France



This digest introduces a novel BL-WRSM having a unique two-layer stator winding configuration that surpasses the performance of the BL-WRSMs presented in [1] - [5]. Moreover, the new two-layer stator winding is such that it utilizes all the slot space available, and it can produce fundamental MMF components for torque generation and sub-harmonic MMF components for field excitation. As it can be seen from Fig. 1, two sets of series-connected stator windings, ABC and XYZ, are wound in a two-layer arrangement. Although the bottom layer’s slots are entirely covered by the ABC winding, the top layer consists of both ABC and XYZ winding, where every other slot has XYZ winding conductors in the whole periphery of the top layer, which is shown in Fig.2. By this arrangement, a single current source inverter can drive the machine with a maximum number of slots utilization. It is important to state that the rotor of the machine is also comprised of two separate windings itself and they are: the field winding and the harmonic winding. While the field winding is wound in an 8-pole manner, the rotor harmonic winding is a 2-pole winding that is employed for inducing the sub-harmonic MMF generated by the XYZ winding of the stator. Both the rotor windings are connected via a diode bridge rectifier circuit mounted on the periphery of the rotor.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;To extend the understanding, the fundamental MMF component is produced by winding ABC, and it has an 8-pole arrangement with the frequency of &lt;i&gt;ω&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, where &lt;i&gt;ω&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; is the frequency in the mechanical space domain. Whereas in the case of winding XYZ with its 2-pole configuration, it delivers the sub-harmonic MMF component with the frequency of &lt;i&gt;(ω&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;)/4&lt;/i&gt;. Thus, the two components rotate at a different speed. In the rotor, on the other hand, the harmonic winding is placed on the rotor such that it aligns magnetically with the stator&#39;s XYZ winding, and both are wound in a 2-pole manner. Adjacent to the harmonic winding, which is connected through the diode rectifier, field winding having an 8-pole arrangement aligns magnetically with winding ABC having 8 poles. Given all that, the novel BL-WRSM achieves its brushless operation by inducing the sub-harmonic MMF to the rotor harmonic winding and by magnetically locking the stator fundamental MMF with the rotor field winding. The main manuscript of this topic will cover an extensive literature review, structure of the machine, winding configuration, and working principle of the proposed BL-WRSM. Along with these, a 2-D finite element analysis (2-D FEA) has been performed to test the validity of the machine, which is also partially reported in this digest.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;An 8-pole, 48-slot BL-WRSM with a 3-phase, 2-layer distributed stator winding is designed to validate the proposed topology. Based on the stator winding structure, both ABC and XYZ windings are placed throughout the 360-mechanical degree of the stator, and the rated power of the machine is considered 1281 W having a constant speed of 900 rpm. To examine the effectiveness of the proposed machine, its performance is compared with the conventional WRSM used in [3] and the single inverter BL-WRSM in [4]. For the proposed machine, however, all design parameters are kept exactly similar to the BL-WRSM presented in [4], which includes, outer diameters, air-gap length, stack length, the current density in the stator, and rotor winding to name but a few. While all the machines are supplied with an RMS current of 4.5 A, the rotor field current is found in the proposed BL-WRSM (21.61 A) is remarkably higher than that of the BL-WRSM (9.8 A) in [4]. The reason for the higher current is 2-pole sub-harmonic component and the proposed 2-layer stator winding arrangement. As a result, the 2-D FEA shows that the average torque of the new machine is found 12.03 Nm that is approximately 65% more than the average torque production of the machine in [4]. Despite the performance enhancement in torque generation, the torque ripple is found 34%. Moreover, the flux density and flux lines are somewhat evenly distributed throughout the stator rotor frame for the novel BL-WRSM, unlike in the case of BL-WRSM in [4], where the distribution was found uneven because of the under-utilized stator slot space. It also shows the proposed BL-WRSM works under the flux density of 2 T.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;The focal point of this work is to develop a brushless wound rotor synchronous machine. To study the performance and feasibility the new machine has substantiated with the 2-D finite element method. Although operation wise it resembles the BL-WRSMs, performance-wise it surpasses many crucial aspects, and it demonstrates some certain advantages over the newly developed BL-WRSMs in [2] to [5]. Hence, the proposed machine could be an alternative solution considering all the attractive features provided, and they are listed as follows,&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;1. Single inverter brushless operation.&lt;br/&gt;2. Utilizes the maximum allowable slot capacity.&lt;br/&gt;3. No need for implying complex current control to mitigate unbalanced current circulation in the stator.&lt;br/&gt;4. No need for imposing a complex unbalanced-cooling system.&lt;br/&gt;5. Greater torque generation.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;With all these advantages, it can certainly be a competitive alternative not only to the BL-WRSMs but also with the state of the art PMSMs those are used in contemporary electrified transportation application. Moreover, the proposed topology could potentially adopt the design presented in [6] to [9], and used in converter topologies presented in [10], [11]. These designs will extensively be covered in the main manuscript.

**References:**

1. F. Yao, D. Sun, L. Sun, and T. A. Lipo, ‘‘Dual third-harmonic-current excitation principle of a brushless synchronous machine based on double three-phase armature windings,’’ in &lt;i&gt;Proc. 22nd Int. Conf. Electr. Mach. Syst. (ICEMS)&lt;/i&gt;, Harbin, China, Aug. 2019, pp. 1–4.&lt;br/&gt;2. Q. Ali, T. A. Lipo and B. Kwon, &quot;Design and Analysis of a Novel Brushless Wound Rotor Synchronous Machine,&quot; in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 1-4, Nov. 2015, Art no. 8109804.&lt;br/&gt;3. Ali, Q., Atiq, S., Lipo, T. A., &amp; Kwon, B. (2016). PM Assisted, Brushless Wound Rotor Synchronous Machine. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Magnetics,&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;21&lt;/i&gt;(3), 399-404.&lt;br/&gt;4. Hussain, A., &amp; Kwon, B. (2017). A new brushless wound rotor synchronous machine using a special stator winding arrangement. &lt;i&gt;Electrical Engineering,&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;100&lt;/i&gt;(3), 1797-1804.&lt;br/&gt;5. Hussain, A., Atiq, S., &amp; Kwon, B. (2018). Optimal Design and Experimental Verification of Wound Rotor Synchronous Machine Using Subharmonic Excitation for Brushless Operation. &lt;i&gt;Energies,&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;11&lt;/i&gt;(3), 554.&lt;br/&gt;6. M. Ayub, S. Atiq, Q. Ali, A. Hussain and B. Kwon, &quot;Dual-Mode Wound Rotor Synchronous Machine for Variable Speed Applications,&quot; in &lt;i&gt;IEEE Access&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 8, pp. 115812-115822, 2020&lt;br/&gt;7. G. Jawad, Q. Ali, T. A. Lipo and B. Kwon, &quot;Novel Brushless Wound Rotor Synchronous Machine With Zero-Sequence Third-Harmonic Field Excitation,&quot; in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 1-4, July 2016, Art no. 8106104.&lt;br/&gt;8. M. Ayub, A. Hussain, G. Jawad and B. Kwon, &quot;Brushless Operation of a Wound-Field Synchronous Machine Using a Novel Winding Scheme,&quot; in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1-4, June 2019, Art no. 8201104.&lt;br/&gt;9. A. Hussain, S. Atiq and B. Kwon, &quot;Consequent-Pole Hybrid Brushless Wound-Rotor Synchronous Machine,&quot; in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 1-5, Nov. 2018, Art no. 8206205.&lt;br/&gt;10. Rafin, S. M., Lipo, T. A., &amp; Kwon, B. (2014). A novel topology for a voltage source inverter with reduced transistor count and utilizing naturally commutated thyristors with simple commutation. &lt;i&gt;2014 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion&lt;/i&gt;. doi:10.1109/speedam.2014.6872057&lt;br/&gt;11. Rafin, S. M., Lipo, T. A., &amp; Kwon, B. (2015). Performance analysis of the three transistor voltage source inverter using different PWM techniques. &lt;i&gt;2015 9th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE-ECCE Asia)&lt;/i&gt;.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/c19b2bcf2e6a20f6d7c1978211333363.jpg)
Fig.1

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/592f59ac8e917d6f80aaf42a3d4fabcd.jpg)
Fig.2


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 A sub-harmonically excited novel brushless wound rotor synchronous machine using a new two-layer winding topology.

