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Magnetostriction is one of main factors causing the core vibration and noise of electromagnetic equipment, and the magnetostriction at the stator core and T-joint in transformers has the vector characteristics due to the two-dimensional (2D) rotational magnetization. Recently, the 2D vector magnetostriction models[1,2] have been researched based on the Fourier analysis of measured 2D magnetostrictive waveforms and magnetic flux density ones. But, owing to the complexity of rotational magnetization, it is more significant to describe the magnetostrictive characteristics in terms of magnetization mechanism. In this paper, with the reference to the hysteresis behavior and irreversibility in the Jiles-Atherton model, the hysteresis characteristics between the magnetostiction &lt;i&gt;λ&lt;/i&gt; and the magnetization &lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt; are attempted to be explained by the pinning effect. After that, a 2D vector magnetostriction model is proposed and its validity is verified with experimental data from a 2D rotational magnetization tester.&lt;br/&gt;I. The Proposed 2D Vector Magnetostriction Model&lt;br/&gt;The magnetostriction &lt;i&gt;λ&lt;/i&gt; and magnetization &lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt; are usually expressed as a square function relationship when they are static and do not consider saturation，&lt;br/&gt;&lt;i&gt;λ&lt;/i&gt;=&lt;i&gt;pM&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (1)&lt;br/&gt;A large number of experimental observations show that the change of magnetostriction &lt;i&gt;λ&lt;/i&gt; lags behind the variation of magnetization &lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt; within one magnetization time period. For the ferromagnetic material, with the magnetic field applied, the domain wall displacement may be hindered by the pinning effect, which results from the impurity and cavity in the material, so the quantitative hysteresis behavior and irreversibility are mainly caused by overcoming the pinning. As a result, the hysteresis behavior of magnetostriction can be also explained by the pinning effect, in which the magnetostriction is mainly due to the movement of domain walls whose spontaneous magnetization is not alignment with the applied magnetic field. By adding the irreversibility of magnetostriction into (1) and taking the vector properties of 2D magnetization into account, a 2D vector magnetostriction model is proposed as&lt;br/&gt;&lt;i&gt;λ&lt;sub&gt;xx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;=&lt;i&gt;p&lt;sub&gt;λxx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;[&lt;i&gt;c&lt;sub&gt;λxx&lt;/sub&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;anx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;+(1-&lt;i&gt;c&lt;sub&gt;λxx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;irrλ&lt;/i&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;i&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;sx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;+&lt;i&gt;p&lt;sub&gt;λyy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;[&lt;i&gt;c&lt;sub&gt;λyy&lt;/sub&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;any&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;+(1-&lt;i&gt;c&lt;sub&gt;λyy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;irrλy&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;i&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;sy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;i&gt;λ&lt;sub&gt;xx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;=&lt;i&gt;q&lt;sub&gt;λxx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;[&lt;i&gt;c&lt;sub&gt;λxx&lt;/sub&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;anx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;+(1-&lt;i&gt;c&lt;sub&gt;λxx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;irrλ&lt;/i&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;i&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;sx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;+&lt;i&gt;q&lt;sub&gt;λyy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;[&lt;i&gt;c&lt;sub&gt;λyy&lt;/sub&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;any&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;+(1-&lt;i&gt;c&lt;sub&gt;λyy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;irrλy&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;i&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;sy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br/&gt;(2)&lt;br/&gt;&lt;i&gt;γ&lt;sub&gt;xy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;=&lt;i&gt;r&lt;sub&gt;γxy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;[&lt;i&gt;c&lt;sub&gt;λxx&lt;/sub&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;anx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;+(1-&lt;i&gt;c&lt;sub&gt;λxx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;irrλ&lt;/i&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;][&lt;i&gt;c&lt;sub&gt;λyy&lt;/sub&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;any&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;+(1-&lt;i&gt;c&lt;sub&gt;λyy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;irrλy&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;]/(&lt;i&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;sx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;sy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;br/&gt;where &lt;i&gt;λ&lt;sub&gt;xx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; is the normal strain in x direction, &lt;i&gt;λ&lt;sub&gt;yy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; is the normal strain in y direction, and &lt;i&gt;γ&lt;sub&gt;xy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; is the shear strain;&lt;i&gt; M&lt;sub&gt;sx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;sy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; are two components of saturation magnetization;&lt;i&gt; M&lt;sub&gt;anx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;any&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; are two components of ideal anhysteretic magnetization in the x,y direction; the parameters of &lt;i&gt;c&lt;sub&gt;λxx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;c&lt;sub&gt;λyy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt; p&lt;sub&gt;λxx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt; p&lt;sub&gt;λyy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;q&lt;sub&gt;λxx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt; q&lt;sub&gt;λyy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, and&lt;i&gt; r&lt;sub&gt;rxy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; are to be determined from the experimental data of 2D magnetic properties; &lt;i&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;irrλx&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;irrλy&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; denote the irreversible component of the magnetization and can be described as&lt;br/&gt;&lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;irrλ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;=&lt;i&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;an&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;-&lt;i&gt;k&lt;sub&gt;λ&lt;/sub&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;(&lt;i&gt;dM&lt;sub&gt;irrλ&lt;/sub&gt;/dH&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;) (3)&lt;br/&gt;where &lt;i&gt;k&lt;sub&gt;λ&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; is the pinning constant and obtained through experimental data; &lt;i&gt;δ&lt;/i&gt;=(&lt;i&gt;dH&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;/&lt;i&gt;dt&lt;/i&gt;)/|&lt;i&gt;dH&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;/&lt;i&gt;dt&lt;/i&gt;|; &lt;i&gt;H&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt; is the effective field .&lt;br/&gt;II. Experiments and Model Verification&lt;br/&gt;A 2D magnetic properties tester with a rosette strain gauge detecting the magnetostrictive strain signals in [3] is used to provide the data with identifying the parameters in (2) and (3). Fig. 1 shows the measured magnetic flux density &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt; loci and magnetic field intensity &lt;i&gt;H&lt;/i&gt; trajectories. Fig. 2 shows the comparison of the calculated and measured values of magnetostriction at three time moments with respect to a &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt; trajectory with the axis ratio &lt;i&gt;α&lt;/i&gt;=0.2, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;=0.9T, and the inclination angle &lt;i&gt;θ&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;=45°.

**References:**

[1] Yamagashira M，Wakabayashi D，Enokizono M．”Vector magnetic properties and 2-D magnetostriction of various electrical steel sheets under rotating flux condition,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 1–4, Apr. 2014, Art. no. 6100404.&lt;br/&gt;[2] L. Zhu, H.-S. Yoon, H.-J. Cho, D.-J. Um, and C.-S. Koh, “Finite-element analysis of magnetostriction force in power transformer based on the measurement of anisotropic magnetostriction of highly grain-oriented electrical steel sheet,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 1–4, Mar. 2016, Art. no. 6100304.&lt;br/&gt;[3] Z. Wang, Y. Zhang, D. Zhang, D. Xie, C.-S. Koh, and O. A. “Modelling of magnetostrictive property of electrical steel sheet under vectorial excitation,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1–4,Jun. 2019, Art. no. 7300304.

