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The advent of LLMs has given rise to generative search, a new search paradigm in which LLMs retrieve information from the web related to a query and synthesize it into a single, coherent response. This paradigm differs fundamentally from traditional web search, where results are returned as a ranked list of independent web pages. In this paper, we ask: Along what dimensions does generative search differ from traditional search?
We conduct a systematic comparison between Google organic search and five generative search systems from three providers: Google, OpenAI, and Perplexity. Our analysis reveals substantial variation among engines in their reliance on internal v.s. external knowledge, source diversity, and stability. While generative systems often achieve topical coverage comparable to traditional search, they do so using markedly different retrieval footprints and synthesis strategies. We further show that the outputs of generative search can vary across time and executions, raising new challenges for robustness. Our findings demonstrate that generative search introduces new dimensions that are not captured by existing evaluation paradigms, motivating the development of evaluations that explicitly account for retrieval behavior, synthesis, and stability in generative search systems.

ACL 2026

Characterizing Web Search in The Age of Generative AI

It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026), held in San Diego, California, USA, July 2–7, 2026. ACL 2026 continues our fields tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity, and I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers who have worked tirelessly to bring this event to life.

It is exciting to see the many developments in the field reflected at our conference, such as the advancement of large language models (born out of our community) into many application directions. This is not without challenges, partly due to unsolved problems, and partly due to misuse of the technology. All this is reflected well at ACL 2026. The conference also reflects that the field is not only about advancing technology, but also the science of fundamentally understanding language and how it is use by many different speaker communities. <br>
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The 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026) will take place in San Diego, California, from July 2 - 7, 2026.

poster

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse domains. However, the reliability of responses from LLMs remains a question. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) of LLMs is crucial for ensuring their reliability, especially in areas such as healthcare. Existing UQ methods, often designed around a single resource such as Natural Language Inference (NLI) or graph-based metrics, fail to capture the multifaceted nature of uncertainty in natural language generation. In this work, we propose MS-UQ, a novel Multi-Resource Uncertainty Quantification framework that integrates heterogeneous uncertainty signals into a unified measure. Our approach concatenates matrices from diverse resources and employs tensor decomposition to orthogonally disentangle unique and shared information. To ensure scalability, we construct an adaptive ensemble of outputs from different decomposition methods, enabling the incorporation of new uncertainty sources. Experiments on CoQA, NQ_Open, and HotpotQA demonstrate that MS-UQ consistently outperforms existing methods, offering a comprehensive and scalable solution for uncertainty estimation in black-box LLMs and a more robust framework for enhancing LLM reliability in high-stakes applications. Our code can be accessed at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/MDUQ-First-202E/README.md.

Uncertainty Quantification of Large Language Models through Multiple Uncertainty Sources

Large language models (LLMs) acquire most of their knowledge during pretraining, which ties them to a fixed snapshot of the world and makes adaptation to continuously evolving knowledge challenging. As facts, entities, and events change over time, models may experience continuous knowledge drift, resulting not only in outdated predictions but also in temporally inconsistent reasoning. Although existing approaches, such as continual finetuning, knowledge editing, and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), aim to update or supplement model knowledge, they are rarely evaluated in settings that reflect chronological, evolving, and real-world knowledge evolution. In this work, we introduce a new benchmark of real-world dynamic events, constructed from time-stamped evidence that captures how knowledge evolves over time, which enables systematic evaluation of model adaptation under continuous knowledge drift. The benchmark reveals that most existing methods, including vanilla RAG and several learning-based approaches, struggle under this setting, exposing critical limitations such as catastrophic forgetting and temporal inconsistency. To mitigate these limitations, we propose a time-aware retrieval baseline, Chronos, which progressively organizes retrieved evidence into an Event Evolution Graph to enable more temporally consistent understanding in LLMs without additional training. Overall, this work provides a foundation for analyzing and advancing LLM adaptation to continuous knowledge drift in realistic settings.

