United States

As large language models (LLMs) are more frequently used in retrieval-augmented generation pipelines, it is increasingly relevant to study their behavior under knowledge conflicts. Thus far, the role of the source of the retrieved information has gone unexamined. We address this gap with a novel framework to investigate how source preferences affect LLM resolution of inter-context knowledge conflicts in English, motivated by interdisciplinary research on credibility. By using synthetic sources, we study preferences for different types of sources without inheriting the biases of specific real-world sources. With a comprehensive, tightly-controlled evaluation of $13$ open-weight LLMs, we find that LLMs prefer institutionally-corroborated information (e.g., government or newspaper sources) over information from people and social media. However, these source preferences can be reversed by simply repeating information from less credible sources. To mitigate repetition effects and maintain consistent preferences, we propose a novel method that reduces repetition bias by up to $79.2$\%, while also maintaining at least $72.5$\% of original preferences. We release all data and code to encourage future work on credibility and source preferences in knowledge-intensive NLP.

ACL 2026

Whose Facts Win? LLM Source Preferences under Knowledge Conflicts

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Natural Language to Excel Formula (NL2Formula) translates user intent into executable spreadsheet formulas. However, current models often produce near-miss outputs—formulas that parse correctly yet fail at execution due to an incorrect function, operator, or reference. Through a systematic error analysis, we find that these errors repeatedly arise from a small set of structural decision points, motivating the need for typed error supervision rather than general error signals. To this end, we introduce an abstract syntax tree (AST)-based error taxonomy that organizes common error modes by the kind of decision that goes wrong in the parse tree. Building on this taxonomy, we propose Error-Aware Contrastive Few-Shot Learning (ECFL), an error-aware framework that unifies training and inference around typed error supervision. During offline training, ECFL mines near-miss errors, assigns error types under the taxonomy, and builds error-aware contrastive demonstrations for fine-tuning. During online inference, a lightweight predictor estimates likely error types and triggers targeted retrieval of contrastive demonstrations to guide single-pass decoding. Experiments show ECFL improves Exact Match (EM) by 6.4 points over supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and matches self-consistency (SC@5) accuracy at substantially lower inference cost.

Learning from Near-Misses: Error-Aware Contrastive Few-Shot Learning for NL2Formula

Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) is the predominant paradigm for aligning large language models (LLMs), yet it suffers from optimization instability and limited generalization. Recent work attributes this issue to pathological gradient scaling and proposes Dynamic Fine-Tuning (DFT) to correct it at the token level. However, DFT assumes all demonstrations are equally suitable learning targets, an assumption violated by the strong heterogeneity of large-scale instruction data, where demonstration-policy mismatch induces high-variance updates at the sample level. We introduce Compatibility-Aware Dynamic Fine-Tuning (CADFT), a principled extension of DFT that controls sample-level optimization variance. CADFT derives a dynamic, policy-dependent compatibility signal from model likelihoods to modulate supervised updates, suppressing high-variance gradients from incompatible demonstrations. We further propose a delayed, low-frequency compatibility-guided rewriting strategy to transform persistently incompatible demonstrations into learnable targets. We show that CADFT can be interpreted as a variance-controlled estimator that generalizes token-level stabilization in DFT to the sample level. Extensive experiments demonstrate improved stability, generalization, and cold-start reinforcement learning initialization, while remaining fully supervised and free of reward modeling.

