France



Recently, permanent magnet machines have been widely used in various industrial fields, such as devices using permanent magnets having high coercive force and residual magnetic flux density due to the development of manufacturing technology. Machines rotating at high speed have the advantage of miniaturization and cost reduction through the application of a direct-drive system connected directly to the shaft of an electric device without using a gear system [1],[2]. In addition, it has the advantage of high device output and efficiency according to the power conversion device development. Owing to these advantages, they are used in various fields such as turbine generators, machine tools, and electric vehicle propulsion motors [3]. However, because the high-speed machine rotates at such high speed, the problem of damage and loss of the rotor caused by centrifugal force still exists. To prevent damage to the rotor owing to this problem, the scattering of permanent magnets is prevented through the sleeve, and the shaft uses materials with excellent mechanical rigidity [4]. However, depending on the shaft material, it has a significant influence on the electromagnetic and mechanical properties of high-speed devices.&lt;br/&gt;In this study, the design of high-speed permanent magnet synchronous generator with two different shaft Materials considering overhang effect and mechanical characteristics was performed. As for the shaft material, two materials were used: STS420J2, which has lower stiffness(740Mpa) than Inconel 718, but is cheaper and has paramagnetic properties, and Inconel 718, which is expensive but has excellent stiffness(1100Mpa) characteristics and is non-magnetic. Fig. 1 (a) shows the result of leakage magnetic flux analysis according to each shaft material. In the case of Inconel 718 material, the leakage magnetic flux hardly occurs due to the non-magnetic material. However, although STS420J2 has paramagnetic properties, it is deformed into ferromagnetic properties through heat treatment during rotor assembly, resulting in a large leakage magnetic flux. The leakage inductance increases due to the effect of the leakage magnetic flux, and the increase in reactance becomes a factor of the voltage drop as shown in Fig. 1 (b). Therefore, the result was obtained that the output of the generator decreased due to the voltage drop.&lt;br/&gt;It is important for high-speed machines to accurately predict the natural frequency mode of the rotating body during high-speed rotation. The critical speed is a phenomenon where the vacuum space rapidly increases because of resonance. This phenomenon is a direct cause of rotor damage, stator collision, noise, and bearing damage. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the critical rotor speed of a high-speed machine. The rotating body can be divided into rigid body and bending modes according to its shape, and the design should be accomplished while avoiding the bending mode frequency as much as possible. Therefore, in this study, the critical speed characteristics of the rotor were analyzed to check the resonant frequency range when the rotor designed for each material rotates at the rated speed (36,000 rpm). Resonant generation of critical speed is generally analyzed through Campbell diagram. The Campbell diagram shows the natural frequency change related to rotational speed with the rotational axis speed as the horizontal axis and the structure frequency as the vertical axis. Fig. 1 (c) is the result of the STS420J2 material, and Fig. 1 (d) is the Campbell diagram characteristics of the Inconel718 material. As a result of the characteristic analysis, the critical speed mode closest to the rated speed is the 3rd mode, and deformation occurs at approximately 41 873 rpm for STS420J2 and 52 106 rpm for Inconel 718. It was confirmed that there was no problem in the rotor design because both materials had no intersection of critical speed and bending mode when rotating at the rated speed. It can be seen that the critical speed of the rotor is formed higher as the rigidity of the Inconel 718 material is stronger.&lt;br/&gt;The rotor was manufactured using two materials, STS420J2 and Inconel 718, as shown in Fig. 2(b), based on the shape used for critical speed analysis, as shown in Fig. 2(a). In general, performance verification of electric machines are performed using a dynamo system or a Back-to-Back system. However, the generator designed and manufactured in this study has high rated speed and output power. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 2(c), the back-to-back system was configured using a high-speed motor, and the generator was evaluated through commercial inverter control. The design, analysis results, and measurements of the high-speed synchronous generators will be presented in more detail in the final paper.

**References:**

[1] H. Qiu, B. Tang, W. Yu, S. Yuan, J. Wu, C. Yang, and G. Cui, “Analysis of the super high-speed permanent magnet generator under unbalanced load condition”, IET Electr. Power Appl., vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1492-1498, 2017.&lt;br/&gt;[2] Y. Zhang, S. McLoone, W. Cao, F. Qiu and C. Gerada, “Power Loss and Thermal Analysis of a MW High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine”, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 1468-1478, 2017.&lt;br/&gt;[3] X. Jannot, J. C. Vannier, C. Marchand, M. Gabsi, J. S. Michel, and D. Sadarnac, “Multiphysic Modeling of a High-Speed Interior PermanentMagnet Synchronous Machine for a Multiobjective Optimal Design”, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 457-467, Jun. 2011.&lt;br/&gt;[4] K. H. Shin, T. K. Bang, H. W. Cho, J. Y. Choi, “Design and Analysis of High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator With Rotor Structure Considering Electromechanical Characteristics”, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 30, no. 4, Art. no. 5204305, 2020.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/24b6eadd6d0f7ec1f90a2870f683033b.jpg)
Fig. 1. (a) Leakage flux according to shaft material (b) Voltage characteristics at load according to shaft material (c) Campbell diagram: STS420J2 (d) Campbell diagram: Inconel 718.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/204d5d832cf3ce4e44d2187710234783.jpg)
Fig. 2. (a) Rotor shape of designed (b) rotor assembly (c) Test bed of high-speed permanent magnet synchronous generator.

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 Design of High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator with Two Different Shaft Materials Considering Overhang Effect and Mechanical Characteristics

