United States

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) grounds language-model output in external knowledge, yet its application to dense technical documentation remains largely unexplored. Engineering software manuals pose compounding challenges: formulae are corrupted during PDF extraction, heterogeneous content types require different parsing treatment, and queries demand cross-document synthesis across multiple reference volumes. We present an end-to-end RAG system for OpenFOAM, an open-source computational fluid dynamics toolkit, operating in two modes. In single-query mode, a formula-preserving parser (Marker), adaptive header-aware chunking, two-stage dense-then-rerank retrieval, and a citation-enforcement prompt produce grounded, source-attributed answers across a 20-question benchmark. In report mode, a user prompt is decomposed into sub-questions via LLM planning; each sub-question undergoes independent retrieval and cross-encoder re-ranking, and the deduplicated chunk set is passed to a long-context generation call that produces a structured, multi-section report with inline citations. Evaluated on a 10-prompt golden set with a six-dimension LLM-as-a-judge framework, both pipelines achieve overall scores above 4.6/5.0 with perfect citation correctness (5.0/5.0). The decomposed pipeline demonstrates superior robustness (90% vs 70% judge success rate). Retrieval analysis using page-level ground truth reveals low absolute recall (&lt;14%), identifying retrieval breadth as the primary bottleneck.

ACL 2026

Decompose, Retrieve, Cite: A RAG Pipeline for Structured Report Generation from Technical Documentation

citation grounding

technical documentation

query decomposition

openfoam

retrieval-augmented generation

large language models

information retrieval

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Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) grounds language-model output in external knowledge, yet its application to dense technical documentation remains largely unexplored. Engineering software manuals pose compounding challenges: formulae are corrupted during PDF extraction, heterogeneous content types require different parsing treatment, and queries demand cross-document synthesis across multiple reference volumes. We present an end-to-end RAG system for OpenFOAM, an open-source computational fluid dynamics toolkit, operating in two modes. In single-query mode, a formula-preserving parser (Marker), adaptive header-aware chunking, two-stage dense-then-rerank retrieval, and a citation-enforcement prompt produce grounded, source-attributed answers across a 20-question benchmark. In report mode, a user prompt is decomposed into sub-questions via LLM planning; each sub-question undergoes independent retrieval and cross-encoder re-ranking, and the deduplicated chunk set is passed to a long-context generation call that produces a structured, multi-section report with inline citations. Evaluated on a 10-prompt golden set with a six-dimension LLM-as-a-judge framework, both pipelines achieve overall scores above 4.6/5.0 with perfect citation correctness (5.0/5.0). The decomposed pipeline demonstrates superior robustness (90% vs 70% judge success rate). Retrieval analysis using page-level ground truth reveals low absolute recall (<14%), identifying retrieval breadth as the primary bottleneck.

workshop paper

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We introduce $\textbf{EncouRAGe}$, a comprehensive Python library designed to streamline the development and evaluation of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems using Large Language Models (LLMs) and Embedding Models. EncouRAGe comprises five modular and extensible components: $\textit{Type Manifest}$, $\textit{RAG Factory}$, $\textit{Inference}$, $\textit{Vector Store}$, and $\textit{Metrics}$, facilitating flexible experimentation and extensible development. Each component helps to make development RAG evaluation and emphasizes $\textbf{scientific reproducibility}$, $\textbf{diverse evaluation metrics}$, and $\textbf{local deployment}$, enabling researchers to efficiently assess datasets within RAG workflows. This paper presents implementation details and an extensive evaluation across multiple benchmark datasets, including $\textit{25k QA pairs}$ and $\textit{over 51k documents}$. Our results show that RAG still underperforms compared to the $\textit{Oracle Context}$, while $\textit{Hybrid BM25}$ consistently achieves the best results across all four datasets. $\textbf{Code}$: https://github.com/uhh-hcds/encourage