**Images:**

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INTERMAG 2021

A 2D Vector Magnetostriction Model in an Electrical Steel Sheet Taking the Pining Hysteresis Effect into account

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Magnetostriction is one of main factors causing the core vibration and noise of electromagnetic equipment, and the magnetostriction at the stator core and T-joint in transformers has the vector characteristics due to the two-dimensional (2D) rotational magnetization. Recently, the 2D vector magnetostriction models[1,2] have been researched based on the Fourier analysis of measured 2D magnetostrictive waveforms and magnetic flux density ones. But, owing to the complexity of rotational magnetization, it is more significant to describe the magnetostrictive characteristics in terms of magnetization mechanism. In this paper, with the reference to the hysteresis behavior and irreversibility in the Jiles-Atherton model, the hysteresis characteristics between the magnetostiction λ and the magnetization M are attempted to be explained by the pinning effect. After that, a 2D vector magnetostriction model is proposed and its validity is verified with experimental data from a 2D rotational magnetization tester. I. The Proposed 2D Vector Magnetostriction Model The magnetostriction λ and magnetization M are usually expressed as a square function relationship when they are static and do not consider saturation， λ=pM2 (1) A large number of experimental observations show that the change of magnetostriction λ lags behind the variation of magnetization M within one magnetization time period. For the ferromagnetic material, with the magnetic field applied, the domain wall displacement may be hindered by the pinning effect, which results from the impurity and cavity in the material, so the quantitative hysteresis behavior and irreversibility are mainly caused by overcoming the pinning. As a result, the hysteresis behavior of magnetostriction can be also explained by the pinning effect, in which the magnetostriction is mainly due to the movement of domain walls whose spontaneous magnetization is not alignment with the applied magnetic field. By adding the irreversibility of magnetostriction into (1) and taking the vector properties of 2D magnetization into account, a 2D vector magnetostriction model is proposed as λxx=pλxx[cλxxManx+(1-cλxx)Mirrλx]2/Msx2+pλyy[cλyyMany+(1-cλyy)Mirrλy]2/Msy2 λxx=qλxx[cλxxManx+(1-cλxx)Mirrλx]2/Msx2+qλyy[cλyyMany+(1-cλyy)Mirrλy]2/Msy2 (2) γxy=rγxy[cλxxManx+(1-cλxx)Mirrλx][cλyyMany+(1-cλyy)Mirrλy]/(MsxMsy) where λxx is the normal strain in x direction, λyy is the normal strain in y direction, and γxy is the shear strain; Msx and Msy are two components of saturation magnetization; Manx and Many are two components of ideal anhysteretic magnetization in the x,y direction; the parameters of cλxx, cλyy, pλxx, pλyy, qλxx, qλyy, and rrxy are to be determined from the experimental data of 2D magnetic properties; Mirrλx and Mirrλy denote the irreversible component of the magnetization and can be described as Mirrλ=Man-kλδ(dMirrλ/dHe) (3) where kλ is the pinning constant and obtained through experimental data; δ=(dHe/dt)/|dHe/dt|; He is the effective field . II. Experiments and Model Verification A 2D magnetic properties tester with a rosette strain gauge detecting the magnetostrictive strain signals in [3] is used to provide the data with identifying the parameters in (2) and (3). Fig. 1 shows the measured magnetic flux density B loci and magnetic field intensity H trajectories. Fig. 2 shows the comparison of the calculated and measured values of magnetostriction at three time moments with respect to a B trajectory with the axis ratio α=0.2, Bmax=0.9T, and the inclination angle θB=45°.

**References:**

[1] Yamagashira M，Wakabayashi D，Enokizono M．”Vector magnetic properties and 2-D magnetostriction of various electrical steel sheets under rotating flux condition,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 1–4, Apr. 2014, Art. no. 6100404. [2] L. Zhu, H.-S. Yoon, H.-J. Cho, D.-J. Um, and C.-S. Koh, “Finite-element analysis of magnetostriction force in power transformer based on the measurement of anisotropic magnetostriction of highly grain-oriented electrical steel sheet,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 1–4, Mar. 2016, Art. no. 6100304. [3] Z. Wang, Y. Zhang, D. Zhang, D. Xie, C.-S. Koh, and O. A. “Modelling of magnetostrictive property of electrical steel sheet under vectorial excitation,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1–4,Jun. 2019, Art. no. 7300304.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/3d6624d4a6d69ca413eb6cf7bfe3cab2.jpg)

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/5fc9e227ff396f198c5a57e67c2551f3.jpg)

technical paper

The prospect of thermal imaging and control in magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is an important advancement for non-invasive medical diagnostics and therapeutics. Current MPI systems focus on imaging only, from measurement of magnetic nanoparticle concentrations, while leaving out the important in vivo diagnostic of temperature. Here, we report on our progress toward accurate thermal imaging with high resolution MPI and discuss our achievement of 410 mK total temperature uncertainty at 100 ms integration time near room temperature using a high-precision magnetic field-stabilized magnetic particle spectrometer. The magnetic field is stabilized to ~ 14 nTRMS uncertainty, which allows for precise and accurate determination of magnetic nanoparticle temperature by measurement of magnetization under AC driving fields. Figure 1 shows the obtained temperature Allan deviation plot extracted from the measurement of magnetization in 10 nm ferrite magnetic nanoparticles driven by a 2.5 kHz magnetic field [1]. It has been reported that the imaging resolution of MPI is critically impacted by nanoparticle relaxation dynamics [2]; specifically, spin relaxation under AC drive fields causes a lagged response that results in image blurring. The dynamic response of magnetic nanoparticles in magnetic fields is intricate, depending strongly on the particles’ inherent magnetic and structural properties, inter-particle interactions, as well as the local environment in which they are suspended. Thus, comprehensive understanding of these effects requires high sensitivity over a broad parameter space. We have recently developed an arbitrary-wave magnetic particle spectrometer for characterizing relaxation dynamics for particles ranging in sizes from 10 – 70 nm. The combined advantage of arbitrary drive waveforms (sine, pulse, chirp, composite, etc.) and high drive amplitudes in our system allows for facile characterization over a large parameter space, using magnetic field frequencies from DC to 50 MHz at amplitudes 0-10 mTRMS. This capability to drive and observe magnetization dynamics occurring on the order 20 ns is required for isolating independent Brownian and Néel relaxation processes, as well as their dependence on particle environment and magnetic field amplitude. We have characterized the dynamic AC susceptibility of magnetic nanoparticles ranging in diameter from 10 nm to 70 nm and in composition (ferrite, cobalt-doped ferrite, zinc-doped ferrite, core-shell, etc.), and we have observed peaks in the imaginary part of the AC susceptibility (χ’’) at frequencies from as low as 50 Hz to &gt; 50 MHz, depending on particle size and composition. As an example, Figure 2 show the χ’’ peak frequency for 15 nm (blue arrow) and 20 nm (green arrow) Fe3O4 nanoparticles suspended in water. This peak is an indication of the effective relaxation timescale (τ ~ 16 ms for 20 nm, and τ ~ 160 ns for 15 nm), which will impact the spatial resolution of MPI, depending on the excitation frequency used. This knowledge will eventually inform strategies for design and synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles with properties targeted for accurate and sensitive thermal imaging using MPI.

