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The spin to charge interconversion arising from spin-orbit effects is an important tool for spin manipulation. The charge current to spin current conversion has attracted lots of attention as it can be used to write information through the spin orbit torque. The reciprocal mechanism, the spin to charge conversion, has also been found to be essential, in particular as it enables the reading process of magneto-electric spin-orbit devices [1, 2].&lt;br/&gt;Whereas the efficiency of the interconversion is a crucial issue for applications, a consensus on the measured values seems to remain elusive, even for standard materials. The spin to charge interconversion can be for instance obtained by the Spin Hall Effect in platinum. The bulk contribution of platinum to the interconversion efficiency has been widely studied, and the interfacial contributions to the interconversion, such as the spin memory loss at the ferromagnet-platinum interface [3] and spin backflow [4], have been identified as key factors in the measurement of the spin to charge interconversion. These two contributions indeed decrease the amount of spin current flowing through the interface, possibly leading to a wrong estimation of the interconversion efficiency.&lt;br/&gt;Here, we will focus on the estimation of the interface resistance of the spin-orbit material/ferromagnetic interface, and of its exact role on spin to charge interconversion, showing that it has up to now been frequently wrongly overlooked.&lt;br/&gt;In this contribution, we measured electrically the inverse and direct spin to charge interconversion in ferromagnet/Pt nanostructures (Fig. 1) for different ferromagnetic materials. We find that the amplitude of the Spin Hall signal depends drastically on the magnetic material (CoFe, Co, or NiFe) used for the injection and the detection of the spin current. We show that the use of a conventional analysis, neglecting the interface resistance at the ferromagnet-Pt interface, gives effective spin Hall angle for Pt which are actually strongly dependent on the used ferromagnetic material. By using cross geometry measurement and finite element simulations, we succeeded in extract the interface resistance between Pt and the ferromagnetic materials. Using these resistance values, we show that in order to obtain a consistent spin to charge interconversion efficiency value in the different systems, an interfacial spin scattering asymmetry must be taken into account. This parameter, despite being frequently overlooked in spinorbitronics experiment, appears to be essential for a proper extraction of the spin to charge interconversion efficiency.&lt;br/&gt;Finally, it show that an important interface resistance can, contrarily with what could be expected, enhance the spin Hall signal in electrical measurements (Fig. 2). These results thus provide guidelines for the optimization of the optimization of the write and read processes using spin to charge interconversion in materials with strong spin orbit coupling.

**References:**

[1] S. Manipatruni et al. Nature Phys. 14, 338 (2018)&lt;br/&gt;[2] V. T. Pham, M. Cosset-Cheneau et al, arXiv:2011.12207 (2020)&lt;br/&gt;[3] J.-C. Rojas-Sanchez et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 106602 (2014)&lt;br/&gt;[4] W. Zhang et al, Nature Phys. 11, 496–502 (2015)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/6123e54e5e7c2ea0aa50c47e29d7ef35.jpg)
Sketches presenting the measurement using the ferromagnet (FM)/ spin-orbit coupling (SOC) nanostructure. The ferromagnetic electrodes allows to probe the spin accumulation and the charge-spin interconversion, and can reciprocally be used to inject a spin current in the SOC material to study the spin-charge interconversion. The studied SOC material is Pt.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/a874514a41b1600a02d21f56caa56179.jpg)
Evolution of the interconversion signal when changing the interface resistance RA. The parameter γ represents the amplitude of the spin scattering assymetry.

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 Role of the interfacial asymmetric spin scattering at ferromagnet-Pt interfaces

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The spin to charge interconversion arising from spin-orbit effects is an important tool for spin manipulation. The charge current to spin current conversion has attracted lots of attention as it can be used to write information through the spin orbit torque. The reciprocal mechanism, the spin to charge conversion, has also been found to be essential, in particular as it enables the reading process of magneto-electric spin-orbit devices [1, 2]. Whereas the efficiency of the interconversion is a crucial issue for applications, a consensus on the measured values seems to remain elusive, even for standard materials. The spin to charge interconversion can be for instance obtained by the Spin Hall Effect in platinum. The bulk contribution of platinum to the interconversion efficiency has been widely studied, and the interfacial contributions to the interconversion, such as the spin memory loss at the ferromagnet-platinum interface [3] and spin backflow [4], have been identified as key factors in the measurement of the spin to charge interconversion. These two contributions indeed decrease the amount of spin current flowing through the interface, possibly leading to a wrong estimation of the interconversion efficiency. Here, we will focus on the estimation of the interface resistance of the spin-orbit material/ferromagnetic interface, and of its exact role on spin to charge interconversion, showing that it has up to now been frequently wrongly overlooked. In this contribution, we measured electrically the inverse and direct spin to charge interconversion in ferromagnet/Pt nanostructures (Fig. 1) for different ferromagnetic materials. We find that the amplitude of the Spin Hall signal depends drastically on the magnetic material (CoFe, Co, or NiFe) used for the injection and the detection of the spin current. We show that the use of a conventional analysis, neglecting the interface resistance at the ferromagnet-Pt interface, gives effective spin Hall angle for Pt which are actually strongly dependent on the used ferromagnetic material. By using cross geometry measurement and finite element simulations, we succeeded in extract the interface resistance between Pt and the ferromagnetic materials. Using these resistance values, we show that in order to obtain a consistent spin to charge interconversion efficiency value in the different systems, an interfacial spin scattering asymmetry must be taken into account. This parameter, despite being frequently overlooked in spinorbitronics experiment, appears to be essential for a proper extraction of the spin to charge interconversion efficiency. Finally, it show that an important interface resistance can, contrarily with what could be expected, enhance the spin Hall signal in electrical measurements (Fig. 2). These results thus provide guidelines for the optimization of the optimization of the write and read processes using spin to charge interconversion in materials with strong spin orbit coupling.

