Morocco

Psychological insights have long shaped pivotal NLP breakthroughs, from attention mechanisms to reinforcement learning and social modeling. As Large Language Models (LLMs) develop, there is a rising consensus that psychology is essential for capturing human-like cognition, behavior, and interaction.This paper reviews how psychological theories can inform and enhance stages of LLM development. Our review integrates insights from six subfields of psychology, including cognitive, developmental, behavioral, social, personality psychology, and psycholinguistics. With stage-wise analysis, we highlight current trends and gaps in how psychological theories are applied. By examining both cross-domain connections and points of tension, we aim to bridge disciplinary divides and promote more thoughtful integration of psychology into NLP research.

EACL 2026

A Review of Incorporating Psychological Theories in LLMs

psychology-nlp integration

cognitive science informed llms

survey

## Welcome to EMNLP 2024! 
We are excited to welcome you to one of the most prominent conferences in the field of Natural Language Processing. This year, EMNLP 2024 is being held in a hybrid format,
offering both virtual and in-person participation in beautiful Miami. Due to a record-breaking number of submissions, we've expanded the total number of accepted papers to accommodate more cutting-edge research from around the globe.
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EMNLP 2024

EMNLP 2024 will take place in Miami, Florida from Nov 12th to Nov 16th, 2024, at the Hyatt Regency Miami Hote and on Underline for remote participants.

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#### *Message from the General Chair, Aline Villavicencio*
I’m delighted and honoured to welcome you to the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL 2026), taking place in the beautiful city of Rabat, in Morocco, in March 24-29, 2026. EACL is the flagship European conference of the Association and EACL 2026 proudly continues our field’s tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity. I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers whose dedication, generosity, and tireless efforts have made this conference possible.
For the first time EACL is being hosted in the African continent. This is an important milestone for our community, and we are grateful to our Moroccan hosts for enabling this historic moment by bringing this edition of EACL to Rabat. We are also delighted that the Second Arabic NLP School is co-located with EACL. We hope attendees enjoy this wonderful opportunity to strengthen ties with the Computational Linguistics communities across the African continent. *[Read full message](https://drive.google.com/file/d/14NlmHvwM6fPJuMmOvVh7K0vtQbEyv3SZ/view?usp=sharing)* 

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Welcome to the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL). EACL 2026 will be held in Rabat, Morocco, from March 24–29, 2026. 

This paper introduces a novel framework for simulating and analyzing how uncooperative behaviors can destabilize or collapse LLM-based multi-agent systems. Our framework includes two key components: (1) a game theory-based taxonomy of uncooperative agent behaviors, addressing a notable gap in the existing literature; and (2) a structured, multi-stage simulation pipeline that dynamically generates and refines uncooperative behaviors as agents' states evolve. We evaluate the framework via a collaborative resource management setting, measuring system stability using metrics such as survival time and resource overuse rate. Empirically, our framework achieves ~96.7% accuracy in generating realistic uncooperative behaviors, validated by human evaluations. Our results reveal a striking contrast: cooperative agents maintain perfect system stability (100% survival over 12 rounds with 0% resource overuse), while any uncooperative behavior can trigger rapid system collapse within 1–7 rounds. We also evaluate LLM-based defense methods, finding they detect some uncooperative behaviors, but some behaviors remain largely undetectable. These gaps highlight how uncooperative agents degrade collective outcomes