Compatibility-Aware Dynamic Fine-Tuning for Large Language Models

Personality disorders (PDs) are a complex class of mental health (MH) conditions characterized by persistent patterns of cognition, behavior, and emotional regulation that deviate from cultural norms. While social media has become a valuable resource for MH research, NLP has largely focused on more prevalent conditions (e.g., depression), leaving PDs underexplored. In this work, we introduce PersonalityDBench, a large-scale, clinically grounded dataset that supports multidimensional study of personality pathology, and standardized, reproducible evaluation of LLM steering toward clinically grounded behavioral targets. The dataset comprises two parts: (1) PRISMA and (2) PersonaDSteering. (1) PRISMA (PeRsonality dISorder MAnifestations) is a clinically annotated collection of social media content spanning the full spectrum of PDs. It links clinically validated diagnostic criteria and dimensional trait frameworks with computational annotation and analysis methods to support fine-grained, multidimensional study of how PDs manifests in naturalistic, free-form language. Building on PRISMA, (2) PersonaDSteering is a benchmark for LLM steering evaluation that operationalizes clinically grounded PD profiles into structured behavioral elicitation tasks, enabling multidimensional steerability assessment beyond single-behavior settings and supporting PD-consistent persona construction for simulated patient generation. This dataset may have application in the study and modeling of PD and powering personality-specific text generation for adaptive, personalized chat systems.

PersonalityDBench: A Dataset for Personality Disorders - from Modeling to Controlled Generation

Text-attributed graphs (TAGs) require jointly modeling relational structure and node-level text. Existing GNN-LLM approaches perform by incorporating large language models at inference time for processing the text attributes, resulting in costly deployment. More fundamentally, LLM knowledge is typically used in a sample-wise manner, leading to inefficient utilization across graph instances. In this work, we study how interactions with LLM embedding spaces affect graph representations, and show that projecting into the LLM space can learn better GNNs. That is to say, the knowledge encoded in LLM embeddings can be compressed into graph representations. Based on this insight, we propose a framework that internalizes LLM knowledge within graph models and supports inference-efficient TAG learning. Our framework employs a hierarchical Proxy-Purifier module with distribution-level regularization, using LLM embeddings only as training-time guidance. With this module, the model operates TAGs without invoking LLMs, achieving high efficiency as standard GNNs without LLMs. Notably, experiments on five popular TAG tasks further demonstrate that our method can also achieve consistent performance gains, in comparison to existing GNN-LLM approaches.

Compressing LLM Knowledge into Graph Representations for Text-attributed Graphs Learning

Emergent misalignment, where fine-tuning on narrow, non-harmful tasks induces harmful behaviors, poses a key challenge for AI safety in LLMs. Despite growing empirical evidence, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. To uncover the reason behind this phenomenon, we propose a mechanistic account based on the geometry of feature superposition. Because features are encoded in overlapping, fine-tuning that amplifies a target feature also unintentionally strengthens nearby harmful features in accordance with their similarity. We give a simple gradient-level derivation of this mechanism and empirically test it across multiple LLMs (Gemma-2 2B/9B/27B, LLaMA-3.1 8B, gpt-oss 20B). Using sparse autoencoders (SAEs), we identify features tied to misalignment-inducing data and to harmful behaviors, and show that they are geometrically closer to each other than features derived from non-inducing data. This trend generalizes across domains (e.g., health, career, legal advice). Finally, we show that a geometry-aware approach—filtering training samples nearest to toxic features—reduces misalignment by 34.5%, substantially outperforming random removal and achieving stronger mitigation than LLM-as-a-judge–based filtering. Our study explains emergent misalignment through feature superposition, providing a basis for understanding and mitigating this phenomenon.

Understanding Emergent Misalignment via Feature Superposition Geometry

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has saturated social media platforms with hyper-realistic posts, rendering traditional detection methods that rely on low-level artifacts or unimodal statistics increasingly ineffective. In this work, we identify a fundamental semantic distinction: humans tend to complement visual content with additional context, while LLMs predominantly describe the visual information. To capture this, UMPIRE employs an orthogonal semantic decomposition mechanism that disentangles textual embeddings into redundant and complementary components. An adaptive gating module dynamically weighs these components to reflect diverse communicative styles. To enforce the desired geometric structure, we introduce a latent contrastive redundancy regularization loss that encourages LLM-generated content to exhibit high semantic redundancy, while human-written content emphasizes complementarity. Experimental results demonstrate that UMPIRE significantly outperforms state-of-the-art detection methods across multiple datasets, achieving up to a 5.38% improvement in accuracy.