**References:**

[1] S. Manipatruni et al. Nature Phys. 14, 338 (2018) [2] V. T. Pham, M. Cosset-Cheneau et al, arXiv:2011.12207 (2020) [3] J.-C. Rojas-Sanchez et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 106602 (2014) [4] W. Zhang et al, Nature Phys. 11, 496–502 (2015)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/6123e54e5e7c2ea0aa50c47e29d7ef35.jpg)
Sketches presenting the measurement using the ferromagnet (FM)/ spin-orbit coupling (SOC) nanostructure. The ferromagnetic electrodes allows to probe the spin accumulation and the charge-spin interconversion, and can reciprocally be used to inject a spin current in the SOC material to study the spin-charge interconversion. The studied SOC material is Pt.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/a874514a41b1600a02d21f56caa56179.jpg)
Evolution of the interconversion signal when changing the interface resistance RA. The parameter γ represents the amplitude of the spin scattering assymetry.

technical paper

Spin-orbit torques (SOTs) originated from the spin-orbit interactions in various types of materials systems and magnetic heterostructures have been shown to be an effective mechanism to manipulate and switch the magnetization in contemporary magnetic memory devices. When it comes to materials with sizable efficiency of generating spin current from charge current, 5d transition metals such as Pt [1], Ta [2], and W [3] are the representative candidates due to the sizable spin Hall effect (SHE). More recently, topological insulators (TIs) are reported to possess high SOT efficiency from spin momentum locking of the topologically-protected surface states (TSSs) [4]. Another family of emergent materials, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), have also gained lots of attention due to not only the strong SOC but also their unconventional SOT features from the lack of inversion symmetry. Particularly, for exfoliated WTe2, it is proposed to exhibit anomalous spin torques and extremely large damping-like (DL) SOT efficiency [5, 6]. However, most of the previously studied crystalline WTe2 are prepared by mechanical exfoliation, which limits their potentials for industrial application. It is therefore crucial to explore the possibilities of employing WTe2 layers prepared by conventional materials growth approaches, such as magnetron sputter deposition, to see their spin transport properties as compared to the exfoliated cases. In this work, we report the DL-SOT efficiencies from both stoichiometric WTe2 and co-sputtered W100-xTex-based magnetic heterostructures prepared by high vacuum sputter depositions. Both series of deposited multilayer stacks are amorphous. We first quantify the damping constant of WTe2/CoFeB devices with in-plane magnetic anisotropy (IMA) through ST-FMR measurements, from which the damping constant is determined to be αWTe2/CoFeB=0.009±0.001, smaller than those obtained from control samples with classical spin Hall transition metals, namely Pt/CoFeB (αPt/CoFeB=0.033±0.003) and W/CoFeB (αW/CoFeB=0.014±0.002). The largest DL-SOT efficiency from the stoichiometric WTe2/CoTb devices with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) is further estimated to be ξDLWTe2∼0.20 by current-induced hysteresis loop shift measurement, which are greater than those of the W-based control sample (ξDLW∼-0.04). To give further evidence of the sizable DL-SOT efficiency in WTe2, we perform the current-induced magnetization switching measurement from WTe2/CoTb devices. As shown in Fig. 1, the switching polarities depend on the applied Hx, which is consistent with the SOT-driven switching mechanism. More importantly, the critical switching current density Jc of WTe2/CoTb structure is further demonstrated to be Jc∼7.05×109 (A/m2), which is much lower than those from the 5d transition metal-based heterostructures (Jc∼1011 A/m2). Note that this value is of the same order as the exfoliated 80 nm-thick-WTe2 case reported by Shi. S et al. (Jc∼3×109 A/m2) [6]. All of the advantages mentioned above indicate that the amorphous sputtered WTe2 is a competitive SOT source in the emergent chalcogenide materials category. To explore the possible origins of SOT in the amorphous WTe2 heterostructures, we turn to compare the stoichiometric WTe2 with co-sputtered W82Te18 samples. Fig. 2 shows the SOC layer thickness dependence of │ξDL│ from both type of samples. For the co-sputtered case, the thickness dependence of efficiency can be well fitted by the spin diffusion model, which suggests that the SOC within W82Te18 is of bulk origin (such as the SHE). In contrast, for WTe2, │ξDLWTe2│ decays with increasing the stoichiometric layer thickness, which indicates the possible existence of interfacial contributions of SOC besides the bulk effect. We speculate that interfacial effects could play crucial roles on the SOT generation in the Te-rich (stoichiometric) regime, even if the TMD layer is amorphous. Further studies are required to elucidate the SOC and SOT generation mechanisms in these amorphous TMD systems. Lastly, we turn our focus on the electrical transport properties of amorphous WTe2. Most of the previous works claimed that the textured WTe2 is one kind of Weyl semimetal, while our sample is predominately amorphous and therefore should not fall into this category. To get insight into the electron transport behavior behind, we investigate the temperature dependence of resistivity from the amorphous WTe2. The amorphous WTe2 is inclined to behave as semiconductor rather than metal or semimetal. Within the absence of periodic lattices and band structure, the hopping mechanism such as the small polaron hopping (SPH) model is more suitable to describe the phenomenon [7]. In high temperature regime (323-423K), the resistivity of WTe2 can be well fitted by the SPH model, which indicates that thermally-activated hopping polarons from electron-lattice interaction dominate the transport mechanism behind, and therefore suggests that the sputtered amorphous WTe2 is semiconducting with hopping transport property.