**References:**

[1] Thinh Q. Bui, Weston L. Tew, Solomon I. Woods. AC magnetometry with active stabilization and harmonic suppression for magnetic nanoparticle spectroscopy and thermometry. J. Appl. Phys. 128, 224901 (2020). [2] Zhi Wei Tay, Daniel W Hensley, Erika C Vreeland, Bo Zheng, Steven M Conolly. The Relaxation Wall: Experimental Limits to Improving MPI Spatial Resolution by Increasing Nanoparticle Core size. Biomed Phys. Eng. Express, 3 (3), 035003 (2017)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/99ecda540b1e19510881aae0f2006451.jpg)
Figure 1: Temperature Allan deviation for 10 nm ferrite nanoparticles at 2.5 kHz and 2.5 mTRMS

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/778f9916b80bb72d4d72ad20e1dbea97.jpg)
Figure 2: AC susceptibility for 15 and 20 nm ferrite nanoparticles. χ’ and χ” are the real and imaginary components, respectively.

Magnetic nanoparticle for thermal and magnetic particle imaging

Thorough characterization of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) is a demanding task. Still, due to growing usability and demand, there is a constant pressure to develop better means of MNP characterization, especially in a solution, which is a typical environment for majority of MNP applications. Techniques well developed so far are well suited to probe nanopowders or thin films, but are scarce in case of magnetic nanoparticles embedded in a matrix, due to short probing distance, weak selectivity, or incompatibility of method’s characteristic time and MNP’ relaxation time. It has been shown that RIXS-MCD (Magnetic Circular Dichroism in Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering) is a sensitive, element selective probe of structure, environment and magnetic moment of transition metals in solids, nanomaterials and frozen solutions of MNP [1-3]. 1s2p RIXS-MCD is a high-resolution second-order optical transition spectroscopy (K absorption followed by Kα relaxation) resulting in dichroism effect comparable to L-edge XMCD. Any material embedded in a hard X-ray transparent matrix can be studied volumetrically with weak self-absorption. By the use of bend crystal analyzers Ka emission can be recorded free of background, omitting constituents not containing studied element, what results in a high sensitivity often required for nanoparticles in solutions. Well-resolved spectral features in the K pre-edge energy range holds information on ion coordination and MCD signal in that region can be used to quantitatively determine magnetic moment projection onto the beam/magnetic field direction. MNP solution magnetization can be measured free of diamagnetic or paramagnetic contributions from carrier or chemical additives in the solution, what is especially important for the evaluation of the smallest nanoparticles that are very hard to magnetize and easy to disregard as background (fig. 1) [4]. We demonstrate applicability of RIXS-MCD to study structural and magnetic state of ferrites nanoparticles being synthesized via decomposition reaction starting from pure precursors. Growth of MNP by means of thermal decomposition of iron/cobalt acetylacetonates syntheses were studied on-the-fly both on iron and cobalt edges using a special cell designed for in-situ synchrotron experiments on solutions (fig.2) [5]. Recorded spectra are used to discern main components taking part in the MNP growth process and to follow evolution of local atomic coordination and valence of transition metal ions. Development of magnetization in iron and cobalt ferrites MNP are linked to changes in atomic structure and chemical state. RIXS-MCD supported by ex-situ characterization (TEM, SAXS, Mössbauer spectroscopy) provides a comprehensive characterization of magnetic nanoparticles in solution. It opens a new pathway for controlled synthesis of MNP with defined magnetic response.

**References:**

1. A. Juhin, A. Lopez-Ortega, M. Sikora, et al., Nanoscale, Vol. 6, 11911 (2014) 2. N. Daffé, M. Sikora, M. Rovezzi, et al., Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 4, 1700599 (2017) 3. N. Daffé, J. Zečević, A. Juhin, et al., Nanoscale, Vol. 12, 11222 (2020) 4. J. Kuciakowski, M. Sikora, D. Koziej, et al., Nanoscale, Vol. 12, 12640 (2020) 5. M. Staniuk, O. Hirsch, N. Kränzlin, et al., Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 26, p. 2086-2094 (2014)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/9eebf768e8201652248821acd3ad6a19.jpg)
Fig. 1. Magnetization profiles of ZnxFe3-xO4 MNP in solution measured using VSM (black squares) and RIXS-MCD (orange circles). Lines correspond to VSM signal corrected for diamagnetic background using different approaches [4].

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/4c8a57800b76886a7ecb28cd4308d35c.jpg)
Fig. 2. Sketch of RIXS-MCD experimental setup with reaction cell for in-situ experiments on solutions [5].

RIXS-MCD as selective in-situ probe of structure and magnetization of nanoparticles throughout synthesis

