United States

We present CadLLM, a training-free method to accelerate the inference throughput of diffusion-based LLMs (dLLMs). We first investigate on the dynamic nature of the token unmasking confidence across blocks and steps. Based on this observation, we then present a lightweight adaptive approach that can control the generation block size, step size, and threshold based on the average confidence score of the unmasked tokens. We further reduce the softmaxing overhead of token probability generation by dynamically leveraging a subset of vocabulary size to regulate sampling breadth. CadLLM is a plug-and-play model-agnostic with KV caching based dLLMs. Extensive experiments on four popular tasks demonstrate the efficacy of CadLLM to yield throughput improvement of up to 1.1-2.28x over the state-of-the-art baseline with competitive accuracy.

ACL 2026

Improving the Throughput of Diffusion-based Large Language Models via a Training-Free Confidence-Aware Calibration

It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026), held in San Diego, California, USA, July 2–7, 2026. ACL 2026 continues our fields tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity, and I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers who have worked tirelessly to bring this event to life.

It is exciting to see the many developments in the field reflected at our conference, such as the advancement of large language models (born out of our community) into many application directions. This is not without challenges, partly due to unsolved problems, and partly due to misuse of the technology. All this is reflected well at ACL 2026. The conference also reflects that the field is not only about advancing technology, but also the science of fundamentally understanding language and how it is use by many different speaker communities. <br>
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The 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026) will take place in San Diego, California, from July 2 - 7, 2026.

technical paper

Diagnosing fine-grained hallucinations in Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) can greatly advance their reliable deployment in real-world applications. Nevertheless, current benchmarks predominantly employ flat metrics that treat errors in isolation, leaving a gap in evaluating the complex causal dependencies between visual perception and textual reasoning. Motivated by this, we introduce the Knowledge-Guided In-Context Probing (K-GIP) framework to fill this gap. Specifically, K-GIP constructs a high-fidelity dual-perception ground truth to transform abstract priors into multi-granularity queries. Furthermore, we propose a Verification Scene Graph metric equipped with a Sequential Logic Pruning protocol, which explicitly models existence-attribute dependencies to strictly penalize logical fractures. We conduct comprehensive evaluations of mainstream LVLMs across three datasets using K-GIP. The experimental results highlight that our methodology successfully isolates deep reasoning failures from simple perceptual misses. We hope K-GIP can serve as a valuable and rigorous standard to assess logical robustness in multimodal systems.

K-GIP: Diagnosing Logical Fractures in Large Vision-Language Models via Verification Scene Graphs and Sequential Pruning

Retrieval shapes how language models access and cite knowledge in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). In historical research, the goal is often to locate the exact record for a specific regnal month, where temporal alignment matters as much as topical relevance. This is especially challenging for Classical Chinese annals: time is encoded in terse, implicit, non-Gregorian reign phrases that are context-dependent, so semantically plausible evidence can still be temporally invalid. We introduce **ChunQiuTR**, a time-keyed retrieval benchmark built from the **Spring and Autumn Annals** and its exegetical tradition. It organizes records by month-level reign keys and includes chrono-near confounders that mimic real retrieval failures. We propose **CTD** (Calendrical Temporal Dual-encoder), a time-aware dual-encoder combining Fourier-based absolute context with relative offset biasing. Experiments show consistent gains over semantic dual-encoder baselines under time-keyed evaluation. We will release ChunQiuTR and code after the anonymity period.

ChunQiuTR: Time-Keyed Temporal Retrieval in Classical Chinese Annals

Recent advancements in Generative Reward Models (GRMs) have demonstrated that scaling the length of Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning considerably enhances the reliability of evaluation. However, current works predominantly rely on unstructured length scaling, ignoring the divergent efficacy of different reasoning mechanisms: Breadth-CoT (multi-dimensional principle coverage) and Depth-CoT (substantive judgment soundness). To address this, we introduce Mix-GRM, a framework that reconfigures raw rationales into structured Breadth-CoT and Depth-CoT through a modular synthesis pipeline, subsequently employing Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) to internalize and optimize these mechanisms. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that Mix-GRM establishes a new state-of-the-art across five benchmarks, surpassing leading open-source RMs by an average of 8.2%. Our results reveal a clear divergence in reasoning: Breadth-CoT benefits subjective preference tasks, whereas Depth-CoT excels in objective correctness tasks. Consequently, misaligning the reasoning mechanism with the task directly degrades performance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that RLVR acts as a switching amplifier, inducing an emergent polarization where the model spontaneously allocates its reasoning style to match task demands.