RAG or Learning? Understanding the Limits of LLM Adaptation under Continuous Knowledge Drift in the Real World

Reward Modeling is critical in evaluating and improving the generation of Large Language Models (LLMs). % They are typically trained on high-quality annotated datasets to distinguish between better and worse responses. While numerous recent works have shown its feasibility in improving safety, helpfulness, reasoning, and instruction-following ability, its capability and generalization to open-ended long-context generation is still rarely explored.
In this paper, we introduce OpenGenAlign, a framework and a high-quality dataset designed to develop reward models to evaluate and improve hallucination-free, comprehensive, reliable, and efficient open-ended long-context generation. We define four key metrics to assess generation quality and develop an automated pipeline to evaluate the outputs of multiple LLMs across long-context QA, Data-to-Text, and Summarization scenarios using o3, ending up with 33K high-quality preference data with a human agreement rate of 81%. Experimental results first demonstrate that existing reward models perform suboptimally on the held-out benchmark. And Our trained reward model achieves superior performance in the benchmark and effectively improves the generation quality of the policy models using Reinforcement Learning (RL). Additionally, OpenGenAlign could be used for effective guided generation in existing datasets. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the OpenGenAlign could be integrated with reward data from other domains to achieve better performance.

OpenGenAlign: A Preference Dataset and Benchmark for Trustworthy Reward Modeling in Open-Ended, Long-Context Generation

Large-language-model (LLM) agents are becoming competent at straightforward web tasks, such as opening an item page or submitting a form, but still struggle with objectives that require long-horizon navigation, large-scale information extraction, and reasoning under constraints. We present WebDART, a general framework that enables a single LLM to handle such complex chores. WebDART (i) dynamically decomposes each objective into three focused subtasks—navigation, information extraction, and execution—so the model concentrates on one skill at a time, and (ii) continuously re-plans the decomposition as new webpages are revealed, taking advantage of newly discovered filters or shortcuts and avoiding redundant exploration. Evaluated on WebChoreArena, WebDART lifts end-to-end success rates by up to 13.7 percentage points over previous state-of-the-art agents, while matching their performance on the easier WebArena suite and completing tasks with up to 14.7 fewer navigation steps. Code will be publicly available.

WebDART: Dynamic Decomposition and Re-planning for Complex Web Tasks

Reasoning in humans is prone to biases due to underlying motivations like identity protection, that undermine rational decision-making and judgment. This motivated reasoning at a collective level can be detrimental to society when debating critical issues such as human-driven climate change or vaccine safety, and can further aggravate political polarization. Prior studies have reported that large language models (LLMs) are also susceptible to human-like cognitive biases, however, the extent to which LLMs selectively reason toward identity-congruent conclusions remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigate whether assigning 8 personas across 4 political and socio-demographic attributes induces motivated reasoning in LLMs. Testing 8 LLMs (open source and proprietary) across two reasoning tasks from human-subject studies --- veracity discernment of misinformation headlines and evaluation of numeric scientific evidence --- we find that persona-assigned LLMs have up to 9% reduced veracity discernment relative to models without personas. Political personas specifically are up to 90% more likely to correctly evaluate scientific evidence on gun control when the ground truth is congruent with their induced political identity. Prompt-based debiasing methods are largely ineffective at mitigating these effects. Taken together, our empirical findings are the first to suggest that persona-assigned LLMs exhibit human-like motivated reasoning that is hard to mitigate through conventional debiasing prompts --- raising concerns of exacerbating identity-congruent reasoning in both LLMs and humans.

Persona-Assigned Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Like Motivated Reasoning

Previous research has sought to enhance the graph reasoning capabilities of LLMs by supervised fine-tuning on synthetic graph data. While these led to specialized LLMs better at solving graph algorithm problems, we don't need LLMs for shortest path: we need generalization from synthetic graph data to real-world tasks with implicit graph structures. In this work, we propose to unlock generalizable learning of graph with post-training alignment with synthetic data. We first design solution-based and process-based rewards for synthetic graph problems: instead of rigid memorizing response patterns in direct fine-tuning, we posit that post-training alignment would help LLMs grasp the essentials underlying graph reasoning and alleviate overfitting on synthetic data. We employ post-training alignment algorithms such as GRPO and DPO, aligning both off-the-shelf LLMs and LLMs fine-tuned on synthetic graph data. We then compare them against existing settings on both in-domain synthetic tasks and out-of-domain real-world tasks with implicit graph structures such as multi-hop QA, structured planning, and more. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our post-training alignment recipe leads to statistically significant improvement on 5 datasets, with an average gain of 12.9% over baseline settings. Further analysis reveals that process-based rewards consistently outperform solution-based rewards on synthetic data but not on real-world tasks, and compositionality and explainable intermediate steps remains a critical challenge even after post-training alignment.