Polarized neutron diffraction (PND) is a powerful method for investigating magnetic structures. It gives unique access to contributions from nuclear and magnetic scattering, their interference terms, magnetic chirality, and permits to distinct between them. In contrast to non-polarized neutron diffraction, where the scattered intensity depends on the square of the magnetic structure factor, PND has a linear nuclear–magnetic interference term as part of the scattered intensity. This increases the precision in the determination of the ordered magnetic moment by at least one order of magnitude. In the classical PND the sample is situated in a strong magnetic field. For each Bragg reflection, two scattered cross sections are measured for the two antiparallel oriented directions of the incoming neutron spin, and the ratio between them is built. PND measurements are used for the refinement of magnetization density distribution maps [1,2] and the determination of local anisotropy in the magnetic susceptibility at the unit-cell level [3]. It is also used for the high-quality determination of magnetic form factors [4,5], to untangle complex (e.g. chiral) magnetic structures and to follow the movement of magnetic domains [6]. Recently, a first PND setup using a compact high Tc superconducting magnet and a 3He spin filter polarizer has been successfully implemented [7,8] on the hot neutrons single crystal diffractometer POLI at Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) in Garching near Munich, Germany. Although this setup performs well and first scientific output from it starts to appear [1], it suffers from the relatively low maximal available field of only 2.2 T. For studying many modern-topic (e.g quantum, topologic-order, complex frustrated, etc.) magnetic materials with small ordered magnetic moment, the field-limit of about 2 T is insufficient to produce significant measurable signal, even for PND. To overcome this limitation, a new 8 T split-coil superconducting magnet has been procured and implemented for measurements on POLI. It provides a large angular acceptance for the scattering beam of 300° in the horizontal and 30° (-5°/+25°) in the vertical plane respectively, permitting both a right- and left-handed scattering geometry, the registering of the out-of-plane reflections and the usage of large 2D detectors. The field polarity can be swiped between positive and negative. The vertical asymmetric field configuration is realized as the standard operation mode to shift the zero-field node out of the beam path to avoid a neutron depolarization. The magnet is equipped with a re-condensing liquid He cryostat using a Joule-Thomson cold head on top to liquefy the exhaust He gas back into the cryogen bath. Under a constant temperature condition, a zero He boil-off rate could be maintained over a long time (weeks or even month). This significantly reduces the operation costs and maintenance effort for the regular refilling during the neutron experiments. Using two sample rods with dedicated thermometry, sample temperatures between 1.7 and 800 K are available. An extension to the mK range is planned. The sample rod is equipped with an axial rotation and a vertical translation for precise sample centering and diffraction measurements. The spacious sample tube (Ø=34 mm) and large coil-split space of 53 mm facilitates multiparameter studies by fitting e.g. pressure cells inside [9]. The installation of high-voltage lines for an additional electric field at the sample position is ongoing. Although this new magnet is actively shielded, reducing the stray field by an order of magnitude compared to the classical design (50 Oe at 1 m radial distance from the magnets center), its fringe fields are still too large to be used with the sensitive 3He polarizer of the previous setup. To overcome this issue, a new large-beam-cross-section solid-state supermirror bender polarizer (BP) has been developed for POLI. It was realized by a Fe/Si multilayer coating on both sides of the thin Si wafers (m=3) by the NOB company. An additional Gd oxide layer is deposited on the convex side of each wafer to absorb the neutrons with the wrong polarization. An existing shielded Mezei-type flipper is used between the magnet and BP. A dedicated guide field construction was numerically simulated, optimized and built to link the magnetic field of the BP to the flipper and to the stray field of the magnet. The neutron beam path between the monochromator-drum to the sample magnet is shown in the Fig. 1. The new setup was successfully tested using a 3He spin filter as analyzer at low fields (&lt; 1 T), and a high quality Cu2MnAl single-crystal situated in the magnet as analyzer at high fields (&gt; 2T). An almost loss-free spin transport within the instrument for the complete field range of the new magnet was achieved. A high polarization efficiency of above 99% even for short wavelength neutrons could be experimentally reached using the new BP (Fig.2). The new high–field PND setup is now available for precise magnetic structure investigations on POLI for the internal and external user communities.

**References:**

[1] J. Jeong, B. Lenz, A. Gukasov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 097202 (2020). [2] M. Deutsch, B. Gillon, N. Claiser et al., IUCrJ 1, 194 (2014). [3] A. Gukasov, P. J. Brown, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 14, 8831 (2002). [4] B. Lebech, B. D. Rainford, P. J. Brown et al., J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 14, 298 (1979). [5] C. Wilkinson, D. A. Keen, P. J. Brown et al., J. Phys. Condens. Matter 1, 3833 (1989). [6] R. Nathans, S. J. Pickart, H. A. Alperin et al., Phys. Rev. 136, A1641 (1964). [7] H. Thoma, H. Deng, G. Roth et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1316, 012016 (2019). [8] H. Thoma, W. Luberstetter, J. Peters et al., J. Appl. Cryst. 51, 17 (2018). [9] A. Eich, M. Hölzle, Y. Su et al., High Pressure Research (2020).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/fbd43fea7ad0ff16112e879b64c38c02.jpg)
Fig.1: Components of the PND setup on POLI.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/a314b63d747f0ae70b578b751d0280e1.jpg)
Fig.2: Experimentally measured polarization efficiency of the new PND setup on POLI. Above 1 T, the spin filter cell (SFC) gets magnetized and the Heusler crystal is not yet fully saturated up to 2 T. Thus, both analyzers are not perfectly suitable for the calibration in this field portion. Nonetheless, further measurements with magnetic samples showed a continuous high polarization efficiency in this field region as well.

New polarized neutron diffraction setup for precise high-field investigations of magnetic structures up to 8 T at the MLZ

Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that affects a great percentage of the population. Magnetic stimulation technology is a new non-invasive and painless treatment for brain disorders. However, the effectiveness of magnetic stimulation technology in the treatment of insomnia has not been fully studied. In this paper, magnetic stimulation was used to stimulate acupuncture points (acupoints). 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) signals under different states (healthy subjects' resting state, sub-healthy insomnia subjects' resting state before and after magnetic stimulation) were recorded. The brain functional networks based on EEG were constructed and analyzed to investigate the effects of magnetic stimulation on insomnia. The results showed that after magnetic stimulation, the connection and characteristic parameters of brain function network in EEG beta band of insomniacs were improved. Keywords: Magnetic stimulation; Electroencephalography (EEG); Brain functional network; Insomnia I. Introduction Insomnia is a functional disorder caused by the imbalance of brain function. Magnetic stimulation technology has the advantage of safe and painless, and it could stimulate deep tissues and nerves [1]. The synchronization of EEG signals could reflect the correlation between various brain regions [2]. II. Materials and methods Eighteen (nine insomnia and nine healthy) right-handed subjects were chosen in this experiment. According to traditional Chinese medicine, Neiguan (PC6), Shenmen (HT7) and Sanyinjiao (SP6) acupoints were selected in this experiment. Stimulation frequency was 1Hz. Intensity was 1.76 T (80% of the maximal). Each subject was stimulated for three days. 64-channel EEG signals were recorded before and after magnetic stimulation. Pearson correlation coefficient of EEG beta band was calculated. III. Results For insomnia subjects, after magnetic stimulation, the connections and the characteristic parameters of brain in EEG beta band were tending to those of healthy subjects, as shown in Fig.1 and Table 1. IV. Conclusion The results showed that after magnetic stimulation, insomnia subjects’ connections and characteristic parameters of brain functional network were improved. It suggested that magnetic stimulation of acupoints might be an effective treatment for insomnia.