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Recently, permanent magnet machines have been widely used in various industrial fields, such as devices using permanent magnets having high coercive force and residual magnetic flux density due to the development of manufacturing technology. Machines rotating at high speed have the advantage of miniaturization and cost reduction through the application of a direct-drive system connected directly to the shaft of an electric device without using a gear system [1],[2]. In addition, it has the advantage of high device output and efficiency according to the power conversion device development. Owing to these advantages, they are used in various fields such as turbine generators, machine tools, and electric vehicle propulsion motors [3]. However, because the high-speed machine rotates at such high speed, the problem of damage and loss of the rotor caused by centrifugal force still exists. To prevent damage to the rotor owing to this problem, the scattering of permanent magnets is prevented through the sleeve, and the shaft uses materials with excellent mechanical rigidity [4]. However, depending on the shaft material, it has a significant influence on the electromagnetic and mechanical properties of high-speed devices. In this study, the design of high-speed permanent magnet synchronous generator with two different shaft Materials considering overhang effect and mechanical characteristics was performed. As for the shaft material, two materials were used: STS420J2, which has lower stiffness(740Mpa) than Inconel 718, but is cheaper and has paramagnetic properties, and Inconel 718, which is expensive but has excellent stiffness(1100Mpa) characteristics and is non-magnetic. Fig. 1 (a) shows the result of leakage magnetic flux analysis according to each shaft material. In the case of Inconel 718 material, the leakage magnetic flux hardly occurs due to the non-magnetic material. However, although STS420J2 has paramagnetic properties, it is deformed into ferromagnetic properties through heat treatment during rotor assembly, resulting in a large leakage magnetic flux. The leakage inductance increases due to the effect of the leakage magnetic flux, and the increase in reactance becomes a factor of the voltage drop as shown in Fig. 1 (b). Therefore, the result was obtained that the output of the generator decreased due to the voltage drop. It is important for high-speed machines to accurately predict the natural frequency mode of the rotating body during high-speed rotation. The critical speed is a phenomenon where the vacuum space rapidly increases because of resonance. This phenomenon is a direct cause of rotor damage, stator collision, noise, and bearing damage. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the critical rotor speed of a high-speed machine. The rotating body can be divided into rigid body and bending modes according to its shape, and the design should be accomplished while avoiding the bending mode frequency as much as possible. Therefore, in this study, the critical speed characteristics of the rotor were analyzed to check the resonant frequency range when the rotor designed for each material rotates at the rated speed (36,000 rpm). Resonant generation of critical speed is generally analyzed through Campbell diagram. The Campbell diagram shows the natural frequency change related to rotational speed with the rotational axis speed as the horizontal axis and the structure frequency as the vertical axis. Fig. 1 (c) is the result of the STS420J2 material, and Fig. 1 (d) is the Campbell diagram characteristics of the Inconel718 material. As a result of the characteristic analysis, the critical speed mode closest to the rated speed is the 3rd mode, and deformation occurs at approximately 41 873 rpm for STS420J2 and 52 106 rpm for Inconel 718. It was confirmed that there was no problem in the rotor design because both materials had no intersection of critical speed and bending mode when rotating at the rated speed. It can be seen that the critical speed of the rotor is formed higher as the rigidity of the Inconel 718 material is stronger. The rotor was manufactured using two materials, STS420J2 and Inconel 718, as shown in Fig. 2(b), based on the shape used for critical speed analysis, as shown in Fig. 2(a). In general, performance verification of electric machines are performed using a dynamo system or a Back-to-Back system. However, the generator designed and manufactured in this study has high rated speed and output power. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 2(c), the back-to-back system was configured using a high-speed motor, and the generator was evaluated through commercial inverter control. The design, analysis results, and measurements of the high-speed synchronous generators will be presented in more detail in the final paper.

**References:**

[1] H. Qiu, B. Tang, W. Yu, S. Yuan, J. Wu, C. Yang, and G. Cui, “Analysis of the super high-speed permanent magnet generator under unbalanced load condition”, IET Electr. Power Appl., vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1492-1498, 2017. [2] Y. Zhang, S. McLoone, W. Cao, F. Qiu and C. Gerada, “Power Loss and Thermal Analysis of a MW High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine”, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 1468-1478, 2017. [3] X. Jannot, J. C. Vannier, C. Marchand, M. Gabsi, J. S. Michel, and D. Sadarnac, “Multiphysic Modeling of a High-Speed Interior PermanentMagnet Synchronous Machine for a Multiobjective Optimal Design”, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 457-467, Jun. 2011. [4] K. H. Shin, T. K. Bang, H. W. Cho, J. Y. Choi, “Design and Analysis of High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator With Rotor Structure Considering Electromechanical Characteristics”, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 30, no. 4, Art. no. 5204305, 2020.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/24b6eadd6d0f7ec1f90a2870f683033b.jpg)
Fig. 1. (a) Leakage flux according to shaft material (b) Voltage characteristics at load according to shaft material (c) Campbell diagram: STS420J2 (d) Campbell diagram: Inconel 718.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/204d5d832cf3ce4e44d2187710234783.jpg)
Fig. 2. (a) Rotor shape of designed (b) rotor assembly (c) Test bed of high-speed permanent magnet synchronous generator.

poster

Most mathematical torque models for the permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) are established based on neglecting the core reluctance. In order to analyze the torque of high power density PMSMs more effectively in the saturated state, this paper has considered the core reluctance in the torque analysis and a novel torque model is proposed to adapt magnetic saturation condition. It is demonstrated by simulation and experiment that the proposed torque model is closer to the actual torque. Index TermsTorque, permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs), core reluctance, high power density. I. Introduction Various torque analysis studies have been presented for permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). For instance, when the machine is gradually saturated, it is considered with the variation of dq-axis self-inductances depending on operating conditions [1] and the cross-magnetization phenomenon in the electrical machine has been subjected to detailed scrutiny [2]. In order to deal with saturation and cross-saturation, an extension of the d-q model is proposed in [3]. However, those studies have not analyzed the effect of core reluctance on magnet torque. With the saturation level in PMSMs is getting severer, this will cause the magnetic conductivity of the core to decrease rapidly, in this case, the core reluctance cannot be ignored. Although some literatures have analyzed the influence of core reluctance on the magnetic circuit, there is no specific analysis of the influence on magnet torque [4]. This paper has considered the core reluctance on the magnetic circuit and analyzed the influence of the core magnetic motive force (mmf) generated by the core reluctance on the magnet torque, then a novel magnet torque model is proposed to adapt magnetic saturation condition. Finally, the validity of the proposed torque model is verified by experiment and simulation. II. Analysis of Magnet Torque A. Neglecting the Core Reluctance In the conventional analysis of magnet torque, core reluctance can often be made much smaller than that of the air gap, in this case, the reluctance of the core can be neglected, the dominant reluctance is that of the air gap. Therefore, the stator mmf Fs is equal to the air gap mmf Fsg provided by the stator and the rotor mmf Fr is equal to the air gap mmf Frg provided by the rotor. It can be known from the literature [5], the general expression for the magnet torque for the multi-pole non-salient-pole machines could be expressed as Te=-p(μ0πDl/2g)FsFrsinδsr (1) Where μ0 is the permeability of free space, p is the number of pole-pairs and g is the length of the air gap. D is the average diameter of the air gap; l is the axial length of the air gap and δsr is the angle between the mmf of the stator and the rotor. B. Considering the Core Reluctance When the machine is in the saturated state, this will cause the magnetic conductivity of the core to decrease rapidly, the core reluctance should be considered. In this case, the mmf includes the air gap mmf and the core mmf, the expression (1) could be rewritten as Te′=-p(μ0πDl/2g)(Fs-Fst)(Fr-Frt)sinδsr (2) Then, through a series of simplification, (2) could be expressed as Te′=Te(Fgd/(Fgd+Ftd))2 (3) Where Fg is the resultant air gap mmf and Ft is the resultant core mmf. Fgd and Ftd are the d-axis components of the Fg and Ft respectively. Further detailed derivation formula and calculation method will be reported in the full paper. III. Simulation and Experiment In order to verify the analysis, a 350kW high power density interior PMSM is studied as an example. The conventional id=0 control strategy is applied to eliminate the influence of reluctance torque. The air gap magnetic field intensity Hgd and the magnetic field intensity of stator teeth Htd in the d-axis direction are obtained by finite element software. The magnetic field intensity of the machine is illustrated in Fig. 1. Because most of the core mmf is in the stator teeth, the yoke mmf is ignored. Fgd=Hgd*g, Ftd=Htd*lt and lt is the calculated length of the magnetic circuit of the stator teeth. Then a 350kW high power density interior PMSM has been prototyped and tested for validation. As shown in Fig. 2, through comparison, the magnet torque Te obtained by conventional calculation has large error. The magnet torque Te` obtained by the modified torque model is very close to the actual torque and simulation torque, which verifies the validity of the torque analysis proposed in this paper.