**References:**

[1] I. M. Miron, K. Garello, G. Gaudin, Nature, Vol. 476, p.189-193 (2011) [2] L. Liu, C.-F. Pai, Y. Li, Science, Vol. 336, p.555 (2012) [3] C.-F. Pai, L. Liu, Y. Li, H. W. Tseng, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 101, 122404 (2012) [4] A. R. Mellnik, J. S. Lee, A. Richardella, Nature, Vol. 511, p.449-451 (2014) [5] D. MacNeill, G. M. Stiehl, M. H. D. Guimaraes, Nat. Phys., Vol. 13, p.300-305 (2017) [6] S. Shi, S. Liang, Z. Zhu, K. Cai, Nat. Nanotechnol., Vol. 14, p.945-949 (2019) [7] N. F. Mott, E. A. Davis, Clarendon press: Oxford (1979)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/91639aef8ebe4f7aaa5df27345844586.jpg)
Current-induced magnetization switching from a WTe2(10)/CoTb(6)/Ta(2) device with applied bias fields Hx=±900 Oe.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/aa865ea0cb95c12b66c607866970e5df.jpg)
Buffer layer thickness dependence of │ξDL│ for W82Te18-based and WTe2-based devices. The blue dashed line represents the fitting of the │ξDL(tW82Te18)│ data to a spin diffusion model with spin diffusion length λsW82Te18∼4.1nm.

 Efficient Spin-Orbit Torque Generation in Semiconducting WTe2 with Hopping Transport

The spin current generated from the spin Hall effect of the heavy metal layer can exert spin orbit torques (SOTs) on the adjacent ferromagnetic layer and further produce current-induced SOT-driven magnetization switching. However, for the ferromagnetic layer with in-plane magnetic anisotropy (IMA), probing such switching phenomenon typically relies on tunneling magnetoresistance of three-terminal devices[1-3], differential planar Hall resistance in Hall-bar devices[4], or Kerr effect imaging approach[5]. In this work, we provide a reliable and all-electrical scheme to characterize both the damping-like SOT (DL-SOT) and field-like SOT (FL-SOT) in micron-sized heterostructures with IMA. Firstly, for magnetic heterostructures containing heavy metals, there exist current-induced in-plane spin Hall effective fields (Hyeff) and unidirectional magnetoresistance (UMR) that will modify their anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) behavior (Fig.1). The electrical detection of SOT-driven magnetization switching (Fig.2 (b) and (d)) in W/CoFeB heterostructures is demonstrated by means of AMR measurement under such influences. Through switching measurements with various pulse widths, the effective DL-SOT efficiency (|ξDL| ≈ 0.32) can be extracted for Hall-bar devices with 2.0 nm ≤ tCo-Fe-B ≤ 3.5 nm, which is fairly consistent with the values for thin W layer obtained by other approaches[3, 6-8]. The effective FL-SOT efficiency ( (|ξFL| ≦ 0.05) ) can be obtained by AMR loops shift measurements and is found to be slightly enhanced by inserting a MgO layer on top of CoFeB. Moreover, we demonstrate that for a micro-sized device with a well-defined easy axis (along y-direction), as prepared from an 8-inch CMOS-compatible fabrication facility, the detection of SOT switching can also be achieved by the UMR readouts. Our studies suggest that this pump (DL-SOT) -probe (SHF-modified AMR or UMR) approach allows for characterizing key parameters of SOT switching from IMA heterostructures without lengthy device fabrication processes and complicated measurement protocols.

**References:**

[1] M. Cubukcu, O. Boulle, M. Drouard, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 104, 042406 (2014). [2] L. Liu, C.-F. Pai, Y. Li, et al., Science, Vol. 336, 555 (2012). [3] C.-F. Pai, L. Liu, Y. Li, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 101, 122404 (2012). [4] G. Mihajlović, O. Mosendz, L. Wan, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 109, 192404 (2016). [5] S. Shi, S. Liang, Z. Zhu, et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., Vol. 14, 945-949 (2019). [6] R. Bansal, G. Nirala, A. Kumar, et al., Spin, Vol. 08, 1850018 (2019). [7] Q. Hao, G. Xiao, Phys. Rev. Appl., Vol. 3, 034009 (2015). [8] S. Mondal, S. Choudhury, N. Jha, et al., Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 96, 054414 (2017).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/e2f0127374b5a84b126e71ea2a9a7422.jpg)
Fig. 1. Representative shifted AMR loops measured from a W(3)/CoFeB(1.8) sample with dc currents Idc = ±3mA.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/5edd50eccb0c9cfaf3b331791e9cd810.jpg)
Fig. 2. (a, c) Measurement sequence for the switching experiment and (b, d) current-induced SOT switching results of a W(3)/Co40Fe40B20(1.8) Hall-bar sample with opposite sense currents Isense = +1 mA and Isense = -1 mA.