Generalizable LLM Learning of Graph Synthetic Data with Post-training Alignment

We propose Data Swarms, an algorithm to optimize the generation of synthetic evaluation data and advance quantitative desiderata of LLM evaluation. We first train a swarm of initial data generators using existing data, and define various evaluation objectives to reflect the desired properties of evaluation (e.g., generate more difficult problems for the evaluated models) and quantitatively evaluate data generators. We then employ particle swarm optimization to optimize the swarm of data generators, where they collaboratively search through the model parameter space to find new generators that advance these objectives. We further extend it to Adversarial Swarms, where the data generator swarm generates harder data while the test taker model swarm learns from such data, co-evolving dynamically for better data and models simultaneously. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Data Swarms outperforms eight data generation baselines across five evaluation objectives, while Adversarial Swarms produce more robust learning of synthetic data and stronger generalization. Further analysis reveals that Data Swarms successfully optimizes compositions of multiple evaluation objectives and generalizes to new off-the-shelf LLMs, unseen at optimization time.

 Data Swarms: Optimizable Generation of Synthetic Evaluation Data

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit non-stationary generation: their output distributions shift with prompts, retrieved documents, and decoding conditions. Under such variability, average likelihood metrics can obscure heterogeneous behaviors across samples, especially in high-surprisal tails where failures often occur. We propose an information-spectrum-based diagnostic framework that treats LLMs as general sources without assuming stationarity, ergodicity, or the asymptotic equipartition property. We define sequence-level self-information density (coding rate; mean surprisal) and construct an empirical information spectrum from finite samples, enabling operational estimates of spectrum quantiles and width. We further introduce an information gain spectrum, a teacher-forced likelihood-based measure that evaluates the same generated sequence with and without side information. Across multiple Japanese LLMs and QA settings, we observe that correctness differences are often more visible in the high-surprisal tail than in the mean coding rate, and that side information can reshape tail behavior in heterogeneous ways across sequences. We also observe that instruction tuning changes the spectrum structure, making tail statistics and spectrum width more predictive of correctness than the mean coding rate. Overall, our analysis illustrates how spectrum-based diagnostics complement average-based metrics for understanding conditional generation.

Diagnosing LLMs via Information Spectrum Analysis: Tail Behavior and the Effects of Side Information

Reward-guided search methods have demonstrated strong potential in enhancing tool-using agents by effectively guiding sampling and exploration over complex action spaces. As a core design, those search methods utilize process reward models (PRMs) to provide step-level rewards, enabling more fine-grained monitoring. However, there is a lack of systematic and reliable evaluation benchmarks for PRMs in tool-use settings. In this paper, we introduce ToolPRMBench, a large-scale benchmark specifically designed to evaluate PRMs for tool-using agents. ToolPRMBench is built on top of several representative tool-use benchmarks and converts agent trajectories into step-level test cases. Each case contains the interaction history, a correct action, a plausible but incorrect alternative, and relevant tool metadata. We respectively utilize offline sampling to isolate local single-step errors and online sampling to capture realistic multi-step failures from full agent rollouts. A multi-LLM verification pipeline is proposed to reduce label noise and ensure data quality. We conduct extensive experiments across large language models, general PRMs, and tool-specialized PRMs on ToolPRMBench. The results reveal clear differences in PRM effectiveness and highlight the potential of specialized PRMs for tool-using. Our code and dataset are available at: \url{https://github.com/David-Li0406/ToolPRMBench}\footnote{More resources on \textbf{LLM-as-a-judge} are on the website: \url{https://llm-as-a-judge.github.io}}.

 ToolPRMBench: Evaluating and Advancing Process Reward Models for Tool-using Agents

Using LLMs not to predict plans but to formalize an environment into the Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL) has been shown to improve performance and control. While most existing methodology only applies to fully observable environments, we adapt to the more realistic and challenging partially observable environments without sufficient information to make a complete plan. We propose PDDLego+, a framework to iteratively formalize, plan, grow, and refine PDDL representations by decomposing the environment and the goal into fully observable episodes. Without fine‑tuning, in-context exemplars, or trajectories, PDDLego+ improves planning success and exhibits robustness against problem complexity compared to end-to-end approaches. We also show that the domain knowledge captured after a successful trial can benefit future tasks.

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