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This digest introduces a novel BL-WRSM having a unique two-layer stator winding configuration that surpasses the performance of the BL-WRSMs presented in [1] - [5]. Moreover, the new two-layer stator winding is such that it utilizes all the slot space available, and it can produce fundamental MMF components for torque generation and sub-harmonic MMF components for field excitation. As it can be seen from Fig. 1, two sets of series-connected stator windings, ABC and XYZ, are wound in a two-layer arrangement. Although the bottom layer’s slots are entirely covered by the ABC winding, the top layer consists of both ABC and XYZ winding, where every other slot has XYZ winding conductors in the whole periphery of the top layer, which is shown in Fig.2. By this arrangement, a single current source inverter can drive the machine with a maximum number of slots utilization. It is important to state that the rotor of the machine is also comprised of two separate windings itself and they are: the field winding and the harmonic winding. While the field winding is wound in an 8-pole manner, the rotor harmonic winding is a 2-pole winding that is employed for inducing the sub-harmonic MMF generated by the XYZ winding of the stator. Both the rotor windings are connected via a diode bridge rectifier circuit mounted on the periphery of the rotor. To extend the understanding, the fundamental MMF component is produced by winding ABC, and it has an 8-pole arrangement with the frequency of ωm, where ωm is the frequency in the mechanical space domain. Whereas in the case of winding XYZ with its 2-pole configuration, it delivers the sub-harmonic MMF component with the frequency of (ωm)/4. Thus, the two components rotate at a different speed. In the rotor, on the other hand, the harmonic winding is placed on the rotor such that it aligns magnetically with the stator's XYZ winding, and both are wound in a 2-pole manner. Adjacent to the harmonic winding, which is connected through the diode rectifier, field winding having an 8-pole arrangement aligns magnetically with winding ABC having 8 poles. Given all that, the novel BL-WRSM achieves its brushless operation by inducing the sub-harmonic MMF to the rotor harmonic winding and by magnetically locking the stator fundamental MMF with the rotor field winding. The main manuscript of this topic will cover an extensive literature review, structure of the machine, winding configuration, and working principle of the proposed BL-WRSM. Along with these, a 2-D finite element analysis (2-D FEA) has been performed to test the validity of the machine, which is also partially reported in this digest. An 8-pole, 48-slot BL-WRSM with a 3-phase, 2-layer distributed stator winding is designed to validate the proposed topology. Based on the stator winding structure, both ABC and XYZ windings are placed throughout the 360-mechanical degree of the stator, and the rated power of the machine is considered 1281 W having a constant speed of 900 rpm. To examine the effectiveness of the proposed machine, its performance is compared with the conventional WRSM used in [3] and the single inverter BL-WRSM in [4]. For the proposed machine, however, all design parameters are kept exactly similar to the BL-WRSM presented in [4], which includes, outer diameters, air-gap length, stack length, the current density in the stator, and rotor winding to name but a few. While all the machines are supplied with an RMS current of 4.5 A, the rotor field current is found in the proposed BL-WRSM (21.61 A) is remarkably higher than that of the BL-WRSM (9.8 A) in [4]. The reason for the higher current is 2-pole sub-harmonic component and the proposed 2-layer stator winding arrangement. As a result, the 2-D FEA shows that the average torque of the new machine is found 12.03 Nm that is approximately 65% more than the average torque production of the machine in [4]. Despite the performance enhancement in torque generation, the torque ripple is found 34%. Moreover, the flux density and flux lines are somewhat evenly distributed throughout the stator rotor frame for the novel BL-WRSM, unlike in the case of BL-WRSM in [4], where the distribution was found uneven because of the under-utilized stator slot space. It also shows the proposed BL-WRSM works under the flux density of 2 T. The focal point of this work is to develop a brushless wound rotor synchronous machine. To study the performance and feasibility the new machine has substantiated with the 2-D finite element method. Although operation wise it resembles the BL-WRSMs, performance-wise it surpasses many crucial aspects, and it demonstrates some certain advantages over the newly developed BL-WRSMs in [2] to [5]. Hence, the proposed machine could be an alternative solution considering all the attractive features provided, and they are listed as follows, 1. Single inverter brushless operation. 2. Utilizes the maximum allowable slot capacity. 3. No need for implying complex current control to mitigate unbalanced current circulation in the stator. 4. No need for imposing a complex unbalanced-cooling system. 5. Greater torque generation. With all these advantages, it can certainly be a competitive alternative not only to the BL-WRSMs but also with the state of the art PMSMs those are used in contemporary electrified transportation application. Moreover, the proposed topology could potentially adopt the design presented in [6] to [9], and used in converter topologies presented in [10], [11]. These designs will extensively be covered in the main manuscript.

**References:**

1. F. Yao, D. Sun, L. Sun, and T. A. Lipo, ‘‘Dual third-harmonic-current excitation principle of a brushless synchronous machine based on double three-phase armature windings,’’ in Proc. 22nd Int. Conf. Electr. Mach. Syst. (ICEMS), Harbin, China, Aug. 2019, pp. 1–4. 2. Q. Ali, T. A. Lipo and B. Kwon, "Design and Analysis of a Novel Brushless Wound Rotor Synchronous Machine," in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 1-4, Nov. 2015, Art no. 8109804. 3. Ali, Q., Atiq, S., Lipo, T. A., & Kwon, B. (2016). PM Assisted, Brushless Wound Rotor Synchronous Machine. Journal of Magnetics, 21(3), 399-404. 4. Hussain, A., & Kwon, B. (2017). A new brushless wound rotor synchronous machine using a special stator winding arrangement. Electrical Engineering, 100(3), 1797-1804. 5. Hussain, A., Atiq, S., & Kwon, B. (2018). Optimal Design and Experimental Verification of Wound Rotor Synchronous Machine Using Subharmonic Excitation for Brushless Operation. Energies, 11(3), 554. 6. M. Ayub, S. Atiq, Q. Ali, A. Hussain and B. Kwon, "Dual-Mode Wound Rotor Synchronous Machine for Variable Speed Applications," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 115812-115822, 2020 7. G. Jawad, Q. Ali, T. A. Lipo and B. Kwon, "Novel Brushless Wound Rotor Synchronous Machine With Zero-Sequence Third-Harmonic Field Excitation," in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 1-4, July 2016, Art no. 8106104. 8. M. Ayub, A. Hussain, G. Jawad and B. Kwon, "Brushless Operation of a Wound-Field Synchronous Machine Using a Novel Winding Scheme," in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1-4, June 2019, Art no. 8201104. 9. A. Hussain, S. Atiq and B. Kwon, "Consequent-Pole Hybrid Brushless Wound-Rotor Synchronous Machine," in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 1-5, Nov. 2018, Art no. 8206205. 10. Rafin, S. M., Lipo, T. A., & Kwon, B. (2014). A novel topology for a voltage source inverter with reduced transistor count and utilizing naturally commutated thyristors with simple commutation. 2014 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion. doi:10.1109/speedam.2014.6872057 11. Rafin, S. M., Lipo, T. A., & Kwon, B. (2015). Performance analysis of the three transistor voltage source inverter using different PWM techniques. 2015 9th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE-ECCE Asia).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/c19b2bcf2e6a20f6d7c1978211333363.jpg)
Fig.1

