United States

The widespread deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) has spurred significant progress in the detection of LLM-generated text. However, existing detection methods often rely on statistical features that are insufficient for reliable detection; for example, even though LLM-generated and human-written texts exhibit different probability distributions in surrogate models, they can produce nearly identical entropy values, thereby conflating the two types of text. In this paper, we propose that modulating the decoding temperature and monitoring how the probability distributions respond can better probe the intrinsic discrepancies between two types of text. Building upon this insight, we introduce a new feature termed Temperature Sensitivity (TS) and demonstrate that LLM-generated text tends to exhibit higher TS than human-written text. Finally, we propose NTS, a novel and simple zero-shot detector built upon normalized temperature sensitivity. Extensive experiments across three datasets, multiple domains, and various source models demonstrate the superior effectiveness and robustness of our proposed approach. Code avaliable at: https://github.com/Shixuan-Ma/NTS.

ACL 2026

Zero-Shot Detection of LLM-Generated Text using Temperature Sensitivity

**Welcome to EMNLP 2023!**

On behalf of the EMNLP 2023 Organizing Committee, I extend a warm and heartfelt welcome to all of you to the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). It is with immense pleasure and excitement that we gather here in Singapore, a vibrant hub of innovation and technological advancement.

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EMNLP 2023

EMNLP 2023 took place in Singapore from Dec 6th to Dec 10th, 2023.

technical paper

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The effective detection and governance of Large Language Model (LLM) generated content has become increasingly critical due to the growing risk of misuse. Despite the impressive performance of existing detectors, their reliability and potential in multilingual, real-world scenarios remain largely underexplored.
In this study, we introduce DetectRL-X, a comprehensive multilingual benchmark designed to evaluate advanced detectors across 8 dimensions. The benchmark encompasses 8 languages commonly used in commercial contexts and collects human-written texts from 6 domains highly susceptible to LLM misuse. To better aligned with real-world applications, We create LLM-generated texts using 4 popular commercial LLMs, and include typical AI-assisted writing operations such as polishing, expanding, and condensing to capture authentic usage patterns. Furthermore, we develop a multilingual framework for paraphrasing and perturbation attacks to simulate diverse human modifications and writing noise, enabling stress testing of detectors across languages.
Experimental results on DetectRL-X reveal the strengths and limitations of current state-of-the-art detectors when applied to diverse linguistic resources. We further analyze how domains, generators, attack strategies, text length, and refinement operations influence performance in different languages, underscoring DetectRL-X as an effective benchmark for strengthening multilingual and language-specific detectors.

DetectRL-X: Towards Reliable Multilingual and Real-World LLM-Generated Text Detection

The quadratic complexity and indefinitely growing key-value (KV) cache of standard Transformers pose a major barrier to long-context processing. To overcome this, we introduce the **Co**llaborative **Me**mory **T**ransformer (CoMeT), a novel architecture that enables LLMs to handle arbitrarily long sequences with constant memory usage and linear time complexity. Designed as an efficient, plug-in module, CoMeT can be integrated into pre-trained models with only minimal fine-tuning. It operates on sequential data chunks, using a dual-memory system to manage context: a temporary memory on a FIFO queue for recent events, and a global memory with a gated update rule for long-range dependencies. These memories then act as a dynamic soft prompt for the next chunk. The effectiveness of our approach is remarkable: a model equipped with CoMeT and fine-tuned on 32k contexts can accurately retrieve a passkey from any position within a 1M token sequence. On the SCROLLS benchmark, CoMeT surpasses other efficient methods and achieves performance comparable to a full-attention baseline on summarization tasks. Its practical effectiveness is further validated on real-world agent and user behavior QA tasks, supported by a novel layer-level pipeline parallel training strategy that enables fine-tuning on extremely long contexts. The code is available at: https://github.com/LivingFutureLab/Comet

CoMeT: Collaborative Memory Transformer for Efficient Long Context Modeling

Reasoning Language Models (RLMs) have significantly improved performance on complex tasks by extending the reasoning chain. However, these chains are prone to containing factual errors, particularly in knowledge-intensive tasks. To address this issue, we propose **CheckRLM**, a framework that improves the reliability of the reasoning process through Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) by timely checking and correcting factual errors. Specifically, CheckRLM extracts factual claims from the reasoning chain to identify and localize subtle knowledge inconsistencies during inference. Upon detection of errors, a refinement mechanism performs minimal-cost yet precise corrections by leveraging external knowledge, ensuring coherence between the reasoning chain and correct knowledge. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CheckRLM substantially outperforms existing baselines, exhibiting a strong capability to mitigate error accumulation in long-horizon reasoning with lower costs. The code and data are available at https://github.com/AI9Stars/CheckRLM.