 Detection of Spin-Orbit Torques for In-plane Magnetized Heterostructures by Utilizing Spin Hall Effective Field

We characterized the spin-orbit torques (SOTs), current-induced switching, domain wall (DW) motion and interfacial Dzyaloshinkii-Moriya interaction (DMI) in synthetic ferrimagnets consisting of Co/Tb layers with differing stacking order grown on a Pt underlayer. We find that the magnetotransport properties and magnetization switching of these systems are highly sensitive to the stacking order of the Co and Tb layers and to the element in contact with Pt. Our study shows that Tb is an efficient SOT generator when in contact with Co, and its position in the stack can be adjusted to generate torques additive to those generated by the Pt layer and the Pt/Co interface. With optimal stacking and layer thickness, the damping-like SOT efficiency (the effective spin Hall angle) reaches up to 0.3, well beyond that expected from the Pt/Co bilayer. Moreover, the magnetization can be easily switched by the injection of pulses with current density of about 107 A/cm2 despite the extremely high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy barrier (up to 3.5 T). Efficient switching is due to the combination of large SOTs and low saturation magnetization owing to the ferrimagnetic character of the multilayers. We observed current-driven DW motion in the absence of an external field, which is indicative of homochiral Néel-type DWs stabilized by the interfacial DMI. Characterization of the DMI in separate multilayers by Brillouin light scattering reveals that the position of the Tb layer plays a critical role also for the amplitude of the DMI. The largest DMI is obtained in layers where Co is sandwiched between Pt and Tb, similarly to the stack where large SOTs are observed. These results shows that the stacking order in transition metal/rare-earth synthetic ferrimagnets plays a major role in determining the magnetotransport properties relevant for spintronic applications.

**References:**

[1] Avci, C. O., Beach, G. S., & Gambardella, P. (2019). Effects of transition metal spacers on spin-orbit torques, spin Hall magnetoresistance, and magnetic anisotropy of Pt/Co bilayers. Physical Review B, 100(23), 235454. [2] Emori, S., Bauer, U., ... & Beach, G. S. (2013). Current-driven dynamics of chiral ferromagnetic domain walls. Nature materials, 12(7), 611-616. [3] Avci, C. O., Rosenberg, E., ... & Beach, G. S. (2019). Interface-driven chiral magnetism and current-driven domain walls in insulating magnetic garnets. Nature nanotechnology, 14(6), 561-566. [4] Schulz, T., Lee, K., ... & Kläui, M. (2017). Effective field analysis using the full angular spin-orbit torque magnetometry dependence. Physical Review B, 95(22), 224409.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/6759ad30b5323331401a6b71f9f99ed8.jpg)
Fig.1 Room-temperaure Hall resistance with an out-of-plane field sweep in Pt(4)/Tb(t)[Co(0.5)/Tb(0.65)/Co(0.5)] and Pt(4)/[Co(0.5)/Tb(0.65)/Co(0.5)]/Tb(t) with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (numbers indicate thicknesses in nm).). The anomalous Hall effect (AHE) is positive and large in the Pt/[Co/Tb/Co]/Tb multilayers as opposed to the Pt/Tb/[Co/Tb/Co] multilayers where the AHE is negative and relatively small. This means that, i) at room temperature the total magnetization is dominated by the Co (Tb) sublattice for the layers with the Pt/Co (Pt/Tb) interface, i.e., the magnetization compensation temperature sits below (above) room temperature; ii) the Pt/Co interface has a significant contribution to the AHE as was recently evidenced in Ref. [1], which is presumably the reason for the large reported here. This set of data clearly shows the crucial role of the stacking order in the magnetic compensation as well as the AHE features, as is the case for the other magnetic properties.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/9fb689320a5467756841be47cdb990a2.jpg)
Fig.2 (a) Kerr image after the nucleation of a magnetic domain (white region). The red dotted line indicates the current line, whereas the blue one refers to the gold nucleation line. (b) Critical current density to depin the up-down and down-up DWs as a function of the out-of-plane magnetic field in Pt/[Co/Tb/Co]/Tb(1). The linear variation of jcr(Hz) shows that the current induces a DL-SOT that acts as an effective magnetic field along ±z, assisting or hindering the effect of Hz, which changes the depinning field Hdep [2,3]. (c) Change in depinning field ΔHd and rescaled damping-like effective field π/2×HDL versus current density for both DWs and magnetic states respectively, in Pt/[Co/Tb/Co]/Tb(1). The two measurements are in excellent agreement meaning that the DWs are of purely homochiral Néel- type [4].

 Engineering the Spin-Orbit Torques and Interfacial Dzyaloshinkii-Moriya interaction by stacking order in Tb/Co ferrimagnetic multilayers