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/592f59ac8e917d6f80aaf42a3d4fabcd.jpg)
Fig.2

technical paper

In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered the superconducting state of the mater. After more than a century of intensive researches worldwide, significant improvement of the performance of high temperature superconducting wires and the cryogenic cooling systems has been done. This led to a rising motivation and interest of users and manufacturers to develop HTS electrical machines for their energy savings potential. Furthermore, the HTS motor will also be smaller in size than its conventional motor counterpart, particularly for high torque/low speed applications like marine propulsion and wind energy generation. Among the problems encountered in HTS motor drive systems, the torque transmission from the cryogenic environment to the load at room temperature is a key factor. Contactless torque transmission devices like magnetic couplings and gears constitute interesting solutions. The following items will be discussed in the presentation: 1- Operating current of an HTS coil HTS materials exhibit a non-linear relation between the electric field E and the current density J. This non-linearity is usually described by the power law which depends on an important parameter called the critical current Ic [1]. The operating current is defined as the maximal allowable current avoiding thermal limits. It depends on magnetic flux density components, cooling temperature and mechanical constraints [2]. A simple method to determine the operating current of a coil made from HTS tapes and supplied with a current Is is to determine the intersection between the Ic(B) curve of the tape and the Is(B) curve of the coil. An illustrative example for a stack composed of 4 tapes is given in Fig. 1. 2- HTS electrical machines and HTS magnetic couplers design The design of HTS machines is different from that of conventional machines because it is necessary to include operating current calculation during the sizing procedure. Furthermore, the inclusion of a magnetic coupling to transmit the torque from the cryogenic environment to the load increases the design difficulties. An example of an HTS machine with integrated coupling is shown in Fig. 2. It is an axial flux topology intended for high torque/low speed applications. The modelling and optimization of such a machine topology will be detailed [3], [4]. Finally, the potential of HTS motors/generators with integrated HTS torque transmission in making a real jump in performance will be discussed.

**References:**

[1] Y. Kim, C. Hempstead, and A. Strnad, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 9, p. 306–309 (1962). [2] J. Pitel, Supercond. Sci. Technol., Vol. 26, p.1 -13 (2013). [3] L. Belguerras, S. Mezani, T. Lubin and al., Superconductor Science and Technology, Vol. 28, p. 095003 (2015). [4] B. Dolisy, S. Mezani, T. Lubin, and al., Superconductor Science and Technology, Vol. 30, p. 35015 (2017).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/db35b587c0410681c56b1da69ef95894.jpg)
Fig.1 Definition of the operating current

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/888fa9c840d298e18c6a656d106405a0.jpg)
Fig.2 Axial HTS motor with integrated HTS magnetic coupling

 HTS machines

In order to develop the next generation of fixed wing and vertical lift aircraft, the aircraft efficiency, emissions, reliability, and noise needs to be improved [1]. An electric aircrafts drivetrain needs to operate at a very high mass torque density whilst also being exceptionally reliable, efficient, robust and environmentally benign. Mechanically geared drivetrains are often utilized as they enable the aircraft drivetrain to be more compact. However, the use of mechanical gears within an aircraft introduces a number of system level consequences such as the need for a lubrication system to reduce tooth friction and remove heat [2]. A back up lubrication system is then also required to meet certification requirements in the advent of loss of lubrication performance. The mechanical gearing system also introduces significant cabin noise due to the gear-tooth vibrations [2]. To mitigate tooth wear and failure, the aircrafts need to be grounded periodically for inspection and maintenance. One of the main alternatives to using mechanical gearing is the use of a direct-drive permanent magnet (PM) motors [3]. The use of a direct-drive PM motor removes the reliability concerns with respect to the mechanical gearbox. However, the torque density of a direct-drive PM motor is thermally limited (by current) and therefore a PM motor does not normally achieve torque densities much greater than 50Nm/L [4-10]. For this reason, direct-drive PM generators become very large when scaled-up in size. Superconducting motors are being considered for use in electric aircraft as the torque density can be much higher [11], however the required cooling system is highly complex. Recently the use of magnetic gearing (MG) within an aircraft drivetrain has been proposed as a means of achieving a higher mass torque density and power density that is competitive to mechanically geared systems [1, 2]. Magnetic gears (MGs) utilize magnetic field space modulation to create speed amplification without any physical contact [12]. As a MG does not rely on current excitation, the MG can sustain a very high magnetic air-gap sheer stress value. MGs can operate with low noise and vibration and its noncontact operation means that no gear lubrication is required. In addition, MGs have the unique ability to pole slip when overloaded rather than catastrophically failing, thereby providing built-in overload protection [2]. Recently, MGs have been shown to be able to operate at 99% efficiency [13]. The MG can be nested internally with a much smaller motor or connected in series with a motor thereby enabling a compact electric drivetrain typology. This presentation will review the performance potential of MGs relative to alternative direct-drive aircraft drivetrains. The paper will provide an up-to-date review of electric aircraft drivetrain motor research conducted at government agencies, such as NASA [1, 2], as well as at universities and companies (such as Magnix and Siemens [14]) The performance potential of utilizing a magnetically geared aircraft drivetrain relative to the alternative direct drivetrain technology will be discussed.

**References:**

[1] J. J. Scheidler, V. M. Asnani, and T. F. Tallerico, "NASA’s magnetic gearing research for electrified aircraft propulsion," presented at the AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum, Cincinnati, Ohio, July 9-11, 2018. [2] V. Asnani, J. Scheidler, and T. Tallerico, "Magnetic gearing research at NASA," presented at the AHS International 74th Annual Forum & Technology Display, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, May 14-17, 2018. [3] I. Pazdera, P. Prochazka, D. Cervinka, and B. Klima, "Electrical drivetrain of the small airplane and mutual interaction of this drivetrain," presented at the 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Ind. Elect. Society, Vienna, 2013. [4] M. R. J. Dubois, "Optimized Permanent Magnet Generator Topologies for Direct-Drive Wind Turbines," Ph.D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands, 2004. [5] W. M. Arshad, T. Backstrom, and C. Sadarangani, "Analytical design and analysis procedure for a transverse flux machine," in IEEE Inter. Elect. Mach. Drives Conf., Cambridge, MA, pp. 115-121,June,2001. [6] M. R. Harris, G. H. Pajooman, and S. M. A. Sharkh, "Comparison of alternative topologies for VRPM (transverse-flux) electrical machines," in IEE Coll.on New Topologies for Perm. Magnet Mach., London, pp. 2/1- 2/7,1997. [7] M. R. Harris, G. H. Pajooman, and S. M. A. Sharkh, "The problem of power factor in VRPM (transverse-flux) machines " presented at the 8th Inter. Elect. Mach. Driv. Conf., Sep. , 1997. [8] S. Jinhao, L. Yongbin, and Z. Wenpeng, "Survey on the development of transverse flux machines," in Inter. Conf. Elect. Mach., Beijing, China, pp. 127-141,2003. [9] P. Kasinathan, A. Grauers, and E. S. Hamdi, "Force density limits in low-speed permanent-magnet machines due to saturation," IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 37-44, Mar. 2005. [10] D. G. Dorrell, S. S. Ngu, and C. Cossar, "Comparison of high pole number ultra-low speed generator designs using slotted and air-gap windings," IEEE Trans. Mag., vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 3120-3123, Nov. 2012. [11] K. S. e. al., "Development of a High Speed HTS Generator for Airborne Applications," IEEE Trans. Applied Super., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1656-1661, June 2009. [12] K. Atallah, J. Wang, S. Mezani, and D. Howe, "A novel high-performance linear magnetic gear," IEEJ Trans.Ind. Appl., vol. 126, no. 10, pp. 1352-1356, 2006. [13] M. C. Gardner, M. Johnson, and H. A. Toliyat, "Performance Impacts of Practical Fabrication Tradeoffs for a Radial Flux Coaxial Magnetic Gear with Halbach Arrays and Air Cores," presented at the IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Baltimore, MD, USA, , 2019. [14] M. Duffy, A. Sevier, R. Hupp, E. Perdomo, and S. Wakayama, "Propulsion Scaling Methods in the Era of Electric Flight," presented at the AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium Cincinnati, Ohio, July, 9-11, 2018.