CheckRLM: Effective Knowledge–Thought Coherence Checking in Retrieval-Augmented Reasoning

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in reasoning and generation, serving as the foundation for advanced persona simulation and Role-Playing Language Agents (RPLAs). However, achieving authentic alignment with human cognitive and behavioral patterns remains a critical challenge for these agents. 
We present HumanLLM, a framework treating psychological patterns as interacting causal forces.
We construct 244 patterns from $\sim$12,000 academic papers and synthesize 11,359 scenarios where 2-5 patterns reinforce, conflict, or modulate each other, with multi-turn conversations expressing inner thoughts, actions, and dialogue.
Our dual-level checklists evaluate both individual pattern fidelity and emergent multi-pattern dynamics, achieving strong human alignment ($r=0.90$) while revealing that holistic metrics conflate simulation accuracy with social desirability.
HumanLLM-8B outperforms Qwen3-32B on multi-pattern dynamics despite 4$\times$ fewer parameters, demonstrating that authentic anthropomorphism requires cognitive modeling---simulating not just what humans do, but the psychological processes generating those behaviors.
Our dataset, code, and model are available at:https://github.com/YJGoodbye2024/HumanLLM

HumanLLM: Benchmarking and Improving LLM Anthropomorphism via Human Cognitive Patterns

Object hallucination critically undermines the reliability of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), often stemming from a fundamental failure in cognitive introspection—where models blindly trust linguistic priors over specific visual evidence. Existing mitigations remain limited: contrastive decoding approaches operate superficially without rectifying internal semantic misalignments, while current latent steering methods rely on static vectors that lack instance-specific precision. We introduce Vision-Language Introspection (VLI), a training-free inference framework that simulates a metacognitive self-correction process. VLI first performs Attributive Introspection to diagnose hallucination risks via probabilistic conflict detection and localize the causal visual anchors. It then employs Interpretable Bi-Causal Steering to actively modulate the inference process, dynamically isolating visual evidence from background noise while neutralizing blind confidence through adaptive calibration. VLI achieves state-of-the-art performance on advanced models, reducing object hallucination rates by 12.67% on MMHal-Bench and improving accuracy by 5.8% on POPE.

Vision-Language Introspection: Mitigating Overconfident Hallucinations in MLLMs via Interpretable Bi-Causal Steering

Emotion Recognition in Conversation (ERC), the task of identifying the emotion of each utterance in a conversation, is crucial for human-machine interaction. Existing LLM-based ERC methods focus on standard prompting and slow thinking for emotion analysis. However, they suffer from the lack of human-like emotion reasoning and discrimination between similar emotions, thus limiting accurate emotion predictions. To this end, we present JoPR, jointing perception-curriculum learning and emotional reasoning for conversational emotion recognition. Specifically, we devise a multi-dimension curriculum with long CoT fine-tuning to clone human-like emotion reasoning. We further design an emotion-specific reward function in a novel reinforcement learning framework, thereby enhancing the discernment between similar emotions. Our proposal is extensively evaluated over three widely used benchmark datasets, and experimental results confirm the superiority of JoPR. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth analysis to confirm the emotion perception and reasoning capabilities of JoPR.