EncouRAGe: Evaluating RAG Local, Reliable and Efficient

Operational safety in mission-critical environments requires AI systems that are accurate, interpretable, and resistant to hallucination. We present an agentic Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) framework, REFSafe, for grounded hazard analysis and automated safety report generation. The system integrates Large Language Models (LLMs) with structured operational data, historical incident repositories, policy documents, and external authoritative sources. Through iterative agentic reasoning, the framework retrieves, verifies, and synthesizes evidence prior to generation, enforcing citation-backed outputs with explicit source attribution (documents, links, and prior events) to ensure traceability and trust. To mitigate hallucinations and unsupported claims, all risk assessments and forecasts are constrained to retrieved evidence, with confidence signals derived from retrieval relevance and source consistency. A transparent pipeline enables subject matter experts (SMEs) to validate predictions, and provide structured feedback, forming a continuous performance calibration loop. Preliminary deployment demonstrates improved reliability in hazard detection and safety/vulnerability report generation. This work advances trustworthy, evidence-grounded AI for predictive safety intelligence in mission-critical operations.

REFSafE: A RAG-Enabled Framework for Predictive Risk Analysis and Automated Safety Report Generation in Mission-Critical Environments

High-Risk Property (HRP) classification is critical at U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sites, where inventories include sensitive and often dual-use equipment. Compliance must track evolving rules designated by various export control policies to make transparent and auditable decisions. Traditional expert-only workflows are time-consuming, backlog-prone, and struggle to keep pace with shifting regulatory boundaries. We propose ORCHID, a modular agentic framework for HRP classification that pairs retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) with human oversight to produce policy based outputs that can be audited. Small cooperating agents‚Äîretrieval, description refiner, classifier, validator, and feedback logger‚Äîcoordinate via agent-to-agent messaging and invoke tools through the Model Context Protocol (MCP) for model-agnostic on-premise operation. The interface follows an "Item to Evidence to Decision" loop with step-by-step reasoning, on-policy citations, and append-only audit bundles (run-cards, prompts, evidence). In preliminary tests on real HRP cases, ORCHID improves accuracy and traceability over a non-agentic baseline while deferring uncertain items to Subject Matter Experts (SMEs). The demonstration shows single item submission, grounded citations, SME feedback capture, and exportable audit artifacts‚Äîillustrating a practical path to trustworthy LLM assistance in sensitive DOE compliance workflows.

ORCHID: Orchestrated Retrieval-Augmented Classification of High-Risk Property with Intelligent Decision-Making

Automating systematic reviews (SRs), i.e., evidence-driven analyses under explicit protocol constraints, is a natural target for retrieval-augmented generation and deep research agents, yet existing benchmarks evaluate isolated subtasks or assume fixed evidence inputs. We introduce RAG4SR-CS-200, a benchmark of 200 computer science systematic reviews designed for protocol-driven systematic review automation. Each instance comprises review objectives, research questions, eligibility criteria, cleaned full-text review structure, references, and extracted tables. These elements support evaluation across key tasks in systematic review creation such as literature retrieval, eligibility screening, citation-grounded review generation, and structured table generation, in both stage-wise and end-to-end settings. RAG4SR-CS-200 provides a foundation for developing more reliable and diagnosable deep research agents for scientific evidence synthesis. Code and data are publicly available (https://github.com/webis-de/rag4sr-cs-200).

A Pipeline to Bootstrap the Evaluation of Retrieval-Augmented Generation for the Automation of Systematic Reviews in Computer Science

We enter both tracks of the RAG4Reports challenge with two complementary components built on a shared idea: open-ended question nuggets. PrefNugget derives concise nugget banks from pairwise preferences between system responses. PrefNugget, and its ungrounded ablation RUBRIC, are used to predict the leaderboard of RAG systems. 
Crucible is a RAG system which uses such nugget banks to generate reports with citations. For each nugget, it will extract relevant text spans, which can be taken as-is (extract) or polished with generation.