**References:**

[1] Penghui S, Hua L, Siran L, Sleep Med., vol.56, pp.157-163 (2019) [2] Yunna K, Chorom B, Sunhye C, Int J Psychophysiol.,vol.124, pp.26-32 (2018)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/a6ef9c96488e69c84623f29c30b4f744.jpg)
Fig.1 Node degree of brain information maps of EEG beta band under different sates

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/f13a86538b506441b80d8949c8f8b44c.jpg)
Table 1 Characteristic parameters of brain functional networks of EEG beta band under different states

Magnetic Stimulation Reduced Electroencephalography Beta Band Excitability in Insomniacs

The first-order reversal curve (FORC) method is one of the most appealing magnetic characterization methods that has been used over decades for detailed analyses of nanoscaled magnetic systems. These detailed analyses are accompanied by numerous magnetic features in FORC heat-maps that usually cannot be fully explained1. In this direction, several theoretical studies have been done to provide a coherent framework to demonstrate those features1,2. However, due to computational limitations, the theoretical models consider mostly perfect arrangements of ideal nanomagnets, such as magnetic nanowires (MNWs), that do not match the real experiments3,4. Here, the FORC heat-maps of several MNW arrays were modeled and discussed. First, several MNW arrays with different arrangements (e.g. hexagonal, square, and random) are modeled and the effect of arrangement on the interaction fields (Hu) are explored. Next, the FORC heat-maps of these MNW arrays are calculated to visualize the importance of the arrangement on the magnetic characteristics of these systems. Then, geometrical imperfections (e.g. variations in shape and size) of MNWs were modeled and randomly assigned to investigate their effects on the FORC heat-maps. Figure 1 shows simulation results for different MNWs arrangements and geometrical imperfections that dictate the Hu among MNWs and the FORC heat-maps, respectively. It was found that the average interaction field (Huave) in hexagonal arrangements is higher than those in square arrangements regardless of the filling factor (defined as the area of MNWs to the total area of the simulation box). That is because the hexagonal arrangement has an odd number of MNWs in which the middle one is always in a frustrated state. The MNWs in random arrangements have significantly higher Hu variations (defined as the difference between the interaction field maximum (Humax) and minimum (Humin)) because the interwire distance in this arrangement is not constant, as opposed to hexagonal and square arrangements. Thus, the Hu is less uniform, and the mean-field effect theory ceased to be a reasonable approximation for simulating these randomly arranged MNWs. Moreover, modeling the geometrical imperfections as variations in coercivity (Hc) will result in presence of the well-known “Wish-bone” and “T-shape” features in the FORC heat-maps. Interestingly, we show that the presence of these features not only depends on the variation of the Hc but also depends on the relative strength of both Hc and Hu.

**References:**

1 C.-I. Dobrotă and A. Stancu, J. Appl. Phys., 2013, 113, 043928. 2 D. A. Gilbert, G. T. Zimanyi, R. K. Dumas, M. Winklhofer, A. Gomez, N. Eibagi, J. L. Vicent and K. Liu, Sci. Rep., 2014, 4, 1–5. 3 M. R. Zamani Kouhpanji, A. Ghoreyshi, P. B. Visscher and B. J. H. Stadler, Sci. Rep., 2020, 10, 15482. 4 M. R. Zamani Kouhpanji and B. J. H. Stadler, Nano Express, 2020, 1, 010017.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/18107c60ea58df5b3d2fffb6001ab6fa.jpg)
Figure 1: Subfigures (a) and (b) show the average interaction field (Hu) and the difference between the maximum and minimum Hu for various MNW arrangements. Subfigures (c) and (d) show the FORC heat-maps for the hexagonal arrangement, where the filling factor and average coercivity (Hc) are 5% and 100 Oe, respectively, for both cases. The Hc standard deviation is 10 Oe and 50 Oe for (c) and (d), respectively. As the ratio of Hu standard deviation (which is constant here because both cases have the same filling factor) to Hc standard deviation decreases from 10 to 2, the FORC heat-map of MNWs changes from “T-shape”, (c), to “Wish-bone”, (d), respectively.

Exploring effects of magnetic nanowire arrangements and imperfections on first-order reversal curve heat-maps

For more than 30 years, the properties of Co/Pt multilayers have intrigued magneticians for their high coercivity and well-developed perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) [1], with a view to applications in magneto-optical recording and perpendicular magnetic recording media and MRAM, to name but a few. The magnetic and structural properties of this system usually rely on the induction of &lt;111&gt; crystallographic texture and do vary substantially with thickness of the component layers within and number of repetitions of the Co/Pt bi-layer building block [2]. The quality of PMA typically deteriorates beyond 10-20 repetitions and mechanisms of magnetisation reversal complicate as a result. Here we describe the measurement of dynamic hysteresis loops from essentially DC to about 1 kHz in this type of multilayer using an in-house developed MOKE dynamic hysteresiograph and their interpretation within a model of viscous dynamics, accounting for both hysteretic switching and magnetisation rotation. The samples are prepared by DC magnetron sputtering in a Shamrock multi-chamber deposition tool and have the following structure SiO2/Ta(5)/Pt(2)/[Co(0.4)/Pt(0.8)]10/Co(0.4)/Pt(2), where the dimensions in brackets are given in nanometre. The measurement setup, shown on fig. 2, consists of an optical system utilizing a crossed polarizer/analyser close-to-polar geometry, with a CW He-Ne laser light source (focused down to about 30 μm) and high-speed biased (&gt; 1 MHz bandwidth) photo-diode detector. The magnetic field excitation is provided by an air-gap resonant coil, connected in series to a variable capacitance bank and a high-bandwidth linear operational power amplifier. The system is able to swing over 60 V and at least 5 A of current and deliver fields &gt; 250 mT at low frequency and 150 mT at 1 kHz. Fundamental frequency current resonance is maintained by adjusting the magnitude of the series capacitance, for each magnetic field ramp rate of interest. Two typical hysteresis loops are shown on fig. 1, demonstrating two distinct regions – one of relatively abrupt magnetisation reversal, followed by another, consisting primarily of magnetisation rotation. The behaviour of the normalized differential susceptibility is illustrated on fig. 2, for a number of frequencies in the region 5 – 810 Hz (linear ramp rates of up to 100 T/s). The same is computed using a statistical β-spline (of 3rd order) interpolation of the normalized hysteresis curves, in time domain. The peak in the differential susceptibility is becoming lower and broader as the frequency increases, while the plateau (associated with rotation) remains constant in amplitude, while shifting towards larger fields. To account for this behaviour a model is constructed, comprised of a statistical ‘normal’ hysteronic distribution and constant ‘rectangular profile’ plateau, time-convolved with a function (convolution kernel), which is a decaying exponent for positive times and zero for negative times, the time-constant of which is related to both the magnetic viscosity of the system and the magnetic field ramp rate. The resulting integral model yields excellent non-linear least squares fits to the experimental data, as demonstrated of fig. 2, and allows for the quantification of the quasi-static coercive field Hc, its distribution ΔHc, the rotational torque amplitude ΔHr and the magnetic viscosity parameter η, at different magnetic field ramp rates. The scaling of the amplitude of the model is essentially constant in the frequency range DC-1 kHz, while the extracted velues of the average coercive field, the width of the hysteronic distribution and effective viscosity parameter, all scale linearly, with factors of 25 %, 50 % and 500 %, respectively. As the rotational plateau of the normalized differential susceptibility is essentially unchanged up to field ramp rate of ~100 T/s, it can be infurred that both the magnetisation reversal and rotational dynamics (ferromagnetic resonance frequencies are expected to range betweeen 0.5 and 3 GHz, in the field region of interest) is governed by timescales much shorter than 1 ms, and the probing spot size chosen, is sufficiently small, to not impact significantly the results even for domain wall viscous propagation velocities as low as 0.1 m/s. It is hoped that the here-illustrated simple dynamic model of the dynamic hysteresis in perpendicular anisotropy thin films will also help with the parametrisation, interpretation and analysis (in broad regions of field, frequency and temperature) of experimental data on systems of great practical interest, other than Co/Pt, such as L10 FePt, FeNi and CoPd, to name just a few.