**Images:**

 A Review of Electric Aircraft Drivetrain Motor Technology

This paper overviews recent developments and novel topologies of a new class of asymmetric rotor pole interior permanent magnet (AIPM) machines for torque enhancement. The principle for torque enhancement by utilizing magnetic-field-shifting is introduced firstly. AIPM machine topologies are then categorized in terms of asymmetries of PM configurations and rotor core geometries. Subsequently, various AIPMs in each category are described and analyzed with respect to merits and demerits. Finally, electromagnetic performances of selected AIPM machines are compared. INDEX TERMS: Asymmetric interior permanent magnet (AIPM), Magnetic-field-shifting (MFS), PM torque, Reluctance torque I. Introduction Interior permanent magnet (IPM) machines having PMs buried inside the rotor cores are of growing interests due to superior torque density, high efficiency, wide constant power operating speed range, and high rotor robustness [1]. In IPMs, the reluctance torque resulted from the rotor saliency can be utilized to enhance the torque density without increasing the PM usage. However, in conventional IPM machines with symmetrical rotor structures, the maximum PM and reluctance torque components are achieved at different current angles whose difference is theoretically 45 electrical degrees. Consequently, only a portion of both torque components can be utilized at the current angle of maximum synthetic torque. To deal with this issue, a novel design concept for torque enhancement of IPMs by making the maximum PM and reluctance torque components to be reached with a smaller difference of current angles has been firstly proposed by setting the optimal displacement angle between the surface-mounted PM rotor and the reluctance rotor in a two-part rotor PM machine [2] and by employing asymmetric rotor flux barriers in a V-shape IPM [3], respectively. To utilize the concept designated as magnetic-field-shifting (MFS) effect in this paper, the PM field and reluctance axes of IPM machines need to be shifted, resulting in a new class of novel asymmetric rotor IPM machines. The torque enhancement principle of AIPM is illustrated in Fig. 1. This paper overviews various novel AIPM topologies which are categorized in terms of asymmetries of PM configurations and rotor core geometries, analyses various AIPMs in each category with respect to merits and demerits, and compares electromagnetic performances of selected AIPM machines. II. AIPM Machine Topologies In this section, novel AIPM machine topologies in literature are categorized according to whether their PM configurations and rotor core geometries are symmetrical or asymmetric, respectively. The proposed categorization method and some examples reported in references for each category are shown in Fig. 2 (a). An AIPM topology with the asymmetric hybrid-layer PM configuration and asymmetric rotor cavity has been proposed in [4], which achieves torque enhancement with simple structure due to utilizing MFS effect and also shows reduced torque ripples. A hybrid-pole AIPM machine is proposed in [5] that employs V-shape and inset PMs in adjacent poles alternatively, which has asymmetric PMs due to shifted positions of inset PMs but symmetrical rotor core geometry. This hybrid-pole AIPM has higher torque density compared with a V-shape IPM with the same PM usage. An AIPM machine with asymmetric PMs and symmetrical rotor structure is also reported in [6] that can achieve fully aligned maximum PM and reluctance torque components, although the increase of synthetic torque is not notable compared with a PM-assisted reluctance machine because of significant reduction of maximum reluctance torque. The asymmetric flux barrier in one side of symmetrical V-shape PMs in each pole is used in [3] to utilize the MFS effect by shifting the angle of reluctance axis and to clearly increase the synthetic torque. Similar to [2], a two-part rotor design with a SPM rotor and a multi-layer reluctance rotor is proposed in [7] that exhibit symmetrical PM configuration and rotor cavity design, respectively. The MFS effect is utilized by adjusting the displacement angle between both rotor parts, which can also achieve fully aligned maximum PM and reluctance torque components and shows a clear torque enhancement. Four selected AIPM machines with rotor topologies proposed in references [3]-[5] and [7] are redesigned by using the same stator, rotor diameter and PM usage to the conventional Toyota Prius 2010, and their torque performances at 750 r/min and 236A are compared in Fig. 2 (b). Comprehensive overview of more AIPM topologies will be given in the full paper.

**References:**

[1] Z. Zhu and D. Howe, Proc. IEEE, vol. 95, p.746-765 (2007). [2] P. Winzer and M. Doppelbauer, 2014 Int. Conf. Electr. Mach. (ICEM), Berlin, 2014, p. 641-647. [3] W. Zhao, F. Zhao, T. A. Lipo, and B.-I. Kwon, IEEE Trans. on Magn., vol. 50, no. 11, p. 1-4 (2014). [4] Y. Xiao, Z. Q. Zhu, J. T. Chen, D. Wu, and L. M. Gong, 2020 Int. Conf. Electr. Mach. (ICEM), Gothenburg, 2020, p. 26-32. [5] G. Xu, G. Liu, W. Zhao, Q. Chen, and X. Du, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 66, no. 4, p. 2580-2591 (2018). [6] F. Xing, W. Zhao, and B.-I. Kwon, IET Electr. Power Appl., vol. 13, no. 5, p. 573-580 (2018）. [7] H. Yang, Y. Li, H. Y. Lin, Z. Q. Zhu, et al., 2017 IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Exposition (ECCE), Cincinnati, 2017, pp. 2362-2367.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/339b97d20cc7f72fd8fd7d97e5455425.jpg)
Fig.1.Principle of torque enhancement of AIPM. (a) Conventional IPM. (b) AIPM with reduced △β. Tsyn, Tpm and Trel denote maximum synthetic, PM, and reluctance torques, respectively, and △β denote the current angle difference between maximum PM and reluctance torque components.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/4d44aa957f2775e6ab24c779072c37ef.jpg)
Fig.2. Categorization of some typical AIPM machine topologies. In (a), PMs in red and blue denote N- and S-poles.

 Novel Asymmetric Rotor Pole Interior Permanent Magnet Machines with Enhanced Torque Density: An Overview