Beyond Length Scaling: Synergizing Breadth and Depth for Generative Reward Models

Classical Chinese poetry is a treasured cultural heritage of humanity, attracting extensive research interest. However, the study of classical Chinese poetry is hindered by the lack of open, large-scale, and fine-grained multimodal datasets.Prior datasets are either limited by modality constraints, dataset size, or the level of dataset refinement, making them inadequate for effectively supporting studies and the development of applications in classical Chinese poetry.To address these issues, we propose a method for constructing a large-scale and fine-grained multimodal knowledge graph of classical Chinese poetry. We first design an informative ontology graph for classical Chinese poetry and comprehensively collect knowledge about poetry based on it. Furthermore, the method leverages knowledge augmentation, prompt optimization, and text-image alignment to acquire comprehensive, fine-grained knowledge. Both qualitative and quantitative evaluations are conducted on the Multimodal Knowledge Graph of Classical Chinese Poetry (CPMK), highlighting its comprehensiveness and high quality.We also conduct downstream evaluations on four tasks: poetry question answering, poetry theme classification, poetry-image retrieval, and rigid-formats poetry generation.Significant results are achieved across all four tasks, demonstrating CPMK's effectiveness in supporting research on Chinese poetry.CPMK will be released to promote research in Chinese culture.

Large-Scale Multimodal Knowledge Graph about Classical Chinese Poetry: Fine-grained Method and Comprehensive Evaluation

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is a fundamental post-training strategy to align Large Language Models (LLMs) with human intent. However, traditional SFT often ignores the $\textit{one-to-many}$
nature of language by forcing alignment with a single reference answer, leading to the model overfitting to non-core expressions. Although our empirical analysis suggests that introducing multiple reference answers can mitigate this issue, the prohibitive data and computational costs necessitate a strategic shift: prioritizing the mitigation of single-reference overfitting over the costly pursuit of answer diversity. To achieve this, we reveal the intrinsic connection between token probability and semantic importance: high-probability tokens carry the core logical framework, while low-probability tokens are mostly replaceable expressions. Based on this insight, we propose $\textbf{ProFit}$
, which selectively masks low-probability tokens to prevent surface-level overfitting. Extensive experiments confirm that ProFit consistently outperforms traditional SFT baselines on general reasoning and mathematical benchmarks

ProFit: Leveraging High-Value Signals in SFT via Probability-Guided Token Selection

Dunhuang art, a cornerstone of global heritage, demands fine-grained visual perception anchored by specialized cultural knowledge. Given the strong performance of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) on generic multimodal benchmarks, to what extent can they understand artifacts from Dunhuang art that are grounded in cultural context? To this end, we construct Dunhuang-Bench, a large-scale benchmark comprising 486 images and 22,970 QA pairs. It incorporates diverse task formats to evaluate MLLMs' cultural understanding: Question Answering with Text Description, Multi-turn Dialogue, and Question Answering with Choices. Guided by Panofsky’s theory of iconology, we design two tasks including visual perception and knowledge reasoning for the evaluation of content understanding. In addition, we follow the theory of formal analytic tradition to design another task of artistic appreciation in our Dunhuang-Bench. Extensive evaluations of 20 mainstream MLLMs on Dunhuang-Bench reveal a consistent performance drop from perception and appreciation to reasoning. Moreover, CoT and few-shot prompting show marginal or negative impact, highlighting the limits of prompting-based improvements. Dunhuang-Bench thus provides a challenging benchmark for advancing multimodal cultural understanding. Data and code will be publicly available.

Dunhuang-Bench: How Well Do MLLMs Understand Cultural Heritage?

