Morocco

Noun compounds are generally considered an open challenge for NLP systems, given to the difficulty of interpreting the implicit semantic relation between modifier and head, although the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) recently led to remarkable performance leaps. However, most evaluations have been carried out on English benchmarks.In our work, we test LLMs on compound semantics understanding in Chinese, adopting two different evaluation scenarios: an extrinsic evaluation in a Natural Language Inference task, and an intrinsic evaluation in which models are directly asked to predict the semantic relation linking the two constituents.Our results show that the bigger and more recent LLMs are able to surpass supervised baselines in the inference task, especially when tested under the few-shot setting. In the more challenging task of selecting the correct interpretation of the compounds out of a fine-grained typology of semantic relations between head and modifier, the best Chinese LLM (Qwen-plus) manages to select the correct option in about one third of the cases.

EACL 2026

Large Language Models Put to the Test on Chinese Noun Compounds: Experi-
ments on Natural Language Inference and Compound Semantics

chinese noun compounds

llms

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workshop paper

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Welcome to the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL). EACL 2026 will be held in Rabat, Morocco, from March 24–29, 2026. 

Figures of Speech (FOS) consist of multi-word phrases that are deeply intertwined with culture. While Neural Machine Translation (NMT) performs relatively well with the figurative expressions of high-resource languages, it often faces challenges when dealing with low-resource languages like Sinhala due to limited available data. To address this limitation, we introduce a corpus of 2,344 Sinhala figures of speech with cultural and cross-lingual annotations. We examine this dataset to classify the cultural origins of the figures of speech and to identify their cross-lingual equivalents. Additionally, we have developed a binary classifier to differentiate between two types of FOS in the dataset, achieving an accuracy rate of approximately 92%. We also evaluate the performance of existing LLMs on this dataset. Our findings reveal significant shortcomings in the current capabilities of LLMs, as these models often struggle to accurately convey idiomatic meanings. By making this dataset publicly available, we offer a crucial benchmark for future research in low-resource NLP and culturally aware machine translation.

SinFoS: A Parallel Dataset for Translating Sinhala Figures of Speech

We present the annotation of Swedish multiword expressions under the PARSEME annotation scheme, including a new release and a historical overview of previous releases. We provide an overview of the evolution of the Swedish datasets and of inter-annotator agreement. We discuss general guidelines and the development of Swedish-specific guidelines for particle verbs and multiword tokens, as well as additional challenges for the Swedish annotation. We also conduct an initial comparison of Swedish and other Germanic languages, identifying aspects where the PARSEME guidelines require revision to ensure better consistency across languages.

Swedish Multiword Expression Corpora in PARSEME

This paper presents the development of a corpus of annotated multiword expressions (MWEs) for Ukrainian. The resource covers four major categories of MWEs: verbal, nominal, adjectival/adverbial, and functional. We describe the methodology used for data selection, the annotation scheme, and the procedures employed during annotation. In addition, the paper discusses some specific types of MWE constructions, illustrating their usage with numerous examples and addressing complex and borderline cases. The resulting corpus is an important resource for linguistic studies and NLP tasks involving MWEs, and is publicly accessible https://gitlab.com/parseme/sharedtask-data/-/tree/master/2.0?ref_type=heads.

Ukrainian Multiword Expressions Corpus: Creation, Annotation, and Linguistic
Analysis

This study investigates whether eye-tracking measures predict if a word is the final token of a multi-word expression (MWE), focusing on two understudied MWE types: fixed expressions (e.g., \textit{due to}) and phrasal verbs (e.g., \textit{turn out}). Using mixed-effects logistic regression, we compared tokens in MWE contexts with the same tokens in non-MWE contexts. Results reveal a clear difference in processing. For fixed expressions, reading-time measures significantly predict MWEhood. In contrast, phrasal verbs show no consistent predictive effects. Additionally, we compared the reading-time models to models that included GPT-2 surprisal as a predictor. While surprisal does predict MWEhood, it fails to capture the distinction between types. These findings highlight the need to consider MWE typology in models of formulaic language processing.

Cognitive Signatures of Multi-Word Expressions: Reading-Time and Surprisal

In recent years, language models, both encoder-only and generative, have been applied to a variety of downstream NLP tasks, includingsequence labeling tasks like automatic multi-word expression identification (MWEI). Multiple studies show that, in general, fine-tunedencoder-only models like BERT tend to outperform pretrained generative LLMs on downstream tasks (Arzideh et al., 2025; Ochoa et al.,2025; Bucher and Martini, 2024; Sebok et al., 2025). However, such comparisons are sparse for MWEI, in particular for French, in partdue to the lack of comprehensive gold-standard datasets. In this study, we address this research gap by comparing CamemBERT with gpt-oss and Qwen3 for MWEI, using the French subcorpus of the newly released PARSEME dataset. CamemBERT outperforms both LLMs by large margins in precision, recall, and F1. We complement this numerical evaluation with a qualitative analysis of prediction errors.