Crucible@Rag4Reports: Using Nuggets for Evaluation and RAG

This system paper presents AMU's submission to RAG4Reports 2026 Task B: a practical multilingual retrieval-augmented generation pipeline for evidence-supported report generation. The system combines full-query retrieval, optional query rewriting, dense retrieval with Qdrant, cross-encoder reranking, diversity-aware context selection, and structured generation. The best submitted run uses BAAI/bge-m3 embeddings, BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-m3 reranking, and gpt-5.1 generation with medium reasoning effort, using a partial-coverage prompt strategy. On the official leaderboard, it achieved F1=0.4351, sentence_support=0.8280, and nugget_coverage=0.3403, indicating that the generated reports were well grounded but only partially comprehensive.

AMU at RAG4Reports 2026 Task B: A Practical Multilingual RAG Pipeline for Citation-Grounded Reports

Reliable automatic evaluation of retrieval-grounded long-form reports typically requires human annotation or frontier-scale proprietary LLMs, both of which are expensive in constrained settings. Team rgipt participated in RAG4Reports@ACL 2026 Task 1 with a zero-shot nugget-verification system that runs entirely on a single NVIDIA T4 GPU. We compare three ultra-lightweight decoder-only models: Qwen2-0.5B, Qwen2-1.5B, and Qwen2.5-0.5B, under identical inference conditions to examine how small an LLM judge can be while retaining human-aligned ranking signal. Both Qwen2 models produced negative $\tau_{\text{gap}}$, whereas Qwen2.5-0.5B achieved $\tau_{\text{gap}} = 0.0772$ and Pearson $r = 0.2209$, ranking 13th of 21 teams. Within this family and evaluation setting, model generation appears to matter more than parameter count, although this finding is based on three configurations on a single task and warrants further validation.

Exploring Capability Thresholds in Ultra-Lightweight LLM Judges for Nugget-Based Report Evaluation

We describe EFSG (Evidence-First Structured Generation), our submission to Task B of the RAG4Reports@ACL 2026 shared task. Standard retrieval-augmented generation pipelines allow generation models to write from parametric memory and attach citations retroactively: a behaviour we term post-rationalization. EFSG addresses this structurally through a phase boundary: all evidence is retrieved, extracted, and sealed into a fact pool before any generation begins; each sentence then sees only its single committed source passage. Our best run (t5100k doc corpus) achieved sentence_support of 0.612 and nugget_coverage of 0.126 (F1 = 0.182).

EFSG: Evidence-First Structured Generation for Multilingual RAG Report Generation

In the present article, we have described our system developed for participating in Task B on Multilingual Report Generation under RAG4Reports 2026 at ACL 2026 with submitted run ID ju_nlp_pg. The problem statement is given a report request in English, the system retrieves relevant passages from a four million multilingual document corpus (English, Chinese, Russian, Arabic) and generates a grounded, citation-bearing report. Our core challenge was how to fit a large retrieval corpus along with a capable generative model on a two-GPU node with ‚âà29 GB RAM. We addressed the challenge employing three different techniques: (1) 4-bit NF4 quantization, shrinking the LLM from ‚âà14 GB to ‚âà4 GB; (2) memory-mapped, chunked FAISS index construction over pre-computed multilingual-e5-large embeddings; and (3) strict model-loading order to prevent heap fragmentation. On the other hand, the reports are structured around topic nuggets to directly target the Auto-ARGUE evaluation signal.

JU-NLP-PG at RAG4Reports 2026: Memory-Efficient Multilingual Report Generation with 4-bit Quantized LLMs

Quantization methods are widely used to accelerate inference and streamline the deployment of large language models (LLMs). Although quantization's effects on various LLM capabilities have been extensively studied, one critical area remains underexplored: factual knowledge recall (FKR), the process by which LLMs access stored knowledge. To this end, we conduct comprehensive experiments using three common quantization techniques at distinct bit widths, in conjunction with interpretability-driven analyses on two tasks, knowledge memorization and latent multi-hop reasoning. We show that quantization typically results in information loss within LLMs, consequently diminishing their capacity for FKR. This effect is particularly amplified in smaller models within the same architectural families. However, models quantized at reduced bit precision do not consistently exhibit inferior performance and occasionally quantization may even enhance model FKR. We find that BitSandBytes demonstrates highest preservation of the original full-precision model's FKR. Despite variability across models and methods, quantization causes modest performance degradation and remains an effective compression strategy.

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