The current induced spin-orbit-torque (SOT) [1-4] is the key physical parameter describing the generation of magnetization dynamics in bilayers composed by a heavy metal (HM) layer and a ferromagnetic (FM) layer. Such bilayers, especially when associated with a magnetic tunnel junction at the FM layer (then forming the so called 3-terminal device), are considered as promising elements to be applied in novel magnetic memories, microwave generators and even bio-inspired types of computing [1]. Therefore, the robust and accurate determination of the SOT in HM/FM bilayers is of high relevance for optimizing future applications. In HM/FM bilayers the SOT is mainly caused by the spin Hall effect (SHE) of the HM layer, by which a spin current is injected into the FM layer. 3-terminal devices with application as magnetic memories adopt mainly FM films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, while for sensor applications also the configuration with in-plane magnetic anisotropy is of interest. The determination and quantification of the SOT can be performed in both cases by different techniques. While in a 3-terminal device the magnetization dynamics of observed via the tunnel magnetoresistance effect, in HM/FM bilayers other methods can be employed, such as the SOT-ferromagnetic resonance (FMR), the harmonic Hall voltage measurement and the spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR). The SMR is a straightforward method when the FM layer is an insulator, while with metallic FM, in which the testing electric current in not confined in the HM layer only, it is accompanied by additional effects, such as the anisotropic magnetoresistance or the anomalous Nernst effect [5]. Therefore, it is important to analyse the measurement results by accurate models taking into account all aspects. The dominant theoretical approach for SHE-SOT is the drift-diffusion model considering spin accumulation at the interface between the FM and HM by introducing a spin mixing conductance. However, the agreement with experiments may be poor if spin dissipation at the interface (spin memory loss, spin dependent scattering, etc.) is disregarded [2]. In this paper we analyze transport measurements on FM/HM bilayers as a function of the HM thickness by employing a non-equilibrium thermodynamic approach to SHE-SOT [6] with the aim to reach a semi-quantitative agreement. The study was performed on HM/FM bilayers with HM=Pt (wedge 4-19nm), Ta (wedge 4-19nm), and FM=Fe60Co20B20 (2nm) prepared at Singulus Technologies AG. All samples were annealed for 2h at 310°C in a magnetic field of 1T in order to develop an in-plane magnetic anisotropy (y axis). For the transport measurements the films were patterned into µm-size Hall bars/crosses (along x axis) by optical lithography and ion beam etching with Ti/Au contact pads. Magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) and SMR measurements were performed following the protocol of [5], while SOT-FMR and harmonic Hall voltage measurements and analysis were based on references [3,4]. Fig.1 shows the comparison between MOKE loops and the SMR signal. The loop along the y axis is more rectangular and indicates the magnetic easy anisotropy axis. The SMR signal is much more pronounced with the field along the x axis, while it shows a small peak close to the coercivity when the field is along the y axis. With MOKE the anisotropy was determined and a dependence on HM thickness was observed. Fig.2 presents the summary of the SOT-FMR and harmonic Hall voltage measurements for HM/FM bilayers with different thickness of HM. FMR analysis enabled determination of effective magnetization and magnetization damping (α = 0.015 for Pt and 0.0075 for Ta), while anomalous Hall effect and harmonic Hall measurements resulted in SOT efficiencies dependence vs. HM thickness. While damping-like SOT efficiency for Ta reaches ξDL-Ta = -0.35 and ξDL-Pt = 0.15 for Pt, with high resistivity difference (ρTa &gt; 200 µΩcm and 24 &lt; ρPt &lt; 52 µΩcm) taken into account, the spin Hall conductivity for Pt of σSH-Pt = 2.9 (105 S/m) exceeds the one for Ta σSH-Ta = 1.7 (105 S/m) and is among the highest values reported [8]. The HM thickness dependence of the SMR is analyzed by considering both the finite conductance at the interface [7] (an approach valid for small thicknesses) and thermodynamic approach [6] (valid for larger thicknesses). The results are compared with the harmonic Hall voltage measurements the SOT and the SOT efficiency and discussed in relation to the key parameters as the spin Hall angle and the spin diffusion length. Acknowledgements: WS acknowledges National Science Centre Grant No. UMO-2015/17/D/ST3/00500, Poland. Microfabrication was performed at the Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology of AGH.

**References:**

[1] B. Dieny et al. Nature Electronics 3, 446 (2020) [2] A. Manchon et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 91, 035004 (2019) [3] M. H. Nguyen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 116, 126601 (2016) [4] C. F. Pai et al. Phys. Rev. B., 92, 064426 (2015) [5] Y.-T. Liu et al Phys. Rev. Applied 13, 044032 (2020) [6] H. Nakayama et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 206601 (2013) [7] V. Basso et al., J.Phys.D: Appl.Phys., 51, 214006 (2018) [8] L. Zhu et al. Phys. Rev. Applied 10, 031001 (2018)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/16c07a1ee87bd7446aea9196a14c3567.jpg)
Fig. 1. a) MOKE loop on Hall bar device with Pt thickness tPt=6.12 nm, under applied field parallel (black) or perpendicular (red) to the Hall bar. Inset1: Hall bar. Inset 2: variation of the MOKE loop’s coercive field with different Pt thickness. b) SMR measurement on the same tPt=6.12 nm device, with applied field parallel (darkgreen, lightgreen) and perpendicular (blue, red) to the Hall bar, with opposite electric current flows.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/0c428b9a17006ee2e71123e986a38c75.jpg)
Fig. 2. Magneto-transport measurement results of HM/FM bilayers: (a) SOT-FMR for tTa = 4.4 nm buffer with different excitation frequency (f) symmetric shape of the signal indicate dominance of the damping-like SOT, (b) f vs. in-plane magnetic field (H) for different HM with tHM ≈ 5 nm, fitting based on Kittel formula enables effective magnetization calculation, (c)-(d) damping-like SOT efficiency dependence on tHM.