Cheese it up: CamemBERT Outperforms Large Language Models for Identifica-
tion of French Multi-word Expressions

IT-systems generate log messages containing important information about the system's health. To gather information about system entities, we extract technical terms and proper nouns as multi-word expressions (MWEs) from a wide range of log messages from 16 different real systems. We apply Gries' information-theoretic approach which iteratively calculates the best MWE candidates using an eight-dimensional ranking method. These candidates are evaluated in an annotation study, achieving a precision of 66 %. This value is significantly higher than evaluations on general-purpose texts, demonstrating the higher occurrence of compound technical terms and proper nouns in log messages. The MWEs found can be used to reduce the number of nodes in a system behavior graph while increasing the information density of the nodes.

Extracting Multi-Word Expressions Representing Technical Terms and Proper
Nouns in Log Messages

This paper presents an enhanced version of the Romanian corpus previously annotated only for verbal multiword expressions. The new release extends the annotation to multiword expressions of other parts of speech, following version 2.0 of the PARSEME guidelines. The corpus has been expanded, its new part was automatically morpho-syntactically annotated based on the Universal Dependencies framework, followed by extensive semi-automatic annotation of multiword expressions across all morphological categories. The paper also reports quantitative data on the updated corpus and discusses the distribution and characteristics of Romanian multiword expressions. We also highlight language-specific annotation challenges and issues arising from the PARSEME 2.0 guidelines.

Two Birds with One Stone: Annotating Romanian Multiword Expressions with an
Eye to the PARSEME 2.0 Guidelines Applicability

This paper explores the behavior of neural machine translation models on two newly introduced datasets containing noun-adjective MWEs with different degrees of semantic ambiguity and compositionality. We compare general-domain machine translation systems with fine-tuned models exposed to small subsets of the target MWEs. By assessing the effects of the learning steps and corpus size, we found that carefully designed fine-tuned may improve MWE handling while mitigating catastrophic forgetting. However, our error analysis reveals that models still struggle in several scenarios, particularly when translating MWEs with idiomatic meanings. Both the datasets and the experiments focus on translation involving Galician, English, and Spanish.

Incorporating Multiword Expressions in Galician Neural Machine Translation:Compositionality, Efficiency, and Performance

Multiword Expressions (MWEs) are pervasive in scientific writing, and in specialized domains they include both multiword terminology (e.g., noun compounds) and recurrent academic phrasing. This study profiles MWEs in a large corpus of bioinformatics research articles segmented by IMRaD sections. Building on recent multi-method approaches to scientific MWE identification, we extract MWEs using complementary automated strategies (semantic matching, dependency parsing, controlled vocabularies, and academic formula lists) and compare the resulting inventories by size, form, and IMRaD section distribution. We further quantify cross-document dispersion using document frequency and Gries’ DP to distinguish widely reused expressions from items concentrated in a small subset of articles. Results show that bioinformatics MWEs are predominantly short and nominal, but that extraction methods differ in the extent to which they recover discourse and reporting phraseology. Dispersion is strongly long-tailed across sections with most MWEs being document-specific, while a smaller recurrent core aligns with section function and is enriched for conventional templates and standardized multiword terms. Overall, the findings argue for combining complementary identification methods with dispersion profiling to characterize domain "multiwordness" in a principled and section-sensitive way.

Beyond Single Words: MWE Identification in Bioinformatics Research Articles
and Dispersion Profiling Across IMRaD

Multiword expressions are an important area of study in linguistics and natural language processing as they represent combination of words that function as a single unit, and display properties that cannot be predicated fully from their individual components. This paper describes annotated corpora of about 3000 multiword expressions across syntactic categories in Marathi. This is the first exhaustive resource for Marathi which includes both verbal and non-verbal multiwords. In order to develop the guidelines for annotation, we have used the existing literature on the identification and classification of these expressions. Following the PARSEME 2.0 guidelines, we discuss the categories of multiwords and their behaviour in the corpus. Throughout the annotation process, we encounter variability in compositionality and syntactic realization and discuss our design decisions during annotation. Such a dataset will further our understanding of how grammatical structure can be integrated with lexically stored multiword units in Marathi.

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SinFoS: A Parallel Dataset for Translating Sinhala Figures of Speech

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Can Large Language Models Interpret Noun-Noun Compounds? A Linguistically-Motivated Study on Lexicalized and Novel Compounds