**References:**

 [1] G. H. Kang, J. P. Hong, G. T. Kim, and J. W. Park, “Improved parameter modeling of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor based on finite element analysis,” IEEE Trans. Mag., vol. 36, pp. 1867–1870, July 2000. [2] E. Levi and V. A. Levi, “Impact of dynamic cross-saturation on accuracy of saturated synchronous machine models,” IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 15, pp. 224–230, June 2000. [3] Stumberger, B.; Stumberger, G.; Dolinar, D.; Hamler, A.; Trlep, M.; “Evaluation of saturation and cross-magnetization effects in interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol.39, no.5, pp. 1264- 1271, Sept.-Oct. 2003 [4] Gabriel Forstner, Andreas Kugi, Wolfgang Kemmetmüller, “A Magnetic Equivalent Circuit Based Modeling Framework for Electric Motors Applied to a PMSM With Winding Short Circuit,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 12285–12295, Nov. 2020. [5] S. D. Umans, Fitzgeral & Kingslye’s Electric Machinery. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, Jan. 2013.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/f74ac5e1ba446481d7b22ba84c9cfaa7.jpg)
Fig. 1. The machine model and magnetic field intensity distribution.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/406d776507913d6aec801ff83098cd76.jpg)
Fig. 2. Comparison of the torque.

 Torque Analysis of High Power Density Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines by Considering Core Reluctance

1. Introduction Ultra-high-speed (UHS) surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM) is widely used for driving air compressor [1]. The electromagnetic losses generated by the UHS SPMSM inculde iron loss, copper loss, rotor eddy current loss, and etc. Especially, the UHS SPMSM can be have large stator iron loss and rotor eddy current loss due to its high rotational speed [2]. The stator iron loss is related to the magnetic properties of the stator iron core, and the rotor eddy current loss is related to the electrical properties of the rotor sleeve and permanent magnet (PM). In addition, the magnitude of these losses can be influenced by the armature magnetomotive force (MMF), which is the product of the number of turns and current. Accordingly, in order to determine the armature MMF, it is necessary to determine the appropriate number of turns and current magnitude in the motor design process. Since the magnetic flux density of stator iron core is different according to the armature MMF, the nonlinearity of the stator iron core must be considered in the motor design process. The contribution of this research is to propose the kriging surrogate model-based design process of UHS SPMSM considering stator iron loss and rotor eddy current loss. In the proposed design process, the nonlinearity of the stator iron loss and rotor eddy current loss according to the magnetic saturation is considered through the kriging surrogate model. The kriging surrogate model is suitable for use in electric motor design because it has high predicitive ability for reponses with nonlinear charateristics [3]. For the verification, a prototype is fabricated and the experiments wiil be conducted. 2. Kriging surrogate model-based design process Using the constructed kriging surrogate models, the motor is designed through the motor design process shown in Fig. 1. The kriging surrogate model-based design process is divided into two stages: size determination and loss minimization. In both stages, optimization techniques are applied. First, the optimization problem is defined to minimize the objective function while satisfying the constraints. Next, the design of experiments for the selected design variables is performed, and a kriging surrogate model is created. Finally, the kriging surrogate models are used to determine the optimal model that satisfies the objective function and constraints. As a result, the model designed using the kriging surrogate model improves as follow compared to the model designed using the conventional design methodology: 1.4% reduction in stator outer diameter, 11.8% reduction in stack length, and 6.4% reduction in total losses. A. Size Determination The radial dimension of the rotor is determined in consideration of the mechanical stiffness and air gap magnetic flux density. Optimization technique is applied in the size determination. The objective function is set to minimize the stack length, and the constraints are defined considering the electrical specificatons. The tooth width, yoke thickness, and the number of turns are selected as design variables. Then, the respones to be predicted by the kriging surrogate models are the stator outer diameter, stack length and line to line voltage. When kriging surrogate models are used in the motor design process, the tendency according to design variables and the nonlinearity of the core can be considered. In particular, when the current is the same, the change in the armature MMF according to the number of turns affects the magnetic flux density of the stator core. Since saturation of core is an important parameter in determining the motor size, it is considered by using the kriging surrogate model. B. Loss Minimization In this paragraph, the loss of the motor is minimized by changing the stator shape. The considered losses are iron loss, rotor eddy current loss, alternation current (AC) copper loss, and windage loss. As mentioned in section 2. A, optimization technique is applied to minimize motor losses. UHS SPMSM is designed through the kriging surrogate model for losses because the ratio of the stator core loss and the rotor eddy current loss due to the high rotational speed is large. Another major loss to consider in UHS SPMSMs is AC copper loss. As mentioned in section 1, since the frequency of the input current is large in the UHS SPMSM, the AC copper loss is also large, which is considered through kriging surrogate model. The windage loss generated in the air gap and increases with increasing rotational speed. The windage loss is also considered through the kriging surrogate model. The constraints for motor loss minimization are electrical specifications and target torque. Design variables are selected as tooth tip and slot open. Using the kriging surrogate model, the optimal model is obtained that minimizes motor loss while satisfying the constraints. 3. Result and Conclusion In this paper, a kriging surrogate model-based design process is proposed. Through the process, a motor that satisfies the required motor size and specifications is determined. As a result, the model designed using the kriging surrogate model reduced the stator iron loss by 7.6% and the rotor eddy current loss by 24.9% compared to the model designed using the conventional design methodology. As shown in Fig. 2, a prototype of the designed model is fabricated. Through the test, the validity of the designed model will be verified.