 Spin Hall magnetoresistence and spin orbit torque efficiency in (Pt,Ta)/FeCoB bilayers

Spin current control has attracted increasing attention from the viewpoint of fundamental research and application owing to their attractive performances; zero Joule heating, nano scale devices, and expansion of dimension. As typical phenomena we investigated the spin Seebeck effect (SSE) and the spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) in the bilayer consisting of a magnetic insulator Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) and a heavy metal (Pt). Since the spin current is originated from the diffusion phenomenon, the signals, that is, spin Seebeck coefficient and MRxx of SMR, are generally small. Therefore, it is important to increase the efficiencies of spin current generation and propagation for practical use. We observed significant enhancement of SSE and SMR values by inserting 0.3nm or 0.6 nm layers of magnetic materials with different composition (Cr, Ni80Fe20, Co90Fe10, Fe50Co50, and Fe) at the YIG/Pt interface [1]. The SSE and SMR showed the mostly same dependences on the insertion layer composition and thickness as shown in Fig. 1, indicating that there is the common reason of SSE and SMR enhancement. To find the reason, we investigated the magnetism of Pt on the insertion layers and the insertion layers themselves. It is known that the magnetization is induced in the Pt layer when Pt contacts the ferromagnetic metals including Fe or Co. However, it has not been clarified whether Pt on the sub-nm-thick magnetic layer is magnetized. In order to investigate the Pt magnetic property, we carried out X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) at the BL39XU of SPring-8. The Pt thickness was decreased to 1 nm in order to emphasize the signal from Pt near the interface with the insertion layers. As a result, it was confirmed that there is merely negligible moment in Pt for all samples with and without insertion layers by XMCD. Next, we investigated the magnetism of the sub-nm insertion layers by generalized magneto-optical ellipsometry (GME). Although the magnetic materials with sub-nm thickness does not show magnetization at room temperature in general, there is the possibility that magnetization is induced when ultra-thin magnetic layer is deposited on the ferrimagnetic YIG. However, it is difficult to measure the magnetization of sub-nm insertion layers deposited on the YIG by using macroscopic measurement such as VSM or SQUID because the magnetization signal of the insertion layers is hidden by that of YIG. Compared to this, the surface magnetic information can be extracted by GME analysis. It was found that the magnetic insertion layers of 0.3 nm and 0.6 nm did not exhibit a measurable magnetization. On the contrary, when the thickness of insertion layers is increased to 1 nm, the magnetization becomes obvious and SSE and SMR were decreased. Taking it into consideration, the state of losing magnetic order in the insertion layers seems to increase the spin current propagation from YIG to Pt. In summary, the SSE and SMR was enhanced by the insertion of thin magnetic material layers, which did not result from a net interface magnetization in Pt and the insertion layers. On the contrary, the paramagnetic state is considered to have an important role to enhance the spin current related phenomena.

**References:**

[1] T. Niimura et al., Phys. Rev. B 102 094411 (2020).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/5d801144e5ba2cac759e99351e9a6aa2.jpg)
Spin Seebeck coefficient SSSE (a) and MRxx of SMR (b) for YIG/insertion layer/Pt where the insertion layer material is Cr, Ni80Fe20, Co90Fe10, Fe50Co50, or Fe.

 Spin Current Enhancement by Inserting Ultra-thin Magnetic Layer at Interface between YIG and Pt INVITED

While classical spintronics has traditionally relied on ferromagnetic metals as spin generators and spin detectors, a new approach called spin-orbitronics exploits the interplay between charge and spin currents enabled by the spin-orbit coupling in non-magnetic systems, in particular using the spin Hall effect. However, the interconversion efficiency of the direct and inverse spin Hall effect is a bulk property that rarely exceeds ten percent, and does not take advantage of interfacial and low-dimensional effects otherwise ubiquitous in spintronics. In this contribution, we report the observation of spin-to-charge current conversion in strained mercury telluride, using spin pumping experiments at room temperature. We show that a HgCdTe barrier can be used to protect the HgTe topological surface states, leading to high conversion rates, with inverse Edelstein lengths up to 2.0±0.5 nm. These measurements, associated with the temperature dependence of the resistivity, suggest that these high conversion rates are due to the spin momentum locking property of HgTe surface states [1]. We then focus on the SrTiO3 (STO)-based 2D electron system, presenting experiments performed on NiFe/Al/STO heterostructures. We investigate the nature of the spin-to-charge conversion through a combination of spin pumping, magnetotransport, spectroscopy and gating experiments, finding a very highly efficient spin-to-charge conversion, with inverse Edelstein lengths beyond 20 nm. More importantly, we demonstrate that the conversion rate can be tuned in amplitude and rate by a gate voltage. We then discuss the amplitude of the effect and its gate dependence on the basis of the electronic structure of the 2DES and highlight the importance of a long scattering time to achieve efficient spin-to-charge interconversion. Finally, we harness the electric-field-induced ferroelectric-like state of SrTiO3 to manipulate the spin–orbit properties of the two-dimensional electron gas. Using spin pumping techniques and a back-gate voltage (cf. figure), we efficiently convert spin currents into positive or negative charge currents, depending on the polarization direction [3]. This non-volatile effect opens the way to the electric-field control of spin currents and to ultralow-power spintronics, in which non-volatility would be provided by ferroelectricity rather than by ferromagnetism.

**References:**

[1] P. Noel et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 167201 (2018) [2] D. C. Vaz et al., Nature Materials 1-7 (2019) [3] P. Noël et al., Nature, 580(7804), 483-486 (2020)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/3c004d9b544e1474370e93e56b3a4a2b.jpg)
Left: Scheme of the spin-pumping technique. A rf field is used to induce magnetization precession in the NiFe layer. This leads to the injection of a pure spin current Js into the 2D electron gaz at the surface of STO. This spin current is then converted into a charge current Jc, which can be detected using a voltmeter. The back gate is used to pole the STO. Right: For a given spin current, the produced charge currrent depends in a non-volatile way of the gate voltage.