I. Introduction Hybrid excited synchronous machines (HESM) combine permanent-magnet (PM) excitation with wound field excitation. The goal behind the principle of hybrid excitation is to combine the advantages of PM excited machines and wound field synchronous machines. The principle of hybrid excitation allows responding to many problematic related to electric machines: flux weakening [1], energy efficiency [1], and fluctuations of permanent magnets price [2]. Due to their advantageous characteristics, this type of machines is gaining more and more attention [1]–[8]. They have been identified as one of the emerging technologies of modern energy conversion systems [3]–[5]. They have been the subject of many review papers [6]. Figure 1 shows the evolution of the number of contributions dedicated to HESM in the IEEE Xplore Digital Library, between 1989 and 2019. As can be seen this number is in constant evolution, going from one contribution in 1989 [6], to more than 350 contributions in 2019. In this contribution, after a description of the operating principal of HESM, a brief literature review of scientific and technical literature dedicated to HESM will be established. Then, the use of this type of electric machines for different applications (constant and variable speeds applications) will be discussed. The design and operation of three particular structures will be presented. Two of them have been designed as generators for transportation applications [7] [8], and the third one has been designed as generator for renewable energies conversion [2]. All of them are flux switching structures. II. Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Machines The hybrid excitation principle allows a wide variety of structures to be realized. Figure 2 shows three different structures of rotating HESM. All of them are flux switching hybrid excited synchronous machine (FSHESM). Due to their advantageous characteristics FSHESM are the subject of increasing attention. This figure illustrates the variety of HESM structures. More structures will be presented in the full version of the contribution. In most references dedicated to HESM, it is mainly rotating machines which are studied. Nevertheless, many linear HESM are also studied. Examples will be provided in the full version. III. Study of Three HESM Prototypes HESM characteristics make them well suited for transportation applications [1] [5] [7] [8]. Nevertheless, HESM could also be used as renewable energy conversion generators [2], even if, in these applications, it is not all of their advantageous characteristics which are exploited. In fact, it is mainly economic considerations which are driving the use of an electric machine technology [2]. The use of HESM in renewable energies applications is mainly driven by fluctuations of rare earth PM price and their availability [2]. Another important reason is the fault tolerance characteristic which could be brought by HESM. Considering the evolution of wind energy market toward the use of large power rated offshore wind turbines, the fault tolerance characteristic is very important. In fact, the HESM allow controlling the air-gap magnetic field, even with the presence of permanent magnets, and they therefore offer a protection against faults as stator short circuits, for example. The fault tolerance allows the reduction of maintenance requirements, and consequently exploitation costs. The fault tolerance they bring increases their attractiveness in many applications. The design studies of three HESM prototypes (Fig. 2) will be presented. The first one [Fig. 2(a)] has been studied for an aircraft DC electric power generation [7]. This prototype weight 3.5 kg, and was designed to deliver 6 kW at 6000 rpm. It is a 2D flux switching structure. The second prototype can be used as a car alternator [Fig. 2(b)] [8]. Instead of having a distributed excitation windings, the excitation coil is annular without end windings. The excitation flux has a 3D nature, which requires the use of massive ferromagnetic material to channel it. This prototype was able to deliver 2.5 kW at a speed of 11 krpm. The third prototype [Fig. 2(c)] was designed to be used as a generator for renewable energy conversion (10 kW at 300 rpm). As compared to transportation applications, where the speed is relatively high, renewable energy conversion systems operate at relatively low speed, which requires the development of high torque machines. This prototype includes the Vernier effect in order to be able to cope with the torque production requirement. It is a water cooled machine. It has a 2D structure. The full version will include more details about the three prototypes. HESM machines may seem more complicated as compared to classical machines, as PM machines for example, but regarding the worldwide shift toward a greener economy, economic considerations will be in the favor of the development of even more complex electric machines technologies [5]. Indeed, considering the number of pieces required for the construction of even the simplest IC engine, the construction of even the much complex electric machines requires much more less operations, and simpler production lines.

**References:**

[1] Y. Amara, S. Hlioui, A. H. Ben Ahmed and M. Gabsi, "Power capability of hybrid excited synchronous motors in variable speed drives applications," IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 55, no. 8, paper 8204312, August 2019. [2] A. S. McDonald, "Hybrid Excitation of Synchronous Generators for Wind Turbines," Proceedings of the 2nd IET Renewable Power Generation Conference (RPG2013), 9-11 September 2013, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, China. [3] G.-A. Capolino and A. Cavagnino, “New trends in electrical machines technology—Part II,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 61, no. 9, pp. 4931–4936, Sep. 2014. [4] C. Liu et al., "Guest Editorial Emerging Electric Machines and Drives for Smart Energy Conversion," in IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 1931–1933, Dec. 2018. [5] K. Akatsu et al., "Message from Editors", CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 231–232, Sept. 2019. [6] E. Spooner, S. A. W. Khatab and N. G. Nicolaou, "Hybrid excitation of AC and DC machines," in Proc. 1989 Fourth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Drives Conf., London, UK, 1989, pp. 48–52. [7] A. Nasr, S. Hlioui, M. Gabsi, M. Mairie, and D. Lalevee, “Design optimization of a hybrid-excited flux-switching machine for aircraft-safe DC power generation using a diode bridge rectifier,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 9896–9904, Dec. 2017. [8] A. Dupas, S. Hlioui, E. Hoang, M. Gabsi and M. Lécrivain, "Investigation of a new topology of hybrid-excited flux-switching machine with static global winding: experiments and modeling," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 1413–1421, March/April 2016.

**Images:**
![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/bdb26e51b2b5bb85c52fef48f20f2e57.jpg)

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/9e0937bdf37ee2b786ab5c70fade428e.jpg)

 Hybrid Excited Synchronous Machines

I. Introduction With the rapid development of electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, they put forward more critical and complicated requirements for driving motor drive systems. Double stator permanent magnet (DSPM) motors have become promising candidates for driving motors, due to its advantages of high torque/power density and relatively compact structure. DSPM motor can be considered as the integration of inner and outer motors. By the flexible control of inner and outer motors of double stator motors, different operation modes of motors can be realized. In [1], a double stator permanent magnet motor is proposed, and corresponding multi-mode characteristics are investigated. It is noted that current research on double stator motors mainly biased on proposing novel motor topologies, realizing different operation modes, and verifying motor electromagnetic performances. However, the reasonable power split and allocation of inner and outer motors are seldom investigated, especially for the multi-mode operation. Hence, it is very necessary and essential to purposefully determine power ratio of inner and outer motors, considering design requirements of multiple operation modes. Split ratio, which termed as the ratio of inner and outer diameter of stator, often determines motor magnetic and electrical loading. It possesses significant influences on motor performances, including torque output capability, loss characteristics, and efficiency. So, motor split ratio is considered as one of most crucial motor design parameters and often investigated during the motor initial design stage. In [2], the split ratio of surface-mounted permanent magnet motor is analyzed and the optimal motor split ratio is decided by analytical method. While for double stator motors, split ratios of inner and outer motors determine not only motor magnetic and electrical loading, and but also the power split characteristics of the whole motor. However, it is noted current publications of motor split ratio mainly focus on the split ratio of single-stator motors which mainly work on rated condition. Since double stator motor are required to work in different operation modes, traditional design methods of motor split ratio cannot be applied for double stator motors directly. Consequently, it has been a hot but challenging issue on how to determine split ratio of double stator permanent magnet motors during the initial design stage, considering the design requirements of multiple operation modes. In this paper, a double stator permanent magnet (DSPM) motor is investigated, and the relationship between motor split ratio and power split characteristics of different motor operation mode is analyzed in detail. Furthermore, by the purposeful design and optimization of motor split ratio, design requirements of multiple operation modes can be satisfied comprehensively. II. Motor topology and split ratio investigation Fig. 1 presents the configuration of the investigated DSPM motor. As can be seen, inner stator and middle rotor form inner motor, while outer motor consists of outer stator and middle rotor. In order to realize multimode operation effectively, the torque-speed curves of inner and outer motor are designed purposefully, as shown in Fig. 2. The inner motor is designed to have a relatively flat torque curve over a wide speed range, which is utilized to augment the output torque of outer motor, especially in the range of torque of outer motor is dropping off. In addition, driving requirements of whole DSPM motor are arranged purposefully as optimization objectives for the inner and outer motors of DSPM motor. So, by the purposeful and reasonable design and optimization of split ratios of inner and outer motors, design requirements of multi-mode operation can be satisfied. III. Optimization results and performances validation In order to satisfy design requirements of multiple operation modes, response surface method and multi-objective genetic algorithm are utilized for DSPM motor, the optimal motor split ratio and pole teeth ratio can be determined. Distribution of optimization objectives and design parameters are presented in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 respectively. And, based on finite element analysis, electromagnetic performances of DSPM motor can be obtained. Fig. 5(a) depicts the flux lines and flux densities distributions of DSPM motor after optimization. Table I presents the multi-mode performance comparison of initial and optimal DSPM motor. And, torque performances of overall DSPM motor before and after optimization are shown in Fig. 5(b). As can be seen, after optimization, the average output torque increases from 71.83Nm to 82.81Nm, while the torque ripple reduces from 10.93% to 7.78%. Electromagnetic performances verify that, by the reasonable design and cooperation of inner and outer motors of DSPM motor, design requirements of different operation mode can be realized more effectively, which provides a research path for the optimization design of multi-port PM motors. More detailed theoretical analysis, optimization design results, and experimental validations will be presented in the full paper.

**References:**

[1] Y. Wang, W. Xu, X. Zhang, and W. Ma, “Harmonic analysis of air gap magnetic field in flux-modulation double-stator electrical-excitation synchronous machine,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 5302-5312, Jul. 2020. [2] Y. Ni, Z. Liu, B. Xiao, and Q. Wang, “Optimum split ratio in surface-mounted permanent magnet machines with pieced halbach magnet array,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 1877-1885, Dec. 2020.