**References:**

[1] C.-J.Lin, G.L.Gorman, C.H.Lee, R.F.C.Farrow, E.E.Marinero, H.V.Do, H.Notarys and C.J.Chien “Magnetic and structural properties of Co/Pt multilayers”, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 93 194-206(1991). [2] D. M. Donnet, V. G. Lewis, J. N. Chapman, K. O'Grady and H. W. van Kesteren “Microstructure and hysteresis in Co/Pt multilayers”, Journal of Applied Physics 26 (1993).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/ed09a37c8867302bb2be444eb0563174.jpg)
(left) Illustrative dynamic hysteresis loops of a Co/Pt multilayer, measured via MOKE, at two different frequencies of the triangular profile drive field (5 Hz and 810 Hz). (right) Views of the various components of the experimental setup and, including the optical and magnetic field sub-systems and the sample mounting. Also shown is a real-time oscillogram of the field and MOKE sample signal, for sinusoidal excitation.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/059da582912ae82a6d2610b805cecf02.jpg)
(left) Normallized differential susceptibility of the Co/Pt multilayer described in the text, at several different frequencies in the range (5 - 810 Hz). (right) A non-linear least squares fit to the data obtained at 440 Hz, using the integral model described in the text and the corresponding fittting parameters, as an inset.

A dynamic model for the hysteresis of CoPt multilayers and its use for the interpretation of MOKE hysteresis loops aquired at different field ramp rates

We use micromagnetic simulations based on the stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (sLLG) equation to calculate dynamic magnetic hysteresis loops relevant to magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia. Our simulation model is inspired by a preclinical study reported by Dennis et al. [1] using iron oxide nanoparticles for cancer treatment in mice. The nanoparticles consist of nanorods nominally 6.7 nm x 20 nm x 47 nm in size. Instead of simulating atomic spins, micromagnetics suggests assuming uniformly magnetized cells with dimensions of the cubic unit cell (a0=0.839 nm), resulting in a rod composed of 10752 cells. The approximation that all spins within a cell are uniformly aligned via a relatively strong exchange interaction is valid at zero temperature for cell sizes smaller than the exchange length. At finite temperature, spin decorrelation must be taken into account, and a coarse-graining procedure is required to determine how micromagnetic parameters vary with cell size and temperature. To avoid unwanted heating of surrounding healthy tissues due to Eddy currents, restrictions on the applied field frequency and amplitude limit the field sweep rate to SR=4Hmax f &lt; 0.25 Oe/ns [2, 3]. Simulating a rod made of cells with size a0 takes months, so using fewer but larger cells is computationally attractive. Our study models the rods using larger cells (of length ab = b a0 for b &gt; 1) to be able to simulate complex nanoparticles in a reasonable time (see Fig. 1). As the cell size affects the system’s simulated properties, magnetic parameters need to be scaled to keep the model’s magnetic response, i.e., m-H hysteresis loops, invariant with the simulation cell size. Scaling also appears within the realm of phase transitions and critical phenomena, driven by thermodynamic considerations, resulting in the powerful renormalization group (RG) approach based on the correlation length. In the present study, we use the RG approach of Grinstein and Koch [4] to determine how the field H(b), anisotropy constant K(b), and exchange constant A(b) should scale with b (see Fig. 1) at finite temperature. We modify their approach to describe the scaling of the magnetization m(b) by introducing a phenomenological parameter δ that accounts for the nonlinear magnetization temperature dependence [5]. We also extend their approach to include magnetostatic interactions that were not considered in Grinstein and Koch’s work. The scaling algorithm produces nearly identical loops over several decades in the model grain volume, as shown in the top four curves of Fig. 2; for details, see Ref. [6]. Larger cell sizes also allow using a larger Δt when solving the equations of motion. Using the scaling approach decreases the rod’s simulation time from months to days. At the heart of the LLG equation is α, responsible for describing energy loss from the macroscopic motions of the local magnetization to microscopic thermal motion [7]. A larger α signifies a faster loss of energy and a shorter relaxation time required to align the magnetic moments to the field and results in a smaller hysteresis loop. Likewise, a slower SR is equivalent to a longer measurement time and consequently yields a smaller loop. Considering Sharrock's work [8], which relates the coercive field to the relaxation time and attempt frequency, we argue that, for the small α, so long as SR/α = constant, the coercive field should remain the same. In Fig. 2, we plot the m-H hysteresis loops for two sets of values for SR and α, such that SR/α =2.5, and interestingly even for large values of α, the loops overlap. Using this approach reduces the simulation time from days to hours, for details see Ref. [5]. To summarize, we show here that the RG approach of Grinstein and Koch yields a scaling of magnetostatic, exchange and anisotropy parameters that, with some modification for the rescaling of the resulting magnetization, yields finite temperature nanorod hysteresis loops that are, to approximately 10%, invariant with cell size. Scaling results hold even to the point where the nanorod is represented by a single magnetization vector that experiences only anisotropy and self-demagnetization. In addition to the computational speedup resulting from the use of fewer micromagnetic cells, the invariance of loops when SR/α is fixed provides another avenue for computational efficiency by allowing one to use a larger SR than the target value. This paves the way for efficient simulations of nanoparticles (composed of nanorods) and their response to AC fields [6], in support of experimental studies of hyperthermia.