**References:**

[1] Z.Zhang, Z. Deng,and Q. Sun, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics., Vol. 55, p.1-11 (2019) [2] F. Zhou, J. Shen, and W. Fei, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics., Vol. 42, p. 3398-3400 (2006) [3] S. Kim, S.-Y. Lee, and J.-M. Kim, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion., Vol. 35, p.2056-2065 (2020)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/e8038cd4fa9f73262d8420feee425528.jpg)
Fig. 1 Proposed kriging surrogate model-based design process

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/5df0db304ff9b96b9765d9cb3af52f65.jpg)
Fig. 2. Experimental setup for no-load test of prototype

 Kriging Surrogate Model-Based Design of Ultra-High-Speed Surface-mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Considering Stator Iron Loss and Rotor Eddy Current Loss

Comparing with the radial flux permanent magnet (RFPM) motor, axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) motor has higher power density, higher torque density. Especially, if the AFPM motor is designed to work at a high speed, its size will be further reduced, leading to a more compact size and a significant volume saving. In addition, the AFPM motor has a superior cooling structure. The above features will boost the application of the high speed AFPM in many potential fields, such as flywheel energy storage system, man-portable power platforms, turbo-compressors, and machining spindles, and so forth [1-3]. A 3,2000r/min, 200W AFPM generator with a slotless stator core and toroidal coils was reported in literature [4]. Literature [5] designed a single-sided AFPM machine with 100W shaft output power at 50,000r/min, and stator core is slotless and made of powder composite material. Literature [6] developed a 15kW, 25,000 r/min AFPM motor, the stator core is slotted and used amorphous alloy. A 30kW, 16,000 r/min AFPM motor has been developed for the flywheel in which a slotted stator core and distributed winding are applied [7]. A 30kW, 30,000 r/min AFPM generator having 2 stators and 3 rotors was propounded [8]. It can be found that, in low power field such as hundreds of watts, high speed AFPM machines generally apply the slotless stator. Because the stator windings occupy the air gap, which leads to a wider air gap, then the air gap flux density is low, whereupon, the power can not be designed very large. However, for kilowatt power level field, a slotted stator is necessary. Moreover, the power can be further increased by the combination of multi-layer stator and rotor. It is well known that the slotless stator core also can eliminate the cogging torque. However, slotted stator will increase ripple torque. Relative to the AFPM motor with slotless stator, how much the motor power and the torque ripple can increase for the one with the slotted stator. It is an interesting, challenging question. However, rare researches about this are reported. Therefore, first, the paper will solve the electromagnetic field of the AFPM motor analytically. Then, electromagnetic torque will be obtained by Maxwell stress tensor method (MSTM). Thirdly, an example will be carried out for the cases in which both slotless and slotted stators are considered. Finally, results of torque comparison will be given and discussed. The analytical solution is verified by 3D finite element method (FEM) and experiment data.

**References:**

[1]S. Neethu, S. P. Nikam and S. Pal, et al. IEEE T Ind Electron.,vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 5269-5277 (2020) [2]M. G. Kesgin, P Han and N. Taran, et al. in Proc. Conf. (ICRERA), pp. 1026-1031 (2019). [3]WJ Cheng, ZK Deng and L Xiao, et al. Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 2019, pp. 1469637 (2019) [4]S. Kumar, T. A. Lipo and B. I. Kwon, et al. IEEE Trans. Magn.,vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 8205004 (2016) [5]L Zheng, TX Wu, K. B. Sundaram, et al. IEEE International Conference on Electric Machines and Drives (2005) [6]WM Tong, YP Ci. Electric Machines and Control, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 68-76 (2016) [7]F. Sahin, A. M. Tuckey, and A. Vandenput. IEEE Industry Applications Conference (2001) [8]M. Sadeghierad, H. Lesani, and H. Monsef, et al. Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 1915-1921 (2009)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/fe375fb5c114165cee876cb4fa8e68a2.jpg)
Models of AFPM motor with slotless/slotted stator

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/17da96cf6decd8e991766ea2e804eb58.jpg)
Comparsion of results from analytical model and FE model

 Torque Comparison between Slotless and Slotted Ultra-high Speed AFPM Motors

I. Introduction The electro-hydrostatic actuators (EHA) are very attractive for the More-Electric Aircraft (MEA) due to its excellent performance such as safety, reliability, weight and cost [1]. Because of the advantages of high torque density, high efficiency, the permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) can be used for the EHA [2]. When the PMSM is running at high speed, the torque ripple will cause the vibration and noise of the EHA, and the machine magnetic field will produce a lot of eddy current loss in the rotor [3]. Excessive eddy current loss of permanent magnet will lead to irreversible demagnetization at high temperature. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the torque ripple and rotor eddy current loss of high-speed PMSM for EHA applications. II. Main Body The high-speed PMSM consists of the stator, rotor, and enclosure. The structural diagram of the high-speed PMSM is shown in Fig. 1. The stator has the iron core and three phase windings, and the rotor has the stainless steel retaining sleeve, magnets, and the shaft. The rated power of the high-speed PMSM is 4 kW, and the rated speed is 18000 r/min. Fig. 2 shows the stator core losses and rotor eddy current losses density distribution at different stator slot openings of the high-speed PMSM, where the Bs0 is the width of stator slot openings.. The current I is 15.5 A, and the frequency is 600 Hz. The stator core losses of the closed slot are 118.35 W, Bs0 = 2 mm are 116.54 W. It can be found that the rotor eddy current losses are focus on the retaining sleeve and magnets. The rotor eddy current losses of the closed slot are 2.43 W, Bs0 = 2 mm are 18.64 W. The rotor eddy current losses are the minimum when the stator slot openings selected as the close slot. The cause is the larger the slot opening is, the severer the permeance variation, and the more significant the rotor eddy current losses. The torque waveforms of different stator slot openings are studied. It shows that the average torque of the Bs0 = 2 mm is 2.5 Nm, and the closed slots is 2.494 Nm, which is almost the same. The torque ripple of the Bs0 = 2 mm is 15.38%, the Bs0 = 0 is 6.56%. The torque ripple of the closed slots is almost decreasing 60% than that of the stator slot openings is 2 mm. The EMF waveforms also measured and compared with the FEA, which agrees well with the results of the FEA. The torque ripple are measured by a digital torque meter, the measured results are also agrees well with the results of the FEA. III. Conclusion This paper has analyzed the stator slot openings width for the reduction of torque ripple and rotor eddy current losses in a high-speed PMSM for the electro-hydrostatic actuator applications. It is demonstrated that when the stator slot openings selected as the closed slot, the torque ripple and rotor eddy current losses can be extremely reduced. Finally, the prototype machine with the closed slots is fabricated and experimented.