**Images:**
![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/d6b43446fde4a1a6ef7b49cb73d872c0.jpg)

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/ae52277ced06753e709cdcc2710dce16.jpg)

 Split Ratio Investigation of Double Stator Permanent Magnet Motor Considering Multimode Operation

High torque-density, high efficiency and robust rotor structure are the key features of flux switching motors (FSMs) [1]. Permanent magnet (PM) FSMs are preferred choice, however, these machines consume high amount rare-earth magnet and its resources are depleting with the passage of time. The degradation of performance with increase in temperature and uncontrolled flux are the other concerns with PMFSMs. The flux of electrically excited (EE) FSM can be controlled electronically, performance is not degraded with increase in temperature and overall cost is low. The simple manufacturing process of single phase EEFSM, easy maintenance, longer lifetime and low cost are the main characteristic that prioritized it for high speed applications [2-3]. Authors [4-6] have proposed novel single phase EEFSM designs, they have successfully accomplished their targets in the form of good average torque and efficiency etc. These designs have overlapped windings and segmented or modular rotor. High copper losses are caused by overlapped windings and segmented or modular rotor is not suitable for high speed applications. High power density, torque and efficiency are key factors for motors used in high speed applications. Flux switching motor (FSM) designs with the conventional stator slot have relatively good average torque but high copper losses and low efficiency. This paper has proposed an optimized octane modular stator (OMS) 8slots-6poles (8S-6P) single phase electrically excited (EE) FSM design. The geometric representation of the OMS design is given in Fig.1 (a), Rse, Rre, βsθs, βrθr, and θ are stator outer radius, rotor outer radius, stator slot opening, rotor slot opening and rotor position respectively. The proposed OMS design has high copper slot filling factor and high efficiency than the conventional stator trapezoidal slot [3]. Moreover, the purpose of this paper is to analyze OMS EEFSM design by means of simplified analytical method. For electromagnetic performance investigation numerical based technique finite element analysis (FEA) is powerful tool. But, computational complexity, high computational time and high drive storage compel researchers to model and analyze electric machines and especially FSMs analytically. In this paper, doubly-salient air-gap permeance, magneto-motive force (MMF) and inductance calculation is performed to obtain radial magnetic flux density distribution in the air-gap and electromagnetic torque, accounts the influence of all parts of EEFSM. This simplified approach has reduced the computational time, drive storage and computational complexity. Geometric optimization (GO) is implemented in multiple steps to optimize the initial design. The analytical results are validated via JMAG v18.1 finite element analysis (FEA) simulator. Finally, prototype is fabricated and experimentally tested. Prototype stator without windings and with windings are shown in Fig.1 (b) and (c) respectively. The analytical results has good agreement with FEA and experimental results and the deviancy is from 3 to 4%. Overall GO implementation, average torque of the proposed optimized EEFSM design is enhanced 42.5% and comparison of the electromagnetic performance is plotted in Fig.2.

**References:**

[1] X. Sun, Z. Shi, G. Lei, Y. Guo, and J. Zhu, “Multi-objective design optimization of an IPMSM based on multilevel strategy”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (2020). [2] M. Lihong, Z. Gangxu, Z. Tao, L. Qing and L. Baolian, “Multi-level optimization design for a Flux-Concentrating Permanent-Magnet Brushless Machine Considering PM demagnetization limitation”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (2020). [3] B. Khan, F. Khan, W. Ullah, M. Umair and S. Hussain, “Slot Filling Factor Calculation and Electromagnetic Performance of Single Phase Electrically Excited Flux Switching Motors”, Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal, 35(8), pp.922-928, (2020). [4] M. F. Omar, E. Sulaiman, M. Jenal, R. Kumar and R. N. Firdaus, “Magnetic flux analysis of a new field-excitation flux switching motor using segmental rotor”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 53(11), pp.1-4, (2017). [5] Y. J. Zhou and Z. Q. Zhu, “Comparison of low-cost single-phase wound-field switched-flux machines”, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 50(5), pp.3335-3345, (2014). [6] J. Yuan, D. Meng, G. Lian, J. Zhang, H. Li and F. Ban, “The stator slot-type optimization of electrical excitation flux-switching motor and its maximum torque/copper loss control”, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 29(2), pp.1-5, (2019).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/182a3564aced1ceec14372100b2edd6c.jpg)
Fig.1: Proposed OMS single phase 8s-6p EEFSM (a) geometry (b) stator (c) stator with windings

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/43f48b1a116f8f4d1324142f6b37b415.jpg)
Fig.2: Performance of OMS 8S-6P EEFSM (a) Flux density (b) Flux linkage (c) Torque (d) Back-emf

 Analytical Modelling, Optimization and Electromagnetic Performance Analysis of Electrically Excited Flux Switching Motor

I. Introduction Yokeless and segmented armature axial flux machine (YASA) is being considered for an advanced electric traction and propulsion in electric vehicles applications, since it has compact construction and high torque density. Compared with other axial flux machine, YASA could have higher winding fill factor and lower stator iron losses because of the absence of the stator yoke [1]. However, it is very difficult to design the stator cooling structure of YASA especially large power motor for electric vehicles as its stator is in the middle of two rotors. [2] gives a stator water-cooling structure for a 30KW YASA machine, in which fins are insert the space between stator modules with U-shape water-cooling pipe. But the manufacturing process is very complicated. Recently, heat pipe, as a small size but highly efficient passive cooling element, is attracting more and more attention [3]. Therefore, in this paper, a novel stator cooling structure combined flat heat pipe with housing water-cooling is presented. II. Stator Cooling Structure of YASA For an electric drive motor, the sealing is the primary consideration. As a result, open fan cooling can not be applied and the entire machine must be assembled in a housing. In addition, the weight of the motor should be as light as possible ensuring the mechanical strength. [4] introduces a stator mechanical construction of YASA with a excellent plastic material named polyetheretherketon (PEEK), which verifies the feasibility of stator support made by PEEK. Considering the low density, high thermostability, workability and nonelectroconductibility of PEEK, it is chosen as the material of stator carrier. In consideration of the fixation improvement of stator modules and the accuracy enhancement of rotor assembly, the ultimate cooling structure is shown in Fig. 1. It is obvious that the stator irons and concentrated windings are imbedded in two plates made of PEEK for full fixation. And the PEEK plates are bolted to the protruding middle part of the inner surface of the housing. A aluminum alloy ring is placed inside to secure the bearing to avoid unbalance air gap. What's more, several heat pipe is inserted in the gap in parallel between stator modules to enhance the heat transfer efficiency of stator to housing water-cooling. Considering the space limitation, the flat instead of round heat pipe is selected. And The thickness, height and length of flat heat pipe selected are 2mm (one third of the total gap width), 4mm and 85mm, respectively. For the reducing thermal contact resistance and improving mechanical strength, the remainder of stator support is impregnated with epoxy resin. The spiral type of housing cooling structure is adopted, because of its simple processing. III. CFD simulation of cooling structure Before simulation, the properties of epoxy resin and heat pipe should be identified. The selection principle of epoxy is high thermal conductivity, low thermal expansivity, low viscosity and high mechanical stability [5]. Finally, EP2000 from Lord is chosen after comparison. And the thermal conductivity of EP2000 is 1.9 W/mK. The heat pipe is the heat-transfer device which combines the principles of both thermal conductivity and phase transition to transfer heat between two solid interfaces effectively [6]. Its equivalent heat conductivity can reach hundreds of times more than copper, which is the metal with the best thermal properties. In simulation, a heat pipe is usually equivalent to a copper bar of high thermal conductivity [7]. But its performance should be determined in detail. Different size of heat pipes have been measured in laboratory under different conditions. And it is found that the performance of them depends on their size and the input power of heat source. With the increase of input power, the equivalent heat conductivity will get higher, and finally plateau. But the relationship between performance with size is still under study. In the most extreme case, the input power is 5W, the average temperature of a 100mm long, 2.5mm high and 0.8mm thick heat pipe is 308K. And the equivalent thermal conductivity is calculated as 14801W/mK. Therefore, the thermal conductivity of heat pipe in CFD is set as 10000W/mK tentatively. The stator temperature distribution of CFD simulation with heat pipes is shown in Fig. 2 (a), whereas the result without heat pipes is given in Fig. 2 (b). As is shown in Fig. 2, it is evident that the heat pipes accelerate the release of heat from the stator, and reduce the temperature of the stator significantly. The average temperature of stator reduces from 480K to 352K, which is 128K lower. IV. Conclusion In this paper, a novel stator cooling system for yokeless and segmented armature axial flux machine with flat heat pipe is developed. The proposed structure can increase the heat transfer efficiency of stator and improve the temperature of stator sufficiently. And the validity of this cooling structure is verified by CFD simulation. However, there are also many works to be done in the future. The thermal properties of heat pipes, especially the relationship between size parameters with thermal conductivity, should be identified. And the mechanical stability of above construction needs to be confirmed.