JoPR: Joint Emotion Perception and Reasoning for Conversational Emotion Recognition

Large Language Models (LLMs) often fail to utilize their latent reasoning capabilities due to a distributional mismatch between ambiguous human inquiries and the structured logic required for machine activation. Existing alignment methods either incur prohibitive $O(N)$ costs by fine-tuning each model individually or rely on static prompts that fail to resolve query-level structural complexity. In this paper, we propose **ReQueR** (**Re**inforcement **Que**ry **R**efinement), a modular framework that treats reasoning elicitation as an inference-time alignment task. We train a specialized Refiner policy via Reinforcement Learning to rewrite raw queries into explicit logical decompositions, treating frozen LLMs as the environment. Rooted in the classical Zone of Proximal Development from educational psychology, we introduce the Adaptive Solver Hierarchy, a curriculum mechanism that stabilizes training by dynamically aligning environmental difficulty with the Refiner's evolving competence. ReQueR yields consistent absolute gains of 1.3%–7.2% across diverse architectures and benchmarks, outperforming strong baselines by 2.1% on average. Crucially, it provides a promising paradigm for one-to-many inference-time reasoning elicitation, enabling a single Refiner trained on a small set of models to effectively unlock reasoning in diverse unseen Solvers. Code is available at https://github.com/newera-xiao/ReQueR.

One Refiner to Unlock Them All: Inference-Time Reasoning Elicitation via Reinforcement Query Refinement

Emotion Recognition in Conversation (ERC) aims to identify the emotional states of speakers in conversations. Existing ERC methods perform either fast thinking or slow thinking for emotion predictions. The former lacks interpretability of emotion predictions, and the latter focuses on emotion analysis at shallow semantics. Such insufficient reasoning chains fall short in capturing deep semantics within conversations. To address these limitations, we propose ERCThinker, a Fast-Slow thinking framework for the task of ERC. First, we design different thinking strategies with fine-grained emotion reasoning chains to capture deep semantics that contain topic, discourse structure, speaker characteristic, scene, and emotion shift. Second, we develop an adaptive thinking mechanism in both strategy-level and utterance-level, guiding the model to dynamically perform thinking switching across various scenarios. Furthermore, we utilize Agent-as-Judge to score reasoning chains as reward signals for more accurate emotion predictions. To support training, we construct EmotionCueCoT, the emotion reasoning dataset with supervision in both explanation and judgment. Extensive experiments on various ERC benchmark datasets demonstrate that ERCThinker achieves state-of-the-art performance in both explanation and judgment, making progress in the realm of ERC.

ERCThinker: Fast-Slow Thinking for Emotion Recognition in Conversation

Standard depression assessment relies on instruments such as the clinician-rated Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and the patient-reported Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), but manual scoring is time-consuming and subject to inter-rater variability. Prior automated approaches typically regress a single total score or coarse severity category, lacking the fine-grained subscore-level supervision needed for precise clinical diagnosis. To address this, we propose MTSP (Multi-Task Subscore Prediction), a fine-grained model for subscore prediction via multi-task learning. MTSP achieves state-of-the-art performance on the public E-DAIC dataset (MAE 3.48, RMSE 4.57) and generalizes well to the public PDCH and a large-scale private clinical dataset (CIDH), outperforming total-score regression baselines and Qwen3-14B direct scoring. We further show that multi-task learning is essential, subscore-level supervision improves assessment by better capturing symptom-cluster structure, and prior constraints plus task-level self-paced learning enhance robustness to subscore difficulty and annotation noise.

Rethinking Depression Prediction from a Fine-Grained Subscore Modeling Perspective via Multi-Task Learning

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have achieved remarkable success on complex tasks by generating detailed Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning. However, they tend to apply a uniform, computation-intensive deep reasoning strategy to all problems, leading to unnecessary overhead on simple tasks. This significantly hinders their efficiency in real-world applications. While existing methods have improved reasoning efficiency to some extent, they still face critical challenges such as conflicting objectives, limited adaptability. To address these limitations, we propose AdaMix, an adaptive reasoning framework via decoupled optimization. To mitigate optimization conflicts, AdaMix first constructs two specialized adapters: an efficiency-oriented short adapter and an accuracy-oriented long adapter. It then incorporates a difficulty-aware routing model that assesses problem complexity to predict a reasoning intensity coefficient. This coefficient is used to dynamically interpolate a mixed adapter from the two base adapters, enabling fine-grained reasoning control. Our experiment demonstrates that our AdaMix reduces the average response length of DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B by 54.9% while improving accuracy by up to 4.8% on five mathematical datasets, thus indicating a favorable accuracy-efficiency trade-off.

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