**References:**

[1] C. L. Dennis, et al. Nanotechnology, 20(39), 395103 (2009). [2] S. Dutz, and R. Hergt, Int. J. Hyperth., 29(8), 790-800 (2013). [3] R. Hergt, and S. Dutz, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 311(1), 187-192 (2007). [4] G. Grinstein, and R. H. Koch, Phys. Rev. Lett., 90(20), 207201 (2003). [5] R. Behbahani, M. L. Plumer and I. Saika-Voivod, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 32, 35LT01 6pp (2020). [6] R. Behbahani, M. L. Plumer and I. Saika-Voivod, arXiv:2010.08848 (2020). [7] T. L. Gilbert, IEEE Trans. Magn., 40(6), 3443-3449 (2004). [8] M. Sharrock, and J. McKinney, IEEE Trans. Magn., 17(6), 3020-3022 (1981).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/53d389db281adb19e35bb9b508f104a5.jpg)
Figure 1. Coarse-grained modelling of a magnetite nanorod. The smallest micromagnetic cell models eight atomic spins within a cubic unit cell of length a0 = 0.839 nm with a single magnetic moment. Ultimately, the nanorod is modelled as a single block, corresponding to b = 22. Spherical magnetic nanoparticles studied in Ref. 2 are made up of magnetite nanorods.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/6ef098f20be94e527108ac4581410602.jpg)
Figure 2: Hysteresis loop invariance. The top four loops show invariance with cell size when magnetic parameters are scaled according to a modified RG prescription in addition to the magnetostatic interactions scaling. The last two loops show the invariance of MH loops when the ratio SR/α is constant.

Coarse-graining in micromagnetic simulations of dynamic hysteresis loops

First Order Reversal Curve (FORC) diagrams have over 30 years of history as a tool to characterise ensembles of magnetic particles reaching from applications in geophysics to detect the prevalence of carriers of paleomagnetic signals [1] to the measurement of magnetic recording media properties [2]. Using FORC diagrams as a purely quantitative tool remains an open topic of active research (see e.g. [3]), but they have proven to be useful as semi-quantitative instrument to determine traces of magnetic phases in a material mixture [4]. Based on this present understanding we introduce the idea of using FORC diagrams to detect the crystalline structure of the cobalt binder phase in tungsten carbide (WC-Co), a hard metal used in a wide range of high-tech applications (e.g. drills or cutting inserts) [5]. The goal is to interpret FORC diagrams from experimental measurements by micromagnetic simulations as a source of “big data” for a fast characterisation of tungsten carbide binders. Our proposed method goes significantly beyond state-of-the art techniques used for characterisation of WC-Co in particular, but also makes a contribution to the interpretability of FORC diagrams in general by applying machine learning to the large amount of data points available through FORCs. Here, we present our first results towards such an automated interpretation of FORC diagrams, which requires a substantial amount of training data from micromagnetic simulations. Such simulations provide the opportunity to assemble mixtures of particles with a known distribution of various properties, which should serve as labelled training data. We use energy minimization [6] to compute the magnetization curves of Co particles with sizes of 100 nm and uniaxial anisotropy. A reversal curve is computed starting at each point Hr on the major loop where the magnetization M has changed by a defined amount. Depending on the alignment of the anisotropy axes with respect to the field H different numbers and configurations of domain wall nucleation-propagation-annihilation sequences occur during a full reversal loop, leading to a large variation in the number of generated FORCs. To mitigate the necessary computational efforts to acquire the training data of large ensembles of more than 100 particles we developed a Python-based FORC analysis framework and used scikit-learn’s Random Forest Regressor [7] to predict the surface M(H,Hr) from a subset of simulations. Our first results for an ensemble of non-interacting cubes with varying anisotropy axes show that the FORC diagrams calculated from the predicted M(H,Hr) surface give a valid representation of the FORC diagram calculated directly from the fully simulated ensemble (Fig.1). This approach will enable us to speed up the generation of training data considerably, which provides the basis to understand the microstructure of WC-Co samples containing Co particles with dimensions beyond the 100 nm scale by using FORCs as a fast and non-destructive characterisation tool. Fig. 2 shows two examples of simulated FORCs and their respective FORC diagrams. In Fig. 2a the external field is aligned more parallel to the particle’s easy axis than in Fig. 2b. As FORC diagrams only show pronounced peaks for irreversible processes, they can be directly associated with the jumps present in the FORCs shown in the upper part. Analytical models to explain the peaks’ positions and heights can only be found for simplified models. Following [8], the two peaks in Fig. 2a can be modelled analytically using a curvilinear hysteresis loop, but this model does not reveal the exact reversal process in the material. Combining micromagnetic simulations with machine learning will enable us to train models using realistic assumptions about the material of interest. As a first step the presented approach will make it possible to get data for the interpretation of FORC diagrams within minutes instead of weeks by replacing time-consuming micromagnetic simulations with sufficiently trained machine learning models. The financial support by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Climate Action, Environment, Energy, Mobility, Innovation and Technology (BMK) in the KI-Carbide project (#877141) is gratefully acknowledged.

**References:**

[1] A. R. Muxworthy and D. J. Dunlop: Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett. 203, pp 369-382 (2002) [2] M. Winklhofer and G. T. Zimanyi, J. Appl. Phys. 99, 08E710 (2006) [3] D. A. Gilbert, G.T. Zimanyi, R.K. Dumas et al., Sci. Rep. 4, 4204 (2014) [4] C. Carvallo et al.: Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 154, pp 308–322 (2006) [5] J. García et al., Int. J. Refr. Met. 80, pp 40-68 (2019) [6] L. Exl, J. Fischbacher, A. Kovacs et al., Comp. Phys. Comm. 235, pp 179-186 (2019) [7] F. Pedregosa et al, JMLR 12, pp 2825-2830 (2011) [8] C. Pike and A. Fernandez, J. Appl. Phys. 85, pp 6668-6676 (1999)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/9de8549ddbc61514a201eecc9b7f0b4d.jpg)
Fig. 1 FORC diagrams computed (a) directly from simulating a full ensemble of 125 non-interacting hcp-Co particles with varying alignment of the anisotropy axis with respect to the external field and (b) by using only a subset of 20 simulations as input to a Random Forest Regressor to predict the M(H, Hr) surface

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/2c361c16a150eeb7f7d6915c3daf9b09.png)
Fig. 2 Examples of simulated FORCs and calculated FORC diagrams for a 100 nm cube of hcp Co (uniaxial anisotropy). Colorbars indicate the peak height of the FORC distribution (see also Figure 1). The external field in (a) is aligned more parallel to the easy axis than in (b). The visible peaks in the FORC diagrams (bottom) correspond to irreversible jumps of the magnetization (top).