**References:**

[1] A. Gerlando, G. Foglia and M. Iacchetti, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 750-758, 2016. [2] J. Chang, Y. Fan and J. Wu, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, early access. [3] J. Huang, S. Naini and R. Miller, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 4467-4478, 2019. [4] B. Zhang, T. Seidler and R. Dierken, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 2062-2071, 2016. [5] S. Nategh, A. Boglietti and D. Barber, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 1026-1035, 2020. [6] A. Faghri, Heat Pipe Science and Technology, Global Digital Press, 2016. [7] G. Fang, Y. Wei and Z. Yan, Applied Tthermal Engineering, vol. 152, pp. 594-604, 2019.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/3a896721b5bca598cb368406564fbfc1.jpg)
Fig. 1 Stator cooling structure of YASA with flat heat pipe

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/15c0ece6138def21a245c72bc21caa06.jpg)
Fig. 2 Temperature distribution of stator (a) cooling without heat pipe (b) cooling with heat pipe

 A novel stator cooling construction for yokeless and segmented armature axial flux machine with heat pipe

I.Introduction The vertical axis wind turbine has been widely concerned because of its advantages such as multiphase wind, stable force, easy installation and maintenance, and small starting wind speed. Vertical axis wind turbines mostly use permanent magnet synchronous generators or doubly fed induction wind turbines, and most of them are axial flux permanent magnet generators[1]. Compared with doubly fed induction wind turbine, permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) has the advantage of high power density and is the main research object of vertical axis wind turbine. However, the direct coupling of the high power axial flux permanent magnet synchronous generator and wind turbine causes the starting of the wind turbine to become more difficult. In order to improve the starting performance of vertical axis wind turbines, maglev technology is considered to reduce the starting resistance as the development direction of vertical axis wind turbines. Therefore, an asymmetric-primary axis-flux hybrid- electricity generator is proposed in this paper, and the decoupling control of levitation force and output power is implemented using asymmetric primary and hybrid excitation. II.operation principle The proposed asymmetric-primary axis-flux hybrid-excitation generator for the vertical axis wind turbine structure is shown in the Fig.1. The generator is composed of double stator primary and single actuator. The double stator primary has an asymmetric structure design, and the rotor shaft is connected with the wind turbine shaft to realize direct drive wind power generation. The rotor adopts the spacing design of permanent magnet and modulating tooth to reduce the consumption of permanent magnet. Both the excitation winding and the armature winding are located in the primary stator, so the mixed excitation and magnetic field can be adjusted without adding any mechanism such as brush slip ring, which reduces the complexity of the structure. In general, the proposed generator has the following characteristics (1) The flat structure shortens the axial length of the generator and is suitable for direct drive of vertical axis wind power generation system. (2) The levitation force is provided by bilateral unbalance design of axial flux. The two sides adopt different primary sizes, and then the axial electromagnetic force imbalance of the bilateral air gap forms the suspension force, which avoids adding active and passive levitation mechanisms and reduces the complexity of the overall system. (3) The levitation force and output power are controlled by hybrid excitation. The primary tooth DC excitation is adopted to realize zero crosslinking of the excitation with permanent magnet and armature, and the levitation force regulation does not affect the output power. The system can start at low wind speed, and the levitation force and total output power can be adjusted according to the change of wind speed. Through free distribution of bilateral power to achieve the total power following the wind speed and the levitation force following the lift force of the wind turbine. (4) Using magnetic field modulated axial magnetic field structure, the rotor structure is simple and reliable. If the pole pair numbers of rotor and armature are pr and ps, and the number of the stator tooth is pn, there is pr = pn±ps. The design makes it have the magnetic field modulation effect, which can increase the magnetic field change rate under the low speed, thus increasing the generation power. (5) The use of concentrated armature windings and excitation windings reduces the end, thus reducing magnetic leakage and losses. III.simulation and results A three-dimensional finite element model of the asymmetric-primary axis-flux hybrid-excitation generator is established, and the no-load characteristics and load characteristics of the generator are obtained. The no-load characteristics under different excitation current are simulated, and the flux linkage of armature coils and DC excitation coils are shown in Fig.2. We can see that when different excitation currents are applied, the crossing flux linkage between DC excitation winding and secondary permanent magnet is almost 0, and DC flux has little effect on the armature flux. Therefore, When the excitation changes, the unilateral levitation force changes only in amplitude, but there is no harmonic phase shift, and positioning torque is almost unaffected. he proposed generator has good decoupling performance of levitation force, output power, and DC excitation. In addition, the optimization design of the generator is further studied such as pole arc coefficient, positioning moment and pole slot ratio. IV.conclusion In this paper, we proposed an asymmetric-primary axis-flux hybrid-excitation generator, studied the no-load characteristics, load characteristics and excitation characteristics, and optimized the structural parameters of the generator. The simulation results are obtained, and state that the generator can realize the decoupling of the levitation force of excitation and power, which is suitable for vertical axis wind turbine.

**References:**

[1]Ghulam Ahmad, Uzma Amin, Design, construction and study of small scale vertical axis wind turbine based on a magnetically levitated axial flux permanent magnet generator[J]. Renewable Energy, 101(2017): 286-292, 2017

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/d924fadd5a021735274eef34834cd215.jpg)
Fig.1. The structure of the proposed asymmetric-primary axis-flux hybrid-excitation generator

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/8d0f10e0585dcc735e6d439ba8d2b921.jpg)
Fig. 2. The performance under different excitation current

