCW (+1) switching chirality.

 Evidence of magnetization switching by anomalous spin Hall torque in NiFe

The generation, detection, and manipulation of pure spin currents have attracted considerable attention in the field of spintronics owing to their rich physical phenomena and potential applications [1-2]. The most convenient method for generating and detecting the pure spin currents is to utilize the spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) [3-4]. In this letter, a novel structure consisting of two heavy metals that delivers competing spin currents of opposite spin indices is presented. We studied spin Hall effect in Ta-Pt alloys with various Ta composition for Ta/Pt/Ni80Fe20/ MgO (001) heterostructures by means of SMR. To determine the relative contributions of Pt and Ta, we measured a series of samples of Ta（tTa=0-3nm）/Pt（3nm）/Ni80Fe20/MgO (001) with a constant Pt (3) layer and various thicknesses of the Ta layer. Low resistivity, flat, and highly (111)-textured Pt-Ta alloy films are synthesized. It is found the SMR ratio is enhanced with a Ta capping layer at an optimum composition of x between 0.5nm to 1nm. The spin accumulation enhancement at the Pt/Ni80Fe20 interface after capping with a Ta layer, which functions as a spin sink at small thickness, is responsible for the SMR ratio enhancement, even though Ta and Pt have opposite spin Hall angels. Our results not only demonstrate a viable scheme for multiple spin currents, but also expand a new avenue for switching a perpendicular ferromagnetic layer by competing spin currents.

**References:**

[1] Q. L. Ma, Y. F. Li, D. B. Gopman, Y. P. Kabanov, Phys. Rev. Lett., 120, 117703 (2018). [2] Z. Z. Luan, L. F. Zhou, P. Wang, Phys. Rev. B, 99, 174406 (2019). [3] Y. J. Xu, Y. M. Yang, H. Xie, Appl. Phys. Lett., 115, 182406 (2019). [4] P. Yang, Q. M. Shao, G. Q. Yu, Appl. Phys. Lett., 117, 082409 (2020).

**Images:**

 Enhancement of the Spin Hall Magnetoresistance in Ta/Pt/Ni80Fe20/MgO(100) Heterostructures by Competing Spin Currents