Using a Random Forest Regressor to Predict First-Order Reversal Curves of hcp-Co Particle Ensembles

The Stoner-Wohlfarth model [1], first published in 1948, describes the magnetic behaviour of anisotropic, ferromagnetic particles, which magnetize via coherent rotation. This widely used model predicts the crossing of the ascending and descending branches of the magnetization curve when the applied field is close to the magnetic hard-axis. However, experimental observation of this hysteresis branch crossing has not been acknowledged in the literature. In fact, the crossing of hysteresis branches has been labelled as being nonphysical [2] and a problem [3] with the Stoner-Wohlfarth model. Here we show that the crossing of the ascending and descending branches of the magnetization curve does occur and is consistent with the Stoner-Wohlfarth model. Contrary to previous reports, we show that the crossing of hysteresis branches is physically realistic [4] and violates no fundamental law.

**References:**

[1] Stoner, E.C. and Wohlfarth, E.P., Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. of London Series A, 240, no. 826, pp.599-624 (1948). [2] Vajda, F. and Della Torre, E., IEEE Trans. Mag., 28, no. 5, pp.2611-2613 (1992). [3] Tannous, C. and Gieraltowski, J., Physica B, 403, pp.3563-3570 (2008). [4] Heslop, D. and Roberts, A., Jour. Goephys. Res., 117, B03103 (2012).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/960e20c09fe918c9d9087883ca10b05a.jpg)
Figure 1: The reduced x- and y-components of the magnetization as a function of applied field for an angle of α=2o. Circles and triangles represent the x- and y-components of the measured magnetization, respectively. Solid and dashed lines represent numeric solutions to a temperature-dependant Stoner-Wohlfarth model. Ascending and descending data are shown in red and blue, respectivey. Black circles highlight the hysteresis branch crossings.

Hysteresis branch crossing and the Stoner-Wohlfarth model

I. Introduction The iron losses, permeability and magnetostriction of electrical steel sheet are sensitive to mechanical stress, and the presence of mechanical stress may bring out the deformation of the magnetostrictive hysteresis loops, the increase of core loss, and the aggravation of vibration and noise in electrical machines or transformers. The accurate prediction of magnetic characteristics under stress is significant for optimum design of high power density motor. The multi-scale domain energy models [1-2], such as the assembled domain structure model (ADSM) have been conducted to represent the magnetic hysteretic behavior in an electrical steel sheet based on the minimization principle of total magnetic energy. In comparison with some phenomenon models such as Preisach, the domain energy model interprets the magnetic domain wall movements and rotation with the magnetic field applied and builds a relevance between the microstructure and magnetic hysteresis properties. However, due to the complexity of the parameter identification, the establishment of domain model is at the cost of large computation time and its modeling accuracy to the magnetostrictive loops is also to be improved. In this paper, a multi-scale domain energy model is improved to estimate the magnetostrictive characteristics under different external stresses, in which the hysteresis energy function is introduced instead of pinning energy in order to reduce the computation time. To identify the parameters in the model, the magnetic domain wall movements in an electrical steel sheet during the magnetization process are observed by a magnetic domain observation microscope, and the magnetostrictive hysteresis loops under several external stresses are measured. The validity of proposed model is verified by comparing the measured magnetostrictive loops with computed ones. II. Experiments and Approaches A. Experiments With the presence of external magnetic field intensity H, the balance state with the total inner energy in the ferromagnetic materials keeping the minimum is disturbed, and then the wall movements and magnetic moment rotation in the magnetic domains is occurring. This magnetization process in an electrical steel sheet is observed with a polished sample of with the size of 8mm width and 8mm length, as shown in Fig.1(a), by means of a magnetic domain observation microscope, BH-782PI-SHG, Japan. Fig.1(b) represents a domain figure under a 0.5Oe field in a non-oriented silicon steel, in which the difference between grey levels indicates different magnetization direction domains. Further, the magnetic hysteresis and magnetostrictive loops with different mechanical stresses applied are measured, as shown in Fig.1(b), by a laser magnetostrictive tester from Brockhaus, Germany, in which the shape and magnitude and area of magnetostrictive loops occur to increase after applying a 4Mpa compressive stress. B. Improved Multi-Scale Domain Energy Model The magnetic domain moment is alignment with the easy directions of the crystal in a grain when the material is in the demagnetized state. According to the ADSM model each grain is assumed to be composed of six magnetic domains along the easy directions, and the unit magnetization vector m of each domain is denoted by the variables θ and Φ as a vector [sinθsinΦ, sinθcosΦ, cosθ]. The θi ,Φi and the existence probability ri ( i=1,2,…,6) of magnetization vector for each domain can be determined according to the principle of local energy minimum. The total magnetic domain energy is expressed as the summation of Zeeman energy, the crystalline anisotropic energy, the magnetostatic energy and magnetoelastic energy in the ADSM. Further in order to model the magnetic hysteresis effect, the pinning energy have been added into the total energy. In this paper, in order to estimate the behavior of magnetostrictive hysteresis behavior, a hysteresis energy density function in (1) instead of the pinning energy is employed into the total domain energy in terms of simplifying the parameter identification process. Eh=-μ0Ms/χ0(α1,imx-p+α2,i+my-p+α3,imz-p) (1) where [α1,i, α2,i, α3,i] is direction cosine of the unit magnetization vector of the i-th domain with respect to the three easy axes; (mx-p, my-p, mz-p) is three components of magnetization vector at previous moment, MS is the saturation magnetization. The hysteresis energy density function can take the effect of the magnetization history, and explain the hysteresis phenomenon as an inertia. Further, the effect of external stress on the magnetostriction in the magnetoelastic energy is described as: Eσ=-3/2λ100σ(α21,iγ21+α22,iγ23+α23,iγ23)-3λ111σ(α1,iα2,iγ1γ2+α2,iα3,iγ2γ3+α3,iα1,iγ3γ1) (2) where (γ1, γ2, γ3) is the cosine of the angle between the stress and the three easy axes; λ100 and λ111 are saturation magnetostrictive coefficients along the [100] direction and the [111] direction; σ is the stress applied on the sample; Fig. 2 shows the measured and modeled results of magnetostriction loops, and more discussion will be presented in detail in the extended paper.

**References:**

 [1] S. Ito, T. Mifune, T. Matsuo, et al. Energy-Based Magnetization and Magnetostriction Modeling of Grain-Oriented Silicon Steel under Vectorial Excitations . IEEE Trans. Magn. vol 52, no. 5, pp. 1-4, 2016. [2] D. Vanoost，S. Steentjes, J. Peuteman, et al. Magnetic hysteresis at the domain scale of a multi-scale material model for magneto-elastic behaviour. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. vol 414, no. sep., pp. 168-179, 2016. [3] T. Moses. Relevance of microstructure and texture to the accuracy and interpretation of 1 and 2 directional characterisation and testing of grain-oriented electrical steels. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics & Mechanics, vol. 55, pp. 1-11, 2017.

**Images:**
![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/fd54ab2a2bbd0678fa4e3b7e947e9359.jpg)

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/7ac2dc401cdea94bc7da44b75d6694f5.jpg)

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