 Research on an Asymmetric-primary Axis-flux Hybrid-excitation Generator for the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) is considered the best candidate for various applications such as traction and electric vehicle applications [1] [2]. In some cases, the IPMSM must have a high amount of torque density, power density, and wide speed range [3]. Recently, researchers have tried to increase the torque density of the vernier motor [4]. However, the vernier motor suffers a low power factor because of a high reluctance due to a large amount of leakage flux in the airgap [5] [6]. In this draft, a new dual stator interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (DS-IPMSM) is developed, comprised of 72 slots and 8 pole-pairs. In the proposed design, a new inner stator is inserted using the unused space of the rotor. The slots of inner stator are shifted by half pole pitch to attain the maximum amount of torque and to aid the flux lines of an inner and outer stator with each other. Although the torque of the proposed design increases; however, due to a new stator, the amount of losses increases. Hence, instead of silicon steel (50A1000), a soft magnetic amorphous material (2605SA1) is used in the outer and inner stator to reduce the proposed design losses. Fig. 1 (a) shows the configuration of the proposed designs. To reduce the inner winding temperature, a cup rotor is presented, as shown in Fig. 1 (b). It shows that the inner stator is attached to the inner stator shaft to support it mechanically. The rotor is attached to the shaft in the form of a cup. Moreover, the bearing is used between the inner stator support shaft and output rotor shaft to align the rotor. Because of cup shape rotor configuration, the inner windings' heat is removed from one side of the motor. The slot area of the inner and outer stators is not the same because of its geometry. To reduce the inner winding temperature, the inner stator's current density is less than the outer stator. Therefore, the proposed design uses two inverters, as shown in Fig. 1 (c). The proposed DS-IPMSM using conventional steel sheets are presented by PD-1; however, the design using the amorphous material is presented by PD-2. Fig. 2 shows the analysis and comparison of the proposed and conventional designs. Fig. 2 (a) shows the back EMF of the conventional and proposed designs. Additionally, the back EMF of outer stator PD-1 and PD-2 is identical with the back EMF of a conventional single stator model. Fig. 2 (b) shows the dramatic improvement in the torque compared to the conventional model. In the end, the losses of PD-1, PD-2, and conventional design (CD) are compared. It shows that although the torque performance of the PD-1 and PD-2 increased by a huge amount as compared to conventional modal. Contrary, the losses are also increased by 25 % due to a second stator in the conventional design. The total losses in the conventional design are 556.3 W, and the losses in the PD-1 are 753.2 W. The efficiency of the conventional design is 98.45 %, whereas it is decreased to 98.39% due to an increase in motor losses. To cope with the problem of increased losses, the amorphous material is introduced to the stator; thus, decreasing the overall losses of the motor up to 493.5 W, resulting in increased efficiency of 98.90 %.

**References:**

[1] Toba and T. A. J. I. t. o. i. a. Lipo, "Generic torque-maximizing design methodology of surface permanent-magnet vernier machine," vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1539-1546, 2000. [2] F. Zhao, T. A. Lipo, and B. Kwon, "Magnet flux focusing design of double stator permanent magnet vernier machine," in Proc. COMPUMAG, 2013. [3] C. Liu, K. Chau, J. Zhong, W. Li, and F. J. I. T. o. a. s. Li, "Quantitative comparison of double-stator permanent magnet vernier machines with and without HTS bulks," vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 5202405-5202405, 2011. [4] Y. Wang, M. Cheng, M. Chen, Y. Du, and K. J. I. E. p. a. Chau, "Design of high-torque-density double-stator permanent magnet brushless motors," vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 317-323, 2011. [5] Y. Gao, R. Qu, D. Li, H. Fang, J. Li, and W. J. I. T. o. M. Kong, "A novel dual-stator Vernier permanent magnet machine," vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 1-5, 2017. [6] Y. Shi and T. J. I. T. o. M. Ching, "Power Factor Analysis of Dual-Stator Permanent Magnet Vernier Motor with Consideration on Turn-Number Assignment of Inner and Outer Stator Windings," 2020.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/c7c840fe8ec575c6432af4af42c1dc3c.jpg)
Fig. 1. (a) Geometry of the proposed and conventional designs; (b) Proposed dual stator cup type rotor; (c) Configuration of the inner and outer stator with the inverter.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/98f1f27479c5fc2af1c76c2798071cee.jpg)
Fig. 2 (a) Back EMF of the conventional and proposed designs; (b) torque comparison; and (c) losses comparison.

 An Improved Dual-Stator Cup Rotor Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

1. Introduction The electrification of a vehicle has been gaining momentum recently, and more and more vehicles are being equipped with many electric motors and their inverters. In particular, a series–parallel hybrid electric vehicle and coaxial helicopter have two motors in its drive train [1-2]. In order to reduce the space of the motors, we proposed a two-controllable-rotor motor [3]. The proposed motor has two axially-arranged rotors and a common stator. The two rotors can be independently controlled using 3- and 6-phase superimposed currents created by a 6-phase inverter. One rotor is driven by a 3-phase current and the other is driven by a 6-phase current. In the transportation applications, it is important to continue the drive operation under fault conditions. Therefore, a fault tolerant control for multiphase motors have been studied [4-5]. In this paper, we propose a fault-tolerant control for a two-controllable-rotor motor using a 6-phase inverter, and its effectiveness is verified using finite element analysis. 2. Structure and Operational Principle Fig. 1 shows general and sectional views of our proposed motor with two axially-arranged rotors. The proposed motor has a common stator and two rotors: 6- and 12-pole rotors. The common stator has 36 slots and 6-phase distributed winding from A-phase to F-phase, and the in-phase coils are connected in series. This motor has a high heat dissipation because the stator is located outside. The two rotors can be easily supported because the two rotors are axially located with each other, and the 6-pole rotor shaft is mounted in the 12-pole rotor shaft through bearings. The 6- and 12-pole rotors are driven as 3- and 6-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors, respectively, by using superimposed currents created by a 6-phase inverter. Furthermore, it is known that the 3- and 6-phase currents do not mathematically interfere with each other [6]. In the proposed motor shown in Fig. 1, the stator and rotors diameters are Φ110 mm and Φ64 mm, respectively, the radial air gap length is 1 mm, and the rotor, stator thickness, and axial air gap length are 30 mm, 62 mm, and 2 mm, respectively. The winding factors of the 6- and 12-pole rotors are 0.7 and 1.0, respectively. The Maximum current density is 10Arms/mm2. 3. Fault-Tolerant Control A multiphase motor can be used for a fault-tolerant operation due to its additional degrees of freedom. This is because, under fault conditions, the remaining healthy phases in a multiphase machine can be used to compensate the faults and to continue the drive operation [4-5]. A two-controllable-rotor motor needs at least 5 phases to independently control the both rotors [7]. Therefore, a two-controllable-rotor motor using a 6-phase inverter can be driven although one phase is in a fault condition. In this paper, we propose a fault-tolerant control for a two-controllable-rotor motor when one phase is in an open circuit. In order to investigate the torque ripple due to a superimposed current when one phase is in an open circuit, an electromagnetic field analysis using finite element method is conducted. Figs. 2 (a) and (b) show the drive current waveforms for the 6- and 12- pole rotors under normal condition, respectively. Figs. 2 (c) and (d) show the drive current waveforms for the 6- and 12- pole rotors in A-phase open condition, respectively. Figs. 2 (e) and (f) show the torque waveforms of the 6- and 12- pole rotors, respectively under the normal and fault conditions. From Figs. 2 (e) and (f), the torque ripple rate of both rotor torque under the fault condition due to the superimposed current hardly changes. Therefore, the both rotors can be independently controlled under the fault condition. 4. Conclusion In this paper, we propose a fault-tolerant control for a two-controllable-rotor motor using a 6-phase inverter. The torque ripple rate of both rotor torque due to a superimposed current when one phase in an open circuit hardly changes compared with a normal condition. Therefore, the both rotors can be independently controlled under the fault condition. In the final paper, a mathematical model of the fault-tolerant control is described in detail. Furthermore, the torque ripple and N-T characteristics in normal and fault conditions are compared using a prototype.

**References:**

[1]H. A. Borhan, A. Vahidi, A. M. Phillips, American Control Conference, pp. 3970-3976 (2009) [2]J. Paulos, B. Caraher, M. Yim, IEEE ICRA, pp. 7011-7016 (2018) [3]H. Suzuki, K. Hirata, N. Niguchi, IEEE INTERMAG (2018) [4]S. Dwari, L. Parsa, IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 476-485 (2011) [5]W. Zhang , X. Liang, F. Yu, IEEE Trans. Magnetics, vol. 54, no. 11 (2018) [6]N. Tan, M. Arimitsu, Y. Naruse, The International Power Electronics Conference, pp 1482-1488 (2005) [7]H. Suzuki, K. Hirata, N. Niguchi, IEEE ICEM, pp. 5-11 (2020)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/9522b5cce994fe503fc306c95d036b41.jpg)
Fig. 1 Our proposed two-controllable-rotor motor.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/5de7dc7b5fcf2c594b799e8516a4529e.jpg)
Fig. 2 Current and torque waveforms.

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