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) in the GHz frequency range passing through a ferromagnetic layer can excite magnon–phonon dynamics, i.e., a precessional magnetization motion mediated by the magnetoelastic effect [1-3]. This process is known as acoustic ferromagnetic resonance (A-FMR) [4-7]. The A-FMR driven by SAWs can generate spin currents diffusing into adjacent non-magnetic metal layers via the spin pumping effect [8]. This coupled magnon–phonon dynamics can thus be used as a spin current generation method [9] named as acoustic spin pumping (ASP) [10,11]. The generated spin currents can be detected by the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE) [9,12], or the inverse Edelstein effect (IEE) [6,13]. In SAW driven A-FMR devices, interdigital transducers (IDT) are used for the generation and detection of SAWs [2–7,9,14]. Since the SAWs propagate on both sides of the IDT, at least half of the phonon energy is lost. To reduce the loss and enhance the spin current generation via ASP, we employ acoustic cavity structures. An acoustic cavity (resonator) consists of a pair of acoustic wave reflector gratings, analogous to the distributed Bragg reflector for light [15]. In this presentation, we demonstrate the enhancement of A-FMR and ASP in the presence of acoustic cavities. By applying an external magnetic field, SAWs passing a Ni film induce A-FMR. When the A-FMR occurs, SAW power is attenuated due to the energy conservation, thus the SAW power absorption PSAW is proportional to the induced A-FMR intensity. The measured SAW power absorption in Fig.1 shows the A-FMR signal fitted with a Lorentzian curve. We confirmed an enhancement of 2.04 ± 0.02 times A-FMR on the sample with acoustic cavity. The A-FMR in the Ni layer generates spin current into the Cu layer by the ASP. The generated spin current is converted to a charge current at the interface between Cu and Bi2O3 via IEE. We detect the generated electric voltage via IEE at the maximum A-FMR field angles φ = 45° and 225°, as shown in Fig.2. We define ΔVASP as the amplitude of the symmetric Lorentzian fitting of DV. The detected electric voltage from the ASP is caused by the charge current, derived from an electric field E induced by the IEE, which is proportional to the flow direction of the spin current density Js and its spin polarization σ; E ∝ Js×σ [16]. The converted charge current density Jc is described as Jc = λIEEJs, where λIEE is the IEE length [17]. Since the Ni/Cu/Bi2O3 trilayers of all samples are fabricated at the same time and the applied external magnetic field angle is the same, thus, ΔVASP ∝ Js. The enhancement factor of ΔVASP is 2.96 ± 0.02 at the low-power range, and 1.6 ± 0.7 at the high-power range. However, the power dependence of ΔVASP has non-linear behavior in the range from 25 mW to 126 mW. This non-linearity in the power dependence is not fully understood. Since this behavior is similar to the case of FMR experiments at the high input radio-frequency (rf) power [21,22] we assume it is from the saturation of magnetic precessional cone angle [23] or multi-magnon scattering [24,25]. We observe a more significant enhancement factor of ASP in the low-power range than the enhancement of A-FMR. In contrast, we find a similar enhancement factor of ASP in the high-power range with that enhancement of A-FMR. The enhancement factor in the high-power range is well described by the multi-magnon scattering in Ref. [26]. However, as far as the author knowledge goes the origin of the higher enhancement factor in the low-power range has not been observed and further understanding is required. In summary, we have demonstrated the enhancement of A-FMR and the spin current generation by using acoustic cavities. Enhancement of 2.04 ± 0.02 times of A-FMR and enhancements of spin current generation from 1.6 ± 0.7 (at a high input rf power) to 2.96 ± 0.02 (at a low input rf power) times were achieved. All the measurements in the present study were carried out at room temperature. At lower temperatures, the SAW confinement can be strengthened by minimizing the interaction with thermal phonons. Minimization of phonon energy losses by further engineering of the acoustic cavities, as well as minimization of magnon energy losses by appropriate selection of materials may lead to magnon–phonon studies in the strong coupling regime.

