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Mathematical reasoning is one of the core capabilities for Large Language Models (LLMs). Yet, existing approaches often rely on static heuristics or pre-determined reasoning strategies, limiting their ability to adapt to different intermediate states. To address this limitation, we propose FLAIR (Fuzzy-Logic-AssIsted Reasoner), an adaptive framework that integrates fuzzy theory into LLM-based mathematical reasoning. Specifically, FLAIR characterizes intermediate problem-solving states using fuzzy memberships and employs a parameterized fuzzy rule system to conditionally activate subsequent actions. These rule parameters are further adjusted via Reinforcement Learning using solution-level feedback as the reward signal, enabling adaptive and iterative refinement without reliance on a fixed strategy. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to integrate fuzzy theory into LLM-based mathematical reasoning. Extensive experiments across multiple benchmarks demonstrate that FLAIR consistently outperforms recent state-of-the-art baselines, while offering effective and interpretable diagnostics of intermediate problem-solving states.

ACL 2026

FLAIR: Steering LLM Mathematical Problem Solving based on A Fuzzy-Logic-AssIsted Reasoner

AIAI 2020 (16th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations) should be held in Halkidiki, Greece. Due to current Covid-19 situation the conference will be held virtually. Underline will host a repository of video talks and preserve them for the future. Videos will be released on Underline one day after the conference.

AIAI 2020

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It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026), held in San Diego, California, USA, July 2–7, 2026. ACL 2026 continues our fields tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity, and I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers who have worked tirelessly to bring this event to life.

It is exciting to see the many developments in the field reflected at our conference, such as the advancement of large language models (born out of our community) into many application directions. This is not without challenges, partly due to unsolved problems, and partly due to misuse of the technology. All this is reflected well at ACL 2026. The conference also reflects that the field is not only about advancing technology, but also the science of fundamentally understanding language and how it is use by many different speaker communities. <br>
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The 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026) will take place in San Diego, California, from July 2 - 7, 2026.

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) is a cornerstone for scaling LLMs, yet its training dynamics remain poorly understood, often leading to sub-optimal specialization. Moving beyond static routing, we present a systematic study of the MoE lifecycle using Helmholtz Free Energy}and Router Entropy. We identify a universal Three-Stage Phase Transition—Exploration, Symmetry Breaking, and Stabilization—marked by an Energy Climb and Plateau. This reflects Frustrated Exploration, caused by structural interference between specialization drives and uniformity constraints. To address this, we propose Uncertainty-Aware Routing (UAR), which aligns routing with the model’s epistemic state via: (1) Evidence-Triggered Expansion, increasing active experts for high-energy tokens, and (2) Epistemic Masking, applying load-balancing only in high-uncertainty regimes to shield mature experts. Experiments confirm UAR reduces perplexity and improves expert distinctiveness, offering a principled path toward thermodynamically aligned computation.

 Uncertainty-Aware Routing for Principled Alignment with MoE Dynamics

Large Language Models (LLMs) still struggle with multi-step logical reasoning. Existing approaches either purely refine the reasoning chain in natural language form or attach a symbolic solver as an external module. In this work, we instead ask whether LLMs contain a shared internal logical subspace that simultaneously aligns natural-language and symbolic-language views of the reasoning process. Our hypothesis is that this logical subspace captures logical reasoning capabilities in LLMs that are shared across views while remaining independent of surface forms. To verify this, we employ Canonical Correlation Analysis on the paired residual activations from natural-language and symbolic-language reasoning chains, learning a low-dimensional subspace with maximum cross-view correlation. Furthermore, we design a training-free approach that steers LLMs reasoning chain along this logical subspace, thereby leveraging the complementary reasoning signals from both views. Experiments on four logical reasoning benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, improving accuracy by up to 11 percentage points and generalizing well on out-of-domain problems.