UMPIRE: Unveiling LLM-generated Posts via Redundant Expressions

Textual humor is enormously diverse and computational studies need to account for this range, including intentionally bad humor. In this paper, we curate and analyze a novel corpus of sentences from the Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest to better understand "bad" humor in English. Standard humor detection models perform poorly on our corpus, and an analysis of literary devices finds that these sentences combine features common in existing humor datasets (e.g., puns, irony) with metaphor, metafiction and simile. LLMs prompted to synthesize contest-style sentences imitate the form but exaggerate the effect by over-using certain literary devices, and including far more novel adjective-noun bigrams than human writers.

Dark & Stormy: Modeling Humor in Sentences from the Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest

Long contexts break transformers: attention scores dilute across thousands of tokens, critical information gets lost in the middle, and the model cannot adapt to novel patterns at inference time. Recent work on test-time adaptation addresses this by maintaining a form of working memory---transient parameters updated on the current context---but existing approaches employ uniform write policies that waste computation on low-value regions and suffer from high gradient variance across semantically heterogeneous contexts. In this work, we reframe test-time adaptation as a budget-constrained memory consolidation problem, asking: given limited computational budget, which parts of the context should be consolidated into working memory? We propose GDWM ($\textbf{G}ated$ $\textbf{D}ifferentiable$ $\textbf{W}orking$ $\textbf{M}emory$), a framework that introduces a Write Controller to gate the memory consolidation process. Our controller estimates Contextual Utility---an information-theoretic measure quantifying how much each region depends on long-range context---and allocates gradient steps accordingly, subject to a coverage constraint that ensures global representation. Theoretically, we prove that our chunk-restricted sampling strategy reduces gradient variance by eliminating inter-chunk variance via the Law of Total Variance. Experiments on ZeroSCROLLS and LongBench v2 benchmarks demonstrate that GDWM achieves comparable or superior performance with 4 \times fewer gradient steps compared to uniform baselines---excelling on sparse-information tasks (+6--13% on Qasper, +5--13% on GovReport for smaller models) while revealing principled trade-offs on dense-coverage tasks, establishing a new efficiency-performance Pareto frontier for test-time adaptation.

Gated Differentiable Working Memory for Long-Context Language Modeling

Peer review is a multi-stage process involving reviews, rebuttals, meta-reviews, final decisions, and subsequent manuscript revisions. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have motivated methods that assist or automate different stages of this pipeline. In this survey, we synthesize techniques for (i) peer review generation, including fine-tuning strategies, agent-based systems, RL-based methods, and emerging paradigms to enhance generation; (ii) after-review tasks including rebuttals, meta-review and revision aligned to reviews; and (iii) evaluation methods spanning human-centered, reference-based, LLM-based and aspect-oriented. We catalog datasets, compare modeling choices, and discuss limitations, ethical concerns, and future directions. The survey aims to provide practical guidance for building, evaluating, and integrating LLM systems across the full peer review workflow.

Can AI Be a Good Peer Reviewer? A Survey of Peer Review Process, Evaluation, and the Future

Recent advances in text-to-image (T2I) generation have enabled visually coherent image synthesis from descriptions, but generating images containing multiple given subjects remains challenging. As the number of reference identities increases, existing methods often suffer from subject missing and semantic drift. To address this problem, we propose MUSIC, the first MLLM specifically designed for MUlti-Subject In-Context image generation. To overcome the data scarcity, we introduce an automatic and scalable data generation pipeline that eliminates the need for manual annotation. Furthermore, we enhance the model's understanding of multi-subject semantic relationships through a vision chain-of-thought (CoT) mechanism, guiding step-by-step reasoning from subject images to semantics and generation. To mitigate identity entanglement and manage visual complexity, we develop a novel semantics-driven spatial layout planning method and demonstrate its test-time scalability. By incorporating complex subject images during training, we improve the model's capacity for chained reasoning. In addition, we curate MSIC, a new benchmark tailored for multi-subject in-context generation. Experimental results demonstrate that MUSIC significantly surpasses other methods in both multi- and single-subject scenarios.

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