**References:**

[1] A. Trentin, P. Zanchetta, P. Wheeler, J. Clare, “Power flow analysis in electro-mechanical actuators for civil aircraft,” IET Electr Power Appl., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 48-58, 2011. [2] Wenping Cao, Barrie C. Mecrow, et al. “Overview of Electric Motor Technologies Used for More Electric Aircraft (MEA),” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 3523-3531, Sep. 2012. [3] D. Gerada, A. Mebarki, N. L. Brown, C. Gerada, A. Cavagnino, and A. Boglietti, “High-speed electrical machines: Technologies, trends, and developments,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 2946-2959, Jun. 2014.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/89ce574a6607a23ca7f3b5a72c11a071.jpg)

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/6c78447899fe9fc221d44bbc7606e6a9.jpg)

 Reduction of Torque Ripple and Rotor Eddy Current Losses by Closed Slots Design in a High-speed PMSM for EHA Applications

1 Introduction Compared with ordinary motors, high-speed permanent-magnet synchronous motors (HPMSMs)[1] have obvious advantages [2]. However, under the collective influence of temperature, armature reaction and other factors, a serious temperature rise in the inner components of the motor will cause demagnetization of the permanent magnet [3]. The problems of achieving the global optimization of the motor structure parameters include the selection of a global optimization algorithm and the establishment of a fast calculation model. The bat algorithm [4] is a new heuristic algorithm. Quantum evolutionary computation [5] makes full use of the theory of quantum bits and superposition states in quantum computation. At present, the combination of quantum theory and intelligent algorithms has become a popular research method [6]. The quantum bat algorithm (QBA) [7] introduces the idea of quantum evolutionary computation into the bat algorithm and gives full play to its advantages. This algorithm is a very effective global optimization algorithm. In this paper, a regression modeling method based on a deep neural network (DNN) [8] for HPMSM structure optimization is employed. Through the network structure of the DNN multi hidden layer, the model accuracy is improved by learning the parameters layer by layer, and the calculation model of the HPMSM is established to provide high-precision and high-efficiency model support for global optimization. Based on the QBA with the DNN model, the structure parameters of the HPMSM are optimized to obtain the optimal combination to minimize the loss of the motor. The performance of the optimized HPMSM is verified by finite element simulation analysis and prototype experiments. 2 Quantum Bat Algorithm In the QBA, the probability amplitude of a qubit is directly used as the code of the current position of the bat. Considering the randomness of coding during population initialization, the coding scheme in Fig. 1(a) is adopted. The position of the bat changes according to a quantum revolving gate. Therefore, the update of the bat movement speed in the ordinary bat algorithm (BA) is converted to the update of the quantum revolving gate angle, and the update of the bat position is converted to the update of the qubit probability amplitude for the bat. Suppose that the optimal position searched by the whole population is Pg, then, the bat status update rules are as Fig. 1(b). 3 Deep Neural Network Model The DNN model is composed of multilayer adaptive nonlinear elements [16], and it continuously reduces the model prediction error by learning layer by layer. The structure of the DNN algorithm can be divided into a visual layer and hidden layer. The visual layer includes the input layer and the output layer. Its basic structure is shown in Fig. 1(c). The DNN adopted in this paper is a fully connected neural network, where each layer can be expressed as a weight W multiplied by a vector x and is composed of neurons, and the deviation quantity b is added. 4 Design Optimization of the HPMSM Fig. 1 (d) shows an HPMSM that has 18 slots and 2 inner rotor pole pairs. With the initial main design parameters, which take into account the limitation of the current density of the conductors in the stator slots, the magnitude of the ampere conductors of the total electric loading are obtained based on magnetic circuit computations; they are shown in Fig. 2(a). According to the constraint conditions of the structural parameters, a 5-factor 4-level variable scale is given, as shown in Fig. 2(b), and there are 1024 orthogonal combination modes in total. Since the temperature rise of the HPMSM is directly related to the loss of the motor, the loss under different structural parameters is used to build the sample library. To verify the accuracy of the DNN rapid calculation model established in this paper, sample points are randomly selected in the solution domain. The total loss and the output torque of the test samples simulated by the FEM and DNN model are predicted and compared. The difference between the DNN model and FEM simulation is calculated by η. The accuracy verification of the DNN model is shown in Fig. 2(c). To achieve better overall performance, the HPMSM is optimized through a single-objective problem. The output torque and total loss for different iteration numbers are shown in Fig. 2(d). The final design parameters after optimization are given in Fig. 2(e). When the HPMSM is working at the rated working point, as shown in Fig. 8, in which the rated speed is 100 krpm, and the output torque is 1.026 Nm, the efficiency can reach 96%. Within the speed range of 20 krpm to 120 krpm, the efficiency can be maintained at higher than 93%. 4 Conclusion This paper systematically studies the QBA optimization method combined with a DNN model for the structure optimization problem of HPMSMs. The DNN models for the objective functions of the loss and torque are proven to be accurate enough to replace the FEM simulation. Instead of calculating a FEM simulation for each particle, applying DNN models can shorten the working time of the optimization process. The QBA optimization algorithm has a faster convergence speed than the traditional PSO algorithm.

**References:**

[1] J. Ahn, C. Han, C. Kim, and J. Choi, "Rotor Design of High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Considering Rotor Magnet and Sleeve Materials," IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 1-4, 2018. [2] H. L. Shuhua Fang, Haitao Wang, Hui Yang, Heyun Lin, "High Power Density PMSM With Lightweight Structure and High-Performance Soft Magnetic Alloy Core," IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 1-5, 2019. [3]Y. C. J. Z. Y. F. Y. G. Y. Xia, "Multi-field coupling finite-element analysis of the temperature rise in permanent magnet synchronous motor applied for high speed train," presented at the 2016 19th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Chiba, Japan, 13-16 November, 2016, 16650589. [4]H. L. Y. L. Y. S. F. L. Y. Man, "A Hybrid Bat Algorithm for Economic Dispatch With Random Wind Power," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 5052 - 5061, 2018. [5]S. L. H. S. Y. P. N. J. Huang, "A Quantum-Inspired Evolutionary Algorithm for Multi-Objective Design," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1609 - 1612, 2013. [6]Y. L. S. Y. Z. Ren, "A Methodology Based on Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm for Topology Optimization of Electromagnetic Devices," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics vol. 55, no. 6, p. 7204004, 2019. [7]H. T. u. H. M. U. A. M. Z. Z. H. M. A. Faiz, "Economic load dispatch using novel bat algorithm with quantum and mechanical behaviour," presented at the 2017 International Symposium on Wireless Systems and Networks (ISWSN), Lahore, Pakistan, 19-22 November 2017, 2017. [8]Z. L. L. Bai, "Evaluating the supplier cooperative design ability using a novel support vector machine algorithm," presented at the 2008 12th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design, Xi'an, China, 16-18 April 2008, 2008.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/530f2a0e8f322bb38900f7705db033a1.jpg)
(a) Quantum Bat Algorithm. (b) The flow chart of the QBA. (c) Basic structure of the DNN. (d) Configuration and mechanical structure of the proposed machine.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/e9bb3518c740c68e8bc3479544bde2a0.jpg)
(a) Main Design Parameters (b) Structure Parameter Levels of the HPMSM (c)Accuracy verification of the model. (d)Output torque and total loss for different iteration numbers. (e) The optimized HPMSM

 Optimization of a High-Speed PMSM Based on the Quantum Evolutionary Bat Algorithm and Deep Neural Network