**References:**

[1] A. K. Ganguly, K. L. Davis, D. C. Webb, and C. Vittoria, J. Appl. Phys. 47, 2696 (1976). [2] I. A. Feng, M. Tachiki, C. Krischer, and M. Levy, J. Appl. Phys. 53, 177 (1982). [3] R. F. Wiegert and M. Levy, J. Appl. Phys. 61, 4270 (1987). [4] M. Weiler, L. Dreher, C. Heeg, H. Huebl, R. Gross, M. S. Brandt, and S. T. B. Goennenwein, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 117601 (2011). [5] 8L. Dreher, M. Weiler, M. Pernpeintner, H. Huebl, R. Gross, M. S. Brandt, and S. T. B. Goennenwein, Phys. Rev. B 86, 134415 (2012). [6] M. Xu, J. Puebla, F. Auvray, B. Rana, K. Kondou, and Y. Otani, Phys. Rev. B 97, 180301(R) (2018). [7] J. Puebla, M. Xu, B. Rana, K. Yamamoto, S. Maekawa, and Y. Otani, J. Phys. D 53, 264002 (2020). [8] Y. Tserkovnyak, A. Brataas, and G. E. W. Bauer, Phys.Rev.B 66, 224403 (2002). [9] M. Weiler, H. Huebl, F. Goerg, F. Czeschka, R. Gross, and S. T. B. Goennenwein, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 176601 (2012). [10] K. Uchida, H. Adachi, T. An, T. Ota, M. Toda, B. Hillebrands, S. Maekawa, and E. Saitoh, Nat. Mater. 10, 737 (2011). [11] K. Uchida, H. Adachi, T. An, H. Nakayama, M. Toda, B. Hillebrands, S. Maekawa, and E. Saitoh, J. Appl. Phys. 111, 053903 (2012). [12] E. Saitoh,M.Ueda, H. Miyajima,and G. Tatara, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 182509 (2006). [13] J. C. Rojas Sanchez, L. Vila, G. Desfonds, S. Gambarelli, J. Attane, J. M. De Teresa, C. Magen, and A. Fert, Nat. Commun. 4, 2944 (2013). [14] I. S. Camara, J. Y. Duquesne, A. Lemaitre, C. Gourdon, and L. Thevenard, Phys. Rev. Appl. 11, 014045 (2019). [15] D. T. Bell and R. C. M. Li, Proc. IEEE 64(5), 711 (1976). [16] S. Karube, K. Kondou, and Y. Otani, Appl. Phys. Express 9, 033001 (2016). [17] H. Tsai, S. Karube, K. Kondou, N. Yamaguchi, F. Ishii, and Y. Otani, Sci. Rep. 8, 5564 (2018). [18] R. Manenti, A. F. Kockum, A. Patterson, T. Behrle, J. Rahamim, G. Tancredi, F. Nori, and P. J. Leek, Nat. Commun. 8, 975 (2017). [19] A. Azevedo, L. Vilela-Leao, R. Rodriguez-Suarez, A. Lacerda Santos, and S. Rezende, Phys. Rev. B 83, 144402 (2011). [20] W. Zhang, B. Peng, F. Han, Q. Wang, W. Soh, C. Ong, and W. Zhang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 108, 102405 (2016). [21] V. Castel, N. Vlietstra, B. J. Van Wees, and J. B. Youssef, Phys. Rev. B 86, 134419 (2012). [22] M. B. Jungfleisch,A.V.Chumak, A. Kehlberger,V.Lauer,D.H. Kim,M.C. Onbasli, C. A. Ross, M. Kl€aui, and B. Hillebrands, Phys.Rev.B 91, 134407 (2015). [23] B. Rana, Y. Fukuma, K. Miura, H. Takahashi, and Y. Otani, Sci. Rep. 7, 2318 (2017). [24] M. B. Jungfleisch, A. V. Chumak, V. I. Vasyuchka, A. A. Serga, B. Obry, H. Schultheiss, P. A. Beck, A. D. Karenowska, E. Saitoh, and B. Hillebrands, Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 182512 (2011). [25] A. V. Chumak, A. A. Serga, M. B. Jungfleisch, R. Neb, D. A. Bozhko, V. S. Tiberkevich, and B. Hillebrands, Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 082405 (2012). [26] T. Tashiro, S. Matsuura, A. Nomura, S. Watanabe, K. Kang, H. Sirringhaus, and K. Ando, Sci. Rep. 5, 15158 (2015).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/e961acf5358be357a602fd0cc3d3b76e.jpg)
Power absorption PSAW at the in-plane magnetic field φ = 45° at the SAW resonance peak of samples with (blue circles) and without (red squares) acoustic cavity. 10 mW of input rf power is used. Solid curves exhibit Lorentzian fitting curves from the experimental data.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/154fd492b133d6498154f25b785f92bc.jpg)
Detected electric voltage when a 10 mW of rf power is applied to an IDT and an external in-plane magnetic field φ = 45° and 225° is applied. Data are taken from samples with acoustic cavity (blue circles) and without (red squares) acoustic cavity. The detected voltage is normalized with the voltage value at μ0H =100 mT (ΔV =V −V100mT).