Discovering a Shared Logical Subspace: Steering LLM Logical Reasoning via Alignment of Natural-Language and Symbolic Views

Recent advances in Multimodal Large Reasoning Models (MLRMs) have enabled explicit chain-of-thought inference across vision and language, substantially improving performance on complex reasoning tasks. Despite these gains, the reasoning process introduces a subtle yet critical vulnerability. We identify an underexplored multimodal safety failure mode in which harmful objectives are embedded within ostensibly benign contexts, leading models to over-prioritize narrative coherence during reasoning. We term this phenomenon Safety Context Amnesia (SCA), wherein models correctly perceive risk-relevant visual cues but fail to enforce safety constraints as the reasoning process becomes dominated by contextual alignment. To mitigate SCA, we propose Intent-Guided Safety Reasoning (IGSR), an inference-time defense that operates without modifying target model parameters. IGSR employs a Perception Decoupler to extract objective visual evidence into a structured intent output, followed by a Cognitive Arbiter that enforces explicit safety constraints prior to generation. Extensive experiments across multiple multimodal safety benchmarks demonstrate that IGSR improves defense success rates by over 62% compared to baselines, while largely preserving task utility. These results highlight the critical role of structured, intent-aware reasoning in achieving robust safety reasoning for multimodal reasoning models.

Mitigating Safety Context Amnesia in Multimodal Reasoning Models via Intent-Guided Safety Reasoning

Complex reasoning problems often involve implicit spatial and geometric relationships that are not explicitly encoded in text. While recent reasoning models perform well across many domains, purely text-based reasoning struggles to capture structural constraints in complex settings. In this paper, we introduce FIGR, which integrates executable visual construction into multi-turn reasoning via end-to-end reinforcement learning. Rather than relying solely on textual chains of thought, FIGR externalizes intermediate hypotheses by generating executable code that constructs diagrams within the reasoning loop. An adaptive reward mechanism selectively regulates when visual construction is invoked, enabling more consistent reasoning over latent global properties that are difficult to infer from text alone. Experiments on seven challenging mathematical benchmarks demonstrate that FIGR outperforms strong text-only chain-of-thought baselines, improving the base model by 13.12% on AIME 2025 and 11.00% on BeyondAIME. These results highlight the effectiveness of precise, controllable figure construction of FIGR in enhancing complex reasoning ability.

Figure It Out: Improve the Frontier of Reasoning with Executable Visual States

Generative reward models (GRMs) have emerged as a promising approach for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences by offering greater representational capacity and flexibility than traditional scalar reward models. However, GRMs face two major challenges: reliance on costly human-annotated data restricts scalability, and self-training approaches often suffer from instability and vulnerability to reward hacking. To address these issues, we propose ConsistRM, a self-training framework that enables effective and stable GRM training without human annotations. ConsistRM incorporates the Consistency-Aware Answer Reward, which produces reliable pseudo-labels with temporal consistency, thereby providing more stable model optimization. Moreover, the Consistency-Aware Critique Reward is introduced to assess semantic consistency across multiple critiques and allocates fine-grained and differentiated rewards. Experiments on five benchmark datasets across four base models demonstrate that ConsistRM outperforms vanilla Reinforcement Fine-Tuning (RFT) by an average of 1.5%. Further analysis shows that ConsistRM enhances output consistency and mitigates position bias caused by input order, highlighting the effectiveness of consistency-aware rewards in improving GRMs.Our implementation is available at https://github.com/yuliangCarmelo/ConsistRM.

ConsistRM: Improving Generative Reward Models via Consistency-Aware Self-Training

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has emerged as a parameter-efficient approach for fine-tuning large language models. However, conventional LoRA adapters are typically trained for a single task, limiting their applicability in real-world settings, where inputs may span multiple, diverse task domains. At inference time, existing methods can combine multiple LoRAs to improve cross-task performance, but they require additional labeled data or task-specific training, which is expensive at scale.

In this work, we introduce LoRA on the Go (LoGo), a training-free framework that dynamically selects and merges adapters at the instance level without any additional requirements. LoGo leverages signals extracted from a single forward pass through LoRA adapters, to identify the most relevant adapters and determine their contributions on-the-fly. Across 5 NLP benchmarks, 27 datasets, and 3 model families, LoGo outperforms training-based baselines on some tasks upto a margin of 3.6% while remaining competitive on other tasks and maintaining inference throughput, highlighting its effectiveness and practicality.