 Spin to charge conversion in the topological insulator HgTe and in STO-based two-dimensional electron gas INVITED

Spin currents generated by the spin Hall effect in e.g. heavy metals like tungsten (W) are interesting candidates for next generation information storage applications. The spin Hall effect has intrinsic and extrinsic contributions of which the latter can be controlled by adding impurities into the material. This enhances the spin Hall angle (SHA) θSH, which is the ratio of charge to spin current density [1]. When considering energy efficient spin current generation, it is necessary to also consider the spin Hall conductivity, which is the SHA divided by the charge resistivity. While W in its high resistive phase (β-W) has the highest spin Hall angle among pure heavy metals, it has a relatively low spin Hall conductivity (SHC). In contrast, α-W is a low resistivity phase with a low SHA but high SHC [2]. In this work, we investigated the changes in SHA and SHC in α-W with copper (Cu) impurities. We chose to measure the SHA with spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR), as it also provides information about the ferromagnetic effective damping αeff. The effective damping parameter is essential when optimizing the stack for energy efficient applications because it is inversely proportional to the critical switching current density. Multilayer stacks of Ti(2)|Fe(5)|Cu100-xWx(5)|Ti(10) were fabricated with the Cu100-xWx layers deposited via co-sputtering of Cu and W at different RF and DC-powers to obtain alloys of different concentrations. The ST-FMR measurements were carried out for 6 different frequencies (10-15 GHz) and at each frequency the field was swept from 0 to 5 kOe. The measured DC voltage contains a symmetric and anti-symmetric Lorentzian function, whose prefactors can be used to obtain the spin Hall angle. We found that the SHA increases with increasing W concentration until it reaches a maximum at around 60% W. The SHA changes from 0.054 ± 0.004 to 0.20 ± 0.02 , which corresponds to an enhancement of 270%. For the SHC, the trend is similar, with an increase of 120%. Results are shown in Fig 1 (a) and (b), respectively. As the resistivity also increases with impurity content, the SHC shows a smaller enhancement than the SHA. The large SHA at 60% W could be attributed to a high crystallinity as revealed by XRD measurements. As ST-FMR offers the determination of the effective damping, we can determine the ratio of αeff/θSH, which is proportional to the critical magnetization switching current density [3]. We find that it increases only slightly with increasing W concentration (Fig 2 (a)). At 60% W, αeff/θSH decreases by a factor of 4 as compared to pure W. The ratio of αeff/θSH almost follows the inverse of the SHA (Fig 2 (b)), suggesting that the change in damping affects the ratio less than changes in SHA. Our findings here reveal that the Cu40W60 alloy has excellent spin-orbit torque switching characteristics, allowing it to be utilized in energy-efficient spintronic devices.

**References:**

 [1] G.D.H. Wong et al., Scientific Reports., 10(1), p. 9631 (2020) [2] W.-B. Liao et al., physica status solidi (RRL) – Rapid Research Letters., Vol. 13(11), p. 1900408 (2019) [3] K.-S. Lee et al., Applied Physics Letters., Vol. 102(11), p. 112410 (2013)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/571fb38d111111037937e37f59f7b175.jpg)
Fig.1: (a) spin Hall angle and (b) spin Hall conductivity for different W concentration. Dashed lines serve as guide-to-the-eye.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/8b9d087e6e96d3344b780e708625e6c9.jpg)
Fig.2: (a) effective damping (b) ratio of effective damping and spin Hall angle, which gives information about the qualitative behaviour of the critical switching current for in-plane magnetization. Dashed lines serve as guide-to-the-eye.

 Spin Hall conductivity enhancement of tungsten by copper alloying

The spin Hall effect in heavy-metal thin films is routinely employed to convert charge currents into transverse spin currents and can be used to exert torque on adjacent ferromagnets. Conversely, the inverse spin Hall effect is frequently used to detect spin currents by charge currents in spintronic devices up to the terahertz frequency range. Numerous techniques to measure the spin Hall effect or its inverse were introduced, most of which require extensive sample preparation by multi-step lithography. To enable rapid screening of materials in terms of charge-to-spin conversion, suitable high-throughput methods for measuring the spin Hall angle are required. Here [1], we compare two lithography-free techniques, terahertz emission spectroscopy [2] and broadband ferromagnetic resonance [3], to standard harmonic Hall measurements [4] and theoretical predictions [5] using the binary-alloy series AuxPt1-x as benchmark system. Despite being highly complementary, we find that all three techniques yield a spin Hall angle with approximately the same x-dependence, which is also consistent with first-principles calculations. Quantitative discrepancies are discussed in terms of magnetization orientation and interfacial spin-memory loss.

**References:**

[1] M. Meinert, B. Gliniors, O. Gueckstock et al., Phys. Rev. Appl., Vol. 14, p.064011 (2020). [2] T. Seifert, S. Jaiswal, U. Martens et al., Nat. Photonics, Vol. 10, p.483 (2016). [3] A. J. Berger, E. R. J. Edwards, H. T. Nembach et al., Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 97, p.094407 (2018). [4] K. Fritz, S. Wimmer, H. Ebert et al., Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 98, p.094433 (2018). [5] M. Obstbaum, M. Decker, A. K. Greitner et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 117, p.167204 (2016).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/1f66821a3d8bd1f09e3567422892d41f.jpg)

 High-throughput techniques for measuring the spin Hall effect

Recently, it has been investigated that spin-orbit coupling at magnetic/nonmagnetic interface induces a spin-to-charge current conversion with different symmetry from the conventional inverse spin Hall effect (c-ISHE) [1,2]. Here, the orientation of spin current polarization can be manipulated by the direction of perpendicular magnetized material (figure) [3]. In this study, we investigate the magnetization-dependent inverse spin Hall effect (md-ISHE) in SiN(10 nm cap)/TbxCo100-x(19 nm)/Pt(1 nm)/YIG(167 nm)/SiO2 (substrate) devices due to spin Seebeck effect. We clearly observe voltage signals due to the c-ISHE and md-ISHE in our devices, which the md-ISHE polarity depends on the magnetization direction of the spin-converter layer. Moreover, the magnitude of induced charge current due to md-ISHE is observed to be almost insensitive for all TbxCo100−x samples, whereas the c-ISHE significantly depends on the composition ratio. This work was partially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (Grant No. 20K05307) from JSPS and the TokaiFoundation of Technology.