Recently, high-speed permanent magnet (PM) motors have high output and efficiency by using rare-earth PMs. However, rare earth magnets with such advantages have major environmental disadvantages, owing to the serious environmental pollution caused during the separation and purification of rare earth materials. In addition, rare earth magnets are highly dependent on rare earth production, which is likely to lead to a surge in rare earth values. From an industrial perspective, an increase in manufacturing costs owing to dependence on rare earth PMs is inevitable, which causes production disruptions. Therefore, research on the reduction of the amount of rare earth PMs used and rare earth PM alternatives are being actively pursued. For most high-speed motors, a lower frequency is advantageous from a control viewpoint. Accordingly, a two-pole cylindrical magnet rotor that has an advantage in terms of output is often used. Because this requires a large amount of magnet usage, in this study, research was conducted to reduce the number of magnets in the conventional high-speed motor. We applied a hollow rotor shaft to reduce the number of magnets used while maintaining the magnetic loading ratio of conventional high-speed motors. The reduction in motor power by reducing PM usage is complemented by the redesign process through the analytical method and finite element method (FEM). A manufacturing model based on the design results was then used to conduct the experimental verification. The model in this study is a high-speed motor with two poles, and in early design, we compare the characteristics of concentrated and distributed windings in a 6-slot stator. The electromagnetic properties were analyzed according to each winding method, and based on this, the MMF(magneto-motive fore) characteristics on a high-speed rotor were compared and analyzed. Then, comparative verification was performed by experimenting with a hollow-shaft rotor model with concentrated windings finally applied by comparing the electromagnetic and mechanical properties according to the type of rotor considering windings. Figure 1(a) shows the 3D structure of two different winding patterns, (b) shows the rotor shape 3D structure along the hollow shaft. Figure 1(c) shows the manufacturing model to which the hollow shaft and concentrated windings are applied. Fig. 2(a) shows the magnetic flux line according to the winding method of the 2 pole 6-slot model. It can be confirmed that the magnetic flux lines are different according to each model with a concentrated winding with a coil pitch of one and a distributed winding with a coil pitch of two. Accordingly, to analyze the winding method influence on the motor, an MMF analysis was first performed, and the mechanical properties were considered based on the results. The MMF analysis was performed as follows. When the air gap is uniform, the relative permeance is constant; therefore, the distribution of the magnetic flux density of the air gap has the same distribution as that of the MMF [3]. Therefore, MMF analysis was performed based on the magnetic flux density of the air gap owing to the armature reaction of the winding method. A space harmonic method, which is an analytical method, is used to derive the air gap magnetic flux density. The space harmonic method is an electromagnetic field analysis technique that obtains magnetic vector potential from the Maxwell equation, which was used to perform an MMF analysis according to the winding methods of a high-speed PM motor [4]. Fig. 2(b) shows the MMF analysis results of the analytical method and FEM. When comparing these two methods, the results obtained are found to be generally well matched, although there are slight harmonic differences. When a current of 15-Arms is applied in the distributed winding case and 25.5-Arms in the concentrated winding case, a similar MMF is observed. Fig. 2(c) shows the density distribution of electromagnetic losses. This result compares the electromagnetic losses generated in the rotor and stator when a hollow shaft is applied to the rotor. It was confirmed that the reduction in stator saturation owing to the reduction in the number of magnets decreased the core loss generated in the stator, and the current increase to match the same existing model output had a slight effect on the eddy current loss. Finally, Fig. 2(d) shows the line voltage according to the rotor shape under load conditions. As a result, it was confirmed that 3D analysis considering leakage through the hollow rotor shaft shape was most similar to the actual experimental results. This suggests the validity of the design results of a high-speed PM motor. Further discussion and results, including mechanical properties, are provided in the full paper.

**References:**

 [1] A. Damiano, A. Floris, G. Fois, I. Marongju, M. Porru, and A. Serpi, “Design of a High-Speed Ferrite-Based Brushless DC Machine for Electric Vehicles”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 4279-4287, Sep./Oct. 2017. [2] S. Musuroi, C. Sorandaru, M. Greconici, V.N. Olarescu, M. Weinman, “Low-cost ferrite permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance rotor an alternative for rare earth permanent synchronous motors”, Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2013- 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE, 10-13 Nov. 2013, Vienna, pp. 2966-2970. [3] Huilin Kang, Libing Zhou, Jin Wang, “Harmonic winding factors and MMF analysis for five-phase fractional-slot concentrated winding PMSM”, 2013 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 16 January 2014 [4] P. Virtic, M. Hadziselimovic, T. Marcic, B. Stumberger, "Torque analysis of an axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine by using analytical magnetic field calculation", IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 1036-1039, Mar. 2009.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/53e4f5f4e73feb3a9c70254c06e34acf.png)
Figure 1. 3D structure of (a) two different winding patterns, (b) two different rotors and (c) Manufacturing model of concentrated winding motor

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/a285ad692aa6179108fc21f93a86e7eb.png)
Figure 2 (a) Magnetic flux lines due to winding patterns and (b) MMF waveform comparison between analytical method and FEM, (c) The electromagnetic loss density distribution, (d) line voltage according to the rotor condition

 Experimental verification and analytical approach for Electromagnetic characteristics of a high-speed permanent magnet motor with two different rotors and winding patterns

This study deals with the electromagnetic loss analysis through the coupling analysis of the controller motor considering the SVPWM control of a high-speed permanent magnet motor for driving a centrifugal pump. High-speed mechanical systems are suitable for applications such as compressors, vacuum pumps, turbine generators, flywheel energy storage systems, drilling machine tools, and electric vehicle propulsion motors in various industries such as transportation, defense, energy, aviation, and general industry. They are being developed for many industrial applications. It is not an exaggeration to say that the proportion of high-speed motors in the modern industry is on the rise. High-speed motors are operated by a power conversion device and a controller, and owing to the development of power conversion elements, high-speed and high-power motors are becoming possible [1]. In addition, there is a growing interest in the analysis of the loss and heat of high-speed motors in industry and academia. In the existing studies, the loss analysis of the motor is primarily performed through the current source analysis, which has the disadvantage of not considering the current harmonics caused by the switching of the controller. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the electromagnetic loss caused by current harmonics. In addition, few researchers have published a study on the characteristic analysis of the motor considering the current harmonics, but it is difficult to obtain accurate analysis results in all operating areas because only a single parameter of the motor is considered [2]. In addition, there is significant interest in reducing the loss and heat generation of high-speed permanent magnet motors. There are certain motor problems because of reduced efficiency and increased calorific value owing to electromagnetic losses that were not considered in the design stage. In particular, the heat generated in the rotating body of high-speed motors using sleeves in the industry is transferred to both bearings along the shaft. It also causes serious problems such as failure of bearings and shortening of life [3]. Hence, the electromagnetic loss analysis of the motor based on the controller and motor co-simulation analysis are important. Therefore, this study deals with the electromagnetic loss and dynamic characteristics analysis considering the inverter drive of a high-speed permanent magnet synchronous motor for a centrifugal pump. The motor and the SVPWM inverter were modeled, and the environment for the co-simulation analysis of the controller and the motor was established. The designed motor was manufactured, and the motor performance was evaluated. As illustrated in Fig. 1(a), a co-simulation analysis system was constructed using the analyzed motor model and the controller conceptual diagram. Results such as current applied to the motor according to the speed command and load torque, speed response characteristics, torque characteristics, and torque ripple were obtained. Fig. 1(b) depicts an experimental setup for the evaluation of a high-speed permanent magnet motor. The high-speed permanent magnet motor was combined with a centrifugal pump and a torque sensor and was operated through a controller. Fig. 1(c) presents the voltage and current waveforms of the motor measured in the rated speed and rated output range. It could be verified that the rated current was applied to the motor within the range not exceeding the voltage limit. Fig. 2(a) presents a comparison of the sinusoidal current and the incoming current waveforms of the motor during the coupling analysis. It could be verified that harmonics were included in the current waveform by the SVPWM switching frequency and were introduced into the motor. Fig. 2(b) shows the order and magnitude of the harmonic components included in the current waveform. Figs. 2(c) and (d) depict the analysis results of the loss of iron and permanent magnet rotors that occur during general sinusoidal current analysis and coupling analysis. Notably, the iron loss and eddy current loss increased owing to the harmonic components included in the current. Therefore, coupling analysis is important for detailed electromagnetic loss analysis. Based on the results presented here, it is judged that this study will contribute to the related industries by designing, developing, and evaluating the performance of a motor that can be used for industrial 12,500 rpm and 100 hp class centrifugal pumps. In addition, the co-simulation analysis method used in this dissertation is considered to be useful in the design of high-speed motors that can be applied to various industrial applications.