 Enhancement of Acoustic Spin Pumping by Acoustic Distributed Bragg Reflector Cavity

Spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR) has been widely used to determine the spin-orbit torque (SOT) efficiency in ferromagnet/heavy-metal bilayer systems [1]. When a radio frequency (rf) current flows within the HM, the spin Hall effect (SHE) induced SOT and Oersted field act on the FM layer. When the frequency of the rf current and the applied external magnetic field satisfies the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) condition, the magnetization of the FM layer oscillates with relatively large amplitude around the equilibrium state. This results in a non-negligible resistance oscillation due to the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) of the FM layer. Consequently, a rectified dc voltage is generated as a result of the interplay of the oscillating current and resistance. Importantly, the lineshape of voltage curve due to the damping-like torque is Lorentzian symmetric, while that from the field-like torque (both SHE and Oersted field origin) is anti-symmetric. Thus, one can obtain the SOT efficiency from lineshape analysis of ST-FMR voltage curve. However, the precession of FM moments also acts as the source for an angular momentum flow, which pumps a pure spin current into its neighboring HM [2]. Wherein, an additional contribution to the dc voltage arises from the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE) [3] which has Lorentzian symmetric lineshape. In this work, we develop a new method to quantitatively separate the SP-ISHE signal from the ST-FMR signal without tedious symmetry analysis. With the precession angles obtained in both setups via the microwave photoresistance measurements [4], we directly obtain the SP-ISHE contribution in the ST-FMR. Our method does not rely on many unknown parameters such as the spin diffusion length, spin Hall angle of HM, and the effective spin-mixing conductance of FM-HM interface etc. Interestingly, we find that the SP-ISHE is in the opposite sign to the symmetric component of ST-FMR for Py(Ni80Fe20)/Pt bilayer layer. Through the Py thickness dependent measurements, we further estimate both the SHE-induced damping-like-torque efficiency and field-like-torque efficiency for Py/Pt bilayer system.

**References:**

[1] L. Liu, T. Moriyama, D. C. Ralph, and R. A. Buhrman, Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 106, p. 036601 (2011). [2] Y. Tserkovnyak, A. Brataas, and G. E. W. Bauer, Phys. Rev. B Vol. 66, p. 224403 (2002). [3] O. Mosendz, V. Vlaminck, J. E. Pearson, et al. Phys. Rev. B Vol. 82, p. 214403 (2010). [4] N. Mecking, Y. S. Gui, and C. M. Hu, Phys. Rev. B Vol. 76, p. 224430 (2007).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/4bdc274a6b4d2fc20d3aef42834ddb4b.jpg)
FIG. 1. (a), (b), (c) are the measurements with SP-ISHE configuration at φ=-90° , f=9 GHz and (d), (e), (f) are the measurements with ST-FMR configuration at φ=-10° , f=9 GHz. (a) and (d) are the magnetic field-dependent voltages of the Py(6 nm)/Pt(6 nm) sample with dc current +I0 (+1 mA, black curve) and −I0 (−1 mA, orange curve) . (b) and (e) are the magnetic field-dependent microwave photoresistance. (c) and (f) are the relationship between the measured corresponding amplitudes and the product of the in-plane and out-of-plane precession angles.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/287c76f13bb9f8ca37b462064d7374bc.jpg)
FIG. 2. (a) tPy dependent saturation magnetic moment MS of Py. (b) Corrected (red) and uncorrected (black) 1/ξFMR versus 1/(μ0MStPy), the lines are fittings with Eq. (4).

 Influence of the spin pumping induced inverse spin Hall effect on spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance measurements

In order to unambiguously demonstrate the transverse M-independent spin current generated by the SHE in FM and eliminate interference from AHE. In this work, we employed spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR) technique to study the SHE in the ferrimagnetic insulator/ ferromagnetic metals (FMI/FM) systems with FMI being Y3Fe5O12 and FM being NiFe and CoFeB. The key of this experiment relies on different FMR frequencies of the YIG and the FM film at the same field. Thus at the FMR mode of the YIG driven by spin torque due to SHE, a dc rectification voltage can be detected due to spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) while (1) spin current induced by AHE cannot contribute to the dc voltage due to the vanishing mYIG×mNiFe (2) the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) of FM has no contribution to the measured Vdc signal because FM is not in its the precession state. We have indeed obtained large SHE in FM without contamination from AHE. The measured spin torque efficiency ξ of NiFe was 0.009, 25% as large as that of Pt. These results indicate that the spin Hall effect of FM should also be taken into account when investigating the FM/HM heterostructures and furthermore this effect can also benefit the development of spin-orbit torque devices.