Consistency models (CMs) have shown promise in the efficient generation of both image and text. 
This raises the natural question of whether we can learn a unified CM for efficient multimodal generation (e.g., text-to-image) and understanding (e.g., image-to-text). 
Intuitively, such a model could be acquired by applying the consistency distillation (CD) to existing unified multimodal models. 
However, the key challenge is establishing a unified denoising perspective for both image and text generation, which is essential for establishing the consistency mapping. 
To tackle this, at the representation level, we advocate for discrete tokens for both modalities to best preserve language modeling capabilities. 
Critically, instead of defining the text denoising trajectory via recent discrete diffusion language modeling principles, we specify it using the parallel decoding trace of an autoregressive language model, benefiting from the latter's superior performance in general text generation tasks. 
The denoising trajectory of image tokens adheres to standard discrete diffusion. 
We train our unified consistency models (UniCMs) on these combined multimodal trajectories simultaneously with a unified objective. 
We introduce a trajectory segmentation strategy to improve the training convergence. 
Empirically, in text-to-image generation, UniCMs outperform SD3 on GenEval and Image Reward, while requiring only approximately ${1}/{8}$ of the sampling time. 
Meanwhile, in image-to-text generation, 
UniCMs surpass Show-o on the MMMU benchmark while being $1.5 \times$ faster at long-sequence generating speed.

UniCM: A Unified Consistency Model For Efficient Multimodal Generation and Understanding

Recent advancements in visual context compression enable MLLMs to process ultra-long contexts efficiently by rendering text into images. However, we identify a critical vulnerability inherent to this paradigm: lowering image resolution inadvertently catalyzes jailbreaking. Our experiments reveal that the safety defenses of SOTA models deteriorate sharply as resolution degrades, surprisingly persisting even when text remains legible. We attribute this to ``Cognitive Overload``, hypothesizing that the effort required to decipher degraded inputs diverts attentional resources from safety auditing. This phenomenon is consistent across various visual perturbations, including noise and geometric distortion. To address this, we propose a simple ``Structured Cognitive Offloading'' strategy that mitigates these risks by enforcing a serialized pipeline to decouple visual transcription from safety assessment. Our work exposes a significant risk in vision-based compression and provides critical insights for the secure design of future MLLMs.

Hard to Read, Easy to Jailbreak: How Visual Degradation Bypasses MLLM Safety Alignment

Optimizing communication topology is fundamental to the efficiency and effectiveness of Large Language Model (LLM)-based Multi-Agent Systems (MAS). While recent approaches utilize reinforcement learning to dynamically construct task-specific graphs, they typically rely on single-sample policy gradients with absolute rewards (e.g., binary correctness). This paradigm suffers from severe gradient variance and the credit assignment problem: simple queries yield non-informative positive rewards for suboptimal structures, while difficult queries often result in failures that provide no learning signal. To address these challenges, we propose Graph-GRPO, a novel topology optimization framework that integrates Group Relative Policy Optimization. Instead of evaluating a single topology in isolation, Graph-GRPO samples a group of diverse communication graphs for each query and computes the advantage of specific edges based on their relative performance within the group. By normalizing rewards across the sampled group, our method effectively mitigates the noise derived from task difficulty variance and enables fine-grained credit assignment. Extensive experiments on reasoning and code generation benchmarks demonstrate that Graph-GRPO significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, achieving superior training stability and identifying critical communication pathways previously obscured by reward noise.

Graph-GRPO: Stabilizing Multi-Agent Topology Learning via Group Relative Policy Optimization

With the rapid progress of large language models (LLMs), aligning a general-purpose model with downstream tasks through fine-tuning has become a central research focus. Selecting only high-quality examples for training has been shown to be one of the most effective ways to improve fine-tuning performance. However, prior work concentrates almost exclusively on data preprocessing: filtering and cleaning data before training begins. While the order and composition of training data during training have received little fine-grained attention. To fill this gap, our work proposed Fine-Grained Order Fine-Tuning, a fine-grained scheduling method of data order in epochs. Drawing on curriculum-learning principles, FOT defines data difficulty based on the relevance between the data and the model, and then performs dynamic scheduling of the training order in each epoch according to the difficulty. On both large-scale continued pre-training and small-scale supervised fine-tuning experiments, FOT has achieved an average 2.4% improvement over baselines. Our study offers a new perspective on data governance in the fine-tuning phase.

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K-GIP: Diagnosing Logical Fractures in Large Vision-Language Models via Verification Scene Graphs and Sequential Pruning

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