**References:**

[1] D.-K. Hong, D. Joo, Y.-H. Jeong, and D.-H. Koo, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.49, no.7, p. 4072, 2013. [2] Yunkai Huang , Jianning Dong , Long Jin , Jianguo Zhu , and Youguang Guo, IEEE Trans. Magnetics, Vol.47, No.10, October 2011. [3] Ziyuan Huang, Jiancheng Fang, Member, IEEE, Xiquan Liu, and Bangcheng Han, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol.63, No.4, APRIL 2016.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/c832222bcfe2429056186ddf507e509b.jpg)
Fig. 1. (a) Concept diagram of the co-simulation analysis of motor including speed controller and current controller. (b) Motor performance test bed combined with centrifugal pump. (c) Motor voltage and current measurement results at rated speed and rated output.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/9b1ae76ed958d99138172dea6058e43a.jpg)
Fig. 2. (a) Comparison of sinusoidal current and PWM current waveforms using co-simulation method. (b) Harmonic analysis result of motor current using co-simulation analysis. (c) Core loss analysis result according to current waveform. (d) Rotor loss analysis result according to current waveform.

 Electromagnetic Loss Analysis of High-Speed Permanent Magnet Motors for High-speed and High-head Centrifugal Pump using Co-Simulation Method with Controller

I. INTRODUCTION Recently, high-speed electrical machines have attracted much attention in the application of gas compressors [1], which have the advantages of high power density, small volume, small moment of inertia and fast response speed. In addition, the gearbox could be eliminated, because the gas compressor could be directly driven by a high-speed electrical machine. So that the maintenance costs and noise can be reduced [2]. Moreover, compared with the squirrel cage induction machine and the switched reluctance machine, the permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) has higher efficiency and has been widely used in high speed applications [3-4]. Therefore, a high speed PMSM, which is rated at 15kW, 120krpm for a gas compressor, has been designed and analyzed in this paper. The performance of the proposed machine is verified by finite element method (FEM). Furthermore, the proposed machine has been optimized to reduce wind friction loss and increase power density. II. TOPOLOGY AND OPERATION PRINCIPLE OF THE FRPM MACHINE According to the design specifications given in the left column of TABLE I, the main dimensions of the machine are designed and listed in the right column of TABLE I. Fig.1 shows the prototype of the proposed machine. The structural strength and thermal constraints are the two main design constraints of high speed PMSM [2]. Therefore, various measures are used to ensure the strength of the rotor and reduce the losses of the proposed machine. Firstly, since the permanent magnet (PM) is weak in tension, a glass fiber sleeve is applied to protect the PM in high speed operation condition. Secondly, silicon steel sheets with a smaller core loss coefficient are used for stator to reduce core loss. Moreover, the toroidal windings are applied for easy installation and reducing the end length of the wire caused by one pole pair design, thereby reducing copper loss. FEM model of the proposed machine is established to obtain the output performances, e.g., output torque, core loss. The air gap computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the proposed machine is established to calculate the wind friction loss of the machine. The results show that the performance of the proposed machine can meet the design specifications, with a wind friction loss of 64.22W, an efficiency of 97.85% and a power density of 6.398kW/kg. Considering the sensitivity of different parameters to the objective function, the motor optimization is divided into two steps. Considering that the wind friction loss has a significant effect on the temperature rise of the rotor, the slot width b0 and the slot height h0 are optimized and the reduced wind friction loss is selected as one optimal object function in step 1. The relationship between them is shown in Fig.2. The stator tooth width b1, stator slot depth h1 and PM thickness hPM are optimized to maximize the power density in step 2. The optimization process of each step is as follows. Firstly, the output characteristics of the proposed machine under different design parameters are obtained as sample data through FEM/CFD. After that, a total of 50 sample data has been taken for analysis and an interpolation model has been established by Kriging interpolation. The interpolation model can be used to obtain the objective function value under different design parameters. Finally, the optimal values of the design parameters are obtained by using genetic algorithm. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Through FEM analysis, the electromagnetic performance of the proposed machine is verified to be satisfactory. Further, the proposed machine has been optimized. As shown in Fig.3, the wind friction loss of the optimized machine is 57.28W, the power density is 6.865kW/kg. The main output characteristics of the proposed machine and the optimized machine are compared in TABLE II. The maximum relative error between the interpolation model and the CFD/FEM is less than 1.2%, which indicates that the interpolation model is accurate. Compared with the proposed machine, the wind friction loss of the optimized machine is reduced by 9.72%, and the power density is increased by 7.25%. Note that the efficiency of two machines is almost the same, while the efficiency of the optimized machine is 97.84%. Detailed characteristics and comparison results will be discussed in the future full paper.