**References:**

[1] A. M. Humphries, T. Wang, E. R. J. Edwards, S. R. Allen, J. M. Shaw, H. T. Nembach, J. Q. Xiao, T. J. Silva, and X. Fan, Observation of spin-orbit effects with spin rotation symmetry, Nature Communications 8, 911 (2017). [2] S. C. Baek, V. P. Amin, Y.-W. Oh, G. Go, S.-J. Lee, G.-H. Lee, K.-J. Kim, M. D. Stiles, B.-G. Park, and K.-J. Lee, Spin currents and spin–orbit torques in ferromagnetic trilayers, Nature Materials 17, 509 (2018). [3] T. C. Chuang, D. Qu, S. Y. Huang, and S. F. Lee, Magnetization-dependent spin Hall effect in a perpendicular magnetized film, Phys. Rev. Research 2, 032053 (2020).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/a69fe25424a8a6b55c460a84860f73ee.jpg)
Figure (a) Schematic illustrations and results of (a) c-ISHE and (b) md-ISHE.

 Magnetization-dependent inverse spin Hall effect at perpendicular magnetized Tb-Co/Pt interface

Spintronic devices explore spin degree of freedom in addition to charge of an electron. The success of spin-based electronics devices depends on the injection, manipulation and detection of spin currents1. Recently, ferromagnet (FM) and heavy metal (HM) bilayer structures have received great interest due to its spin-charge interconversion. A pure spin current can be generated at the interface between FM/NM via spin pumping. In general, ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) technique is employed in spin pumping to generate pure spin currents through magnetization precession in FM layer which will be injected in to NM layer through the interface. The efficiency of the spin injection is quantitatively measured as spin-mixing conductance(g↓↑) which estimates the amount of spin current injected into the NM layer. The spin-mixing conductance depends on several parameters such as interface roughness, crystalline phase and quality of the NM layer2. The influence of crystalline phase3 and roughness4 on spin-mixing conductance have been investigated but the studies on the effect of crystallite size and quality of NM layer on g↓↑ are limited. In this work, we have investigated the effect of crystallite size of Tantalum on g↓↑ in Ta (18 nm)/Ni80Fe20 (16 nm) bilayers. The bilayer structures are deposited using magnetron sputtering technique. The crystallite size is varied by tuning the growth rate during sputtering deposition by varying the sputtering power from 60 to 120 watt as shown in figure1(a). Grazing incidence X-Ray diffraction (GI-XRD) technique is used to study the phase of Ta. The Ta films that are deposited at different deposition rates in our study have exhibited BCC (α-Ta) crystal structure as shown in figure 1(b). Crystallite size was calculated by Scherrer formula and observed that with growth rate crystallite size is improved up to 120 watts. The thickness and surface morphology of the Ta films were measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The measured average rms roughness for all samples is found to be below 0.6 nm. The Ta/Ni80Fe20 bilayer structures are fabricated to investigate the spin-pumping mechanism at the interface. The FMR technique is used for spin pumping in Ta/Ni80Fe20 in the range of 4 -16 GHz while sweeping magnetic field from 0 – 3000 Oe. From the FMR spectrum shown in figure 2(a) we obtained linewidth and resonance field to determine the change in damping parameter which in turn reveals the spin-mixing conductance. We have quantitatively estimated g↓↑ of our bilayer structure and observed that it is in the order of 1018 m-2. Interestingly, increase in the crystallite size of Ta in Ta/Ni80Fe20 bilayer film enhances the spin-mixing conductance as shown in the figure 2(b). It shows a better spin pumping at Ta/ Ni80Fe20 interface with larger crystallite size. Enhancement of g↓↑ with Ta crystallite size is potentially due to the less scattering in Ta layer thus reducing the spin-back flow.

**References:**

1. Fabian, J., Sarma, S. Das & Igor Zutic, Jaroslav Fabian, S. D. S. Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications. Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, (2004). 2. Tserkovnyak, Y., Brataas, A. & Bauer, G. E. W. Enhanced Gilbert Damping in Thin Ferromagnetic Films. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 4 (2002). 3. Kumar, A., Bansal, R., Chaudhary, S. & Muduli, P. K. Large spin current generation by the spin Hall effect in mixed crystalline phase Ta thin films. Phys. Rev. B 98, 1–6 (2018). 4. Pham, T. K. H. et al. Interface morphology effect on the spin mixing conductance of Pt/Fe3O4 bilayers. Sci. Rep. 8, 1–8 (2018).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/5310e316ff29d92a2283e7123b2ddfa0.jpg)
Figure.1: (a) Deposition rate vs Power, (b) X-ray diffraction of Ta at varied deposition rate.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/0bad8ec71162257913fa6146e434188e.jpg)
Figure.2: (a) Ferromagnetic response of Ta/Ni80Fe20 and reference Ni80Fe20 at 9 GHz, (b) spin-mixing conductance vs deposition rate of all bilayer structure

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Spin Hall conductivity enhancement of tungsten by copper alloying

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