LoRA on the Go: Instance-level Dynamic LoRA Selection and Merging

Despite achieving high accuracy on medical benchmarks, LLMs exhibit the Einstellung Effect in clinical diagnosis—relying on statistical shortcuts rather than patient-specific evidence, causing misdiagnosis in atypical cases. Existing benchmarks fail to detect this critical failure mode. We introduce MedEinst, a counterfactual benchmark with 5,383 paired clinical cases across 49 diseases. Each pair contains a control case and a "trap" case with altered discriminative evidence that flips the diagnosis. We measure susceptibility via Bias Trap Rate—probability of misdiagnosing traps despite correctly diagnosing controls. Evaluation shows frontier models achieve high baseline accuracy but severe bias trap rates. Thus, we propose ECR-Agent, aligning LLM reasoning with Evidence-Based Medicine via two components: (1) Dynamic Causal Inference (DCI) performs structured reasoning through dual-pathway perception, dynamic causal graph reasoning across three levels (association, intervention, counterfactual), and evidence audit for final diagnosis; (2) Critic-Driven Graph & Memory Evolution (CGME) iteratively refines the system by storing validated reasoning paths in an exemplar base and consolidating disease-specific knowledge into evolving illness graphs. Source code is to be released.

MedEinst: Benchmarking the Einstellung Effect in Medical LLMs through Counterfactual Differential Diagnosis

Post-training hybridization of large language models (LLMs) often replaces quadratic self-attention with sliding-window attention (SWA) to reduce KV cache usage and improve latency. Existing hybridization schemes are typically defined either at the layer level (e.g., interleaving) or at the head level via static rankings from local to global. Layer-level schemes ignore that local and global dependencies are routed through heads within the same layer, while static head-level rankings suffer from entanglement: a head’s local/global behavior can change after hybridization. We propose BOSCH, Black-box Binary Optimization for Short-context Head Selection, a training-free method that formulates the problem as a Large Neighborhood Search and decomposes it into three subproblems: (i) layer-importance detection via small-budget black-box probes, (ii) adaptive per-layer SWA-ratio assignment based on these sensitivities, and (iii) grouped head-level optimization within ratio buckets. Extensive experiments on 4 LLMs ranging from 1.7B to 30B parameters, across 4 SWA ratios, show that BOSCH consistently outperforms layer-level heuristics and 6 strong static head-level methods, with larger gains at higher SWA ratios. Under continual pretraining, BOSCH recover original long-context performance faster and to a higher level. Analysis of the selected heads reveals substantial turnover for BOSCH across different SWA ratios, underscoring the importance of performing head-level selection for each target ratio rather than relying on fixed locality rankings.

 BOSCH: Black-Box Binary Optimization for Short-Context Attention-Head Selection in LLMs

Iconicity, the resemblance between linguistic form and meaning, is pervasive in sign languages, offering a natural testbed for visual grounding in vision–language models (VLMs). We introduce the Visual Iconicity Challenge, a video-based benchmark that adapts psycholinguistic measures to evaluate VLMs on three tasks: (i) phonological sign-form prediction, (ii) transparency (inferring meaning from visual form), and (iii) graded iconicity ratings. We assess 17 state-of-the-art VLMs in zero- and few-shot settings on Sign Language of the Netherlands and compare them to human baselines. VLMs mirror human phonological difficulty patterns (e.g., handshape harder than location) and achieve moderate to strong alignment with human iconicity ratings. However, they still fail to infer lexical meaning from visual form alone and show a systematic object-based bias that inverts the human preference for action-based signs. Crucially, models with stronger phonological form prediction correlate better with human iconicity judgments, indicating shared sensitivity to visually grounded structure. Our findings validate these diagnostic tasks, show that explicit reasoning narrows the open-to-closed-model calibration gap, and motivate human-centric signals for modelling iconicity in multimodal models.

The Visual Iconicity Challenge: Evaluating Vision-Language Models on Sign Language Form–Meaning Mapping

Can generative agents be trusted in multimodal environments? Despite recent advances, agents remain limited in their ability to reason about safety, coherence, and trust across modalities. We introduce a reproducible simulation framework to evaluate generative agents in three aspects: (1) safety improvement over time via iterative plan revision in multimodal scenarios; (2) detection of unsafe activities across social contexts; and (3) social dynamics, measured through interaction and acceptance rates. These multimodal agents are evaluated using metrics that quantify plan revisions and unsafe-to-safe conversions. Experiments show that while agents detect direct multimodal contradictions, they often fail to align local revisions with global safety, achieving only a 55% success rate in correcting unsafe plans. We release a dataset of 1,000 multimodal plans, yielding more than 600,000 simulation steps. Notably, 45% of unsafe actions are accepted when paired with misleading visual cues, revealing a strong tendency to overtrust visual content. Code is available at https://github.com/AdonaiVera/X-CASE

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Uncertainty-Aware Routing for Principled Alignment with MoE Dynamics

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