**References:**

[1] F. Zhang, G. Du, T. Wang, F. Wang, W. Cao, and J. L. Kirtley, “Electromagnetic Design and Loss Calculations of a 1.12-MW High-Speed Permanent-Magnet Motor for Compressor Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 31, pp. 132-140, Jan. 2016. [2] D. K. Hong, B. C. Woo, Y. H. Jeong, D. H. Koo, and C. W. Ahn, “Development of an ultra high speed permanent magnet synchronous motor,” International Journal of Precision Engineering & Manufacturing, vol. 14, pp. 493-499, 2013. [3] D. Gonzalez, “Performance validation of a high-speed permanent-magnet motor for centrifugal compressors,” in 2016 XXII International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM), 2016, pp. 545-549. [4] Z. Huang and J. Fang, “Multiphysics Design and Optimization of High-Speed Permanent-Magnet Electrical Machines for Air Blower Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 63, pp. 2766-2774, 2016.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/84e2d1d48d0cfa071cc0559649bb87c8.jpg)

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 Design and optimization of a high-speed permanent magnet synchronous machine for gas compressors

This paper proposes a novel axial dual-stator flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine for high-speed (HS) applications. The machine adopts a fractional slot distributed winding, which has a higher winding factor, power and torque density. Firstly, the HSFSPM machine topology and operating principle are introduced. By using the principle of winding complementarity, the HSFSPM machine can counteract the even harmonics of a single stator and generate the standard sinusoidal waveform flux linkage. Besides, it can effectively reduce the cogging torque and torque ripple. Secondly, based on the three-dimensional (3D) finite element method (FEM), the no-load and load performance of the machine is obtained. Finally, a HSFSPM prototype is manufactured, and a test platform is built to test the no-load and load performance of the machine, which verified the correctness of the theoretical analysis. I． Introduction High-speed (HS) machines are widely used in many civil and industrial applications, such as flywheel energy storage transportation electrification, air compressor, etc. The rotor permanent magnet (PM) machines are used in most applications. However, the PMs in the rotor are exposed to strong centrifugal forces particularly at high speed. They are easy to be damaged due to their vulnerability even if they are protected by a retaining sleeve or the iron core [1]. The stator PM machine has neither windings nor PMs on the rotor. It has a simple structure and is suitable for high-speed operation. The PMs and the armature winding are located in the stator, which makes the PMs easy to cool [2]. The HSFSPM machine is more promising and widely studied due to its higher torque density. II．Topology and operation principle The topology of a three-phase HSFSPM machine with six stator-slots and four rotor-poles is shown in Fig. 1. There are two stators in the axial direction, named Stator_A and Stator_B. The magnetization directions of PMs in different stators are opposite. The two rotor poles differ from each other by 45° in mechanical angles. Six distributed armature winding coils are wound around 12 stator teeth. Fig. 2 shows the flux-linkage and back electromotive force (EMF) for phase winding. It can be seen that the flux linkage and back EMF generated in a single stator contain a large number of second harmonics. With the dual stator structure proposed in this paper, the axial complementarity of the windings can be used to generate a flux linkage and back EMF close to the sinusoidal waveform. The detailed motor design process and performance analysis of no-load and load conditions will be given in the full text. Fig. 1 Proposed dual-stator HSFSPM machine Topology Fig. 2 Flux-linkage and EMF for phase windings III．Experimental verification To verify the HSFSPM machine operating principle, no-load and load performance, a HSFSPM machine is manufactured, and a prototype test platform is built as shown in Fig. 3(a). Figs. 3 (b), (c) and (d) show the waveform and harmonic content of the measured results compared with the predicted values. Fig. 3 The HSFSPM machine experimental platform and test results. V. Conclusion In this paper, a novel axial dual-stator HSFSPM machine for high-speed (HS) applications is proposed. The operating principle, no-load and load performance of the machine is studied, and the correctness of the theoretical analysis is verified through experiments.

**References:**

Reference [1]D. Gerada, A. Mebarki, N. L. Brown, C. Gerada, A. Cavagnino, and A. Boglietti, “High-Speed Electrical Machines: Technologies, Trends, and Developments,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 2946–2959, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2013.2286777. [2]M. Liu, W. Sixel, and B. Sarlioglu, “Comparative Study of 6/4 FSPM and SPM Machine for High-Speed Applications,” IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC), Jun. 2019, pp. 1–7, doi: 10.1109/ITEC.2019.8790622.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/58016aa02ae6123b0c0f5757d25e90a0.jpg)
Fig. 1 Proposed dual-stator HSFSPM machine Topology and Flux-linkage and EMF for phase windings

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/884780de65bba42c8740da475e2acdf0.jpg)
Fig. 3 The HSFSPM machine experimental platform and test results.

 A Novel High-Speed Dual-Stator Flux Switching Permanent Magnet Machine

High-speed permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are developed in direct-drive applications such as centrifugal compressors and vacuum pumps because of the advantages of compact size and high efficiency [1]. However, due to the small size, it has a high loss density and a limited heat dissipation surface, which causes difficulties in cooling [2]. Therefore, the accurate prediction of electromagnetic losses is very important in the design stage of high-speed PMSM. Particularly, in the case of a high-speed PMSM, it includes many harmonic components in the current applied to the machine due to pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter. Although the amplitude of harmonic components is small, they produce additional losses over and above the fundamental component. In this study, electromagnetic analysis considering PWM inverter and effective three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic structure is proposed for predicting accurate electromagnetic losses of high-speed PMSM. Fig. 1 shows the 3D structure and side view of the high-speed PMSM and the evaluation system of the prototype. To accurately predict the applied current, it is necessary to derive the back EMF constant, resistance, and inductance using the 3D finite element method (FEM). Using the dynamic model based on the derived machine constants, it is possible to predict the applied PWM current similar to the experimental results as shown in Figs. 2(a) and (b). As shown in Fig.2(c), mechanical losses according to speed can be calculated by subtracting the core losses calculated from FEM from the measured no-load losses. Using the proposed effective 3D model, accurate electromagnetic losses such as AC and DC copper losses, core loss, and rotor loss can be predicted. Considering mechanical losses, the error between the proposed electromagnetic loss analysis and the experiment is within 3% according to the operating condition as shown in Fig. 2 (d). The analysis, discussions, and measurements of high-speed PMSM will be explained in more detail in the full paper.

**References:**

[1] D. Gerada, A. Mebarki, N. L. Brown, C. Gerada, A. Cavagnino, and A. Boglietti, “High-speed electrical machines: Technologies, trends, and developments,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 2946–2959, Jun. 2014. [2] D.-K. Hong, B.-C. Woo, and D.-H. Koo, “Ultra High Speed Motor Supported by Air Foil Bearings for Air Blower Cooling Fuel Cells,” IEEE Trans. Magn., Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 871–874, 2012.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/49e65a54b9f9184c7473a643d76a949e.jpg)
Fig. 1. (a) Structure of HPMSM with concentrated winding and (b) performance evaluation system.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/d6999679273e0606e88eeed21bba2afd.jpg)
Fig. 2. Comparison with analysis and experimental results: (a) estimated, (b) measured phase current, (c) measured mechanical loss, and (d) electromagnetic losses.

 Characteristic Analysis and Experimental Study for Accurate Prediction of Electromagnetic Losses considering Current Harmonics in High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

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Experimental verification and analytical approach for Electromagnetic characteristics of a high-speed permanent magnet motor with two different rotors and winding patterns