**References:**

[1] V. P. Amin, J. Li, M. D. Stiles, and P. M. Haney, Phys. Rev. B 99, 2019, 220405. [2] D. Tian, Y. Li, D. Qu, S. Y. Huang, X. Jin, and C. L. Chien, Phys. Rev. B 94, 2016, 020403. [3] K. S. Das, W. Y. Schoemaker, B. J. van Wees, and I. J. Vera-Marun, Phys. Rev. B 96, 2017, 220408. [4] W. Wang, T. Wang, V. P. Amin, Y. Wang, A. Radhakr-ishnan, X. Fan et al, Nature Nanotech. 14, 2019, 819. [5] H. Wu, S. A. Razavi, Q. Shao, X. Li, K. L. Wong, Y. Liu, G. Yin, and K. L. Wang, Phys. Rev. B 99, 2019, 184403.

**Images:**
![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/a0bfe564b13086f4fc76de03562d5a22.jpg)

 Determination of Spin Torque Efficiency in Ferromagnetic Metals via Spin-Torque Ferromagnetic Resonance

Spin pumping is a technique widely used to generate pure spin current and characterize the spin-charge conversion efficiency of heavy metals，which utilizes a microwave to excite the precession of the magnetic moments. However, the microwave irradiation may also bring possible thermoelectric artifacts. Both the eddy currents in conductors and magnon–phonon scattering in ferromagnet could heat the samples [1]. Typically, for devices with a thin film deposited on a thick substrate, the temperature increase might establish a perpendicular temperature gradient, which gives rise to thermoelectric signals such as the longitudinal spin Seebeck effect (LSSE) [2] and the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) [3]. Therefore, the spin pumping signals are potentially contaminated with thermoelectric contributions [4]. The separation of the LSSE and ANE contributions from the spin pumping signal is not straightforward. Under an out-of-plane (perpendicular) temperature gradient, the LSSE and ANE produce thermoelectric signal with Eth∝▽ZT×M, where M represents the magnetization direction of ferromagnet. One can readily find that the spin pumping, LSSE, and ANE voltages all share the same symmetry with the same angular dependence, hence inseparable and additive. Furthermore, if the thermoelectric contributions are dominating, the measured signal in the ferromagnet/heavy metal structure may even fail to denote the spin Hall angle sign of the heavy metal [5]. Therefore, it is important to develop a quantitative method to separate thermoelectric contributions in the spin pumping experiments. In this work, we present a universal and quantitative method to obtain the thermoelectric contributions in spin pumping voltage via the assistance of the microwave-photoresistance measurements. We apply this method on two typical systems, i.e., Py(Ni80Fe20)/Pt and YIG(Y3Fe5O12)/Pt bilayers, and find that the microwave radiation indeed can raise the sample temperatures and create a perpendicular temperature gradient. This vertical temperature gradient induces a sizable thermal voltage due to the LSSE and the ANE near zero magnetic field, which acts as a background for spin pumping signals at higher fields. However, the additional heat dissipation due to magnon-phonon scattering at the ferromagnetic resonance condition is negligibly small, in consistent with previous findings [6]. This conclusion is further supported by the field-dependent microwave absorption measurement using a vector network analyzer. Therefore, we conclude that the thermoelectric contributions are little, if any, as compared with the spin pumping signal in our measurement geometry.

**References:**

[1] N. Yoshikawa and T. Kato, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. Vol. 43, p. 425403 (2010). [2] K. Uchida, H. Adachi and E. Saitoh, Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol. 97, p. 172505 (2010). [3] T. Miyasato, N. Abe and Y. Tokura, Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 99, p. 086602 (2007). [4] Y. Huo, F. L. Zeng and Y. Z. Wu, Phys. Rev. Appl. Vol. 8, p. 014022 (2017). [5] W. W. Lin and C. L. Chien, arXiv :1804.01392(2018). [6] P. Noel, M. Cosset-Cheneau and J. P. Attane, J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 127, p. 163907 (2020).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/a7adaa058098cf7f0ce5f5806dbff6a6.jpg)
Fig. 1 (a) Schematic illustration of the experimental setup for spin pumping measurements of Py/Pt bilayer. (b) Field-dependent voltage for a Py(6 nm)/Pt(3 nm) bilayer stripe with 8.5 GHz microwave irradiation, where the magnetic field is applied along the y-direction. The black symbols represent the experimental data, and the red lines are the Lorentz line fittings. The inset presents the zoomed-in feature near zero magnetic field. 2△V0 denotes the difference of the voltage background for the positive and negative fields. (c) Microwave frequency f dependent resonance field Hr. Black circles are the experimental data, and the red line is the fitting with Kittel equation. (d) Microwave input power dependent Vr (black hexagon, left scale) and △V0 (red triangle, right scale). The lines are linear fittings.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/ddf6716071faa41eb5e55e19f5e780c7.jpg)
Fig. 2 (a) R-T curve of a Py(6 nm)/Pt(3 nm) bilayer near room temperature, with a slope of 7.12(±0.02) Ω/K. R300K = 8.86 kΩ. (b) Magnetic field-dependent voltages with dc current +I0 (+0.9 mA, red curve) and −I0 (−0.9 mA, black curve) for the Py/Pt sample, respectively. (c) The resistance difference △R of the Py/Pt bilayer between microwave on and off states. (d) Linear relation between the thermoelectric ground △V0 and the resistance difference background △Rb. (e) Magnetic field dependent △R for different α. The curves are shifted for clarity. (f) Magnetic field-dependent S21 parameter data for a “7 mm×7 mm” Py(6 nm)/Pt(3 nm) film.

 Quantitative Estimation of Thermoelectric Contributions in Spin Pumping Signals through microwave photoresistance measurements

Dynamical spin injection based on ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) has been intensively investigated owing to its simple structure with variable applications [1]. When the FMR is excited in ferromagnetic-metal (FM)/nonmagnetic-metal (NM) bilayer thin films, the spin current flows from the FM layer into the NM layer. Although the mechanism of the dynamical spin injection is mainly explained by spin pumping, FMR-heating could be a possible reason for the dynamical spin injection [2]. To investigate the dominant contribution for the dynamical spin injection, we measured the temperature dependence of the inverse spin Hall signal in a CoFeB/Pt/CoFeB trilayer structure. Fig.1 shows the schematic illustration of the measurement system. Here, the bottom Cu layer acts as the coplanar wave guide for genrating a high frequency magnetic field, resulting in the efficient excitation of the FMR of the trilayer structure. In addition, since the Cu layer with sufficiently low electrical resistivity is directly connected to the trilayer, we are able to purely observe inverse spin Hall signal in the Pt due to the dynamical spin injection with eliminate the spurious signals such as the rectified anisotropic magnetoresistance and anomalous Nernst effects.[3] The observed inverse spin Hall signals at room temperature (297K) and low temperature(77K) are shown in Fig.2. It should be emphasized that the sign of the inverse spin Hall signal at 77 K is opposite from that at 297 K. This can be explained by the change of the thermal gradient in CoFeB/Pt/CoFeB/Cu/Sub, indicating that the FMR heating is a dominant mechanism for the dynamical spin injection.

**References:**

 [1] Ryo Iguchi and Eiji Saitoh JPSJ 86. 011003(2017) [2] Kazuto Yamanoi et al, APL107, 182410(2017) [3] Sora Obinata et al. MMM Conference November2-6, 2020; virtual

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/d79919ae5885ad82e01d6c9b34e9c1d9.jpg)
Fig.1 Schematic illustration of measurement setup

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/ca05fe135bfea30d69485af5de5a3b04.jpg)
Fig.2 ISHE signals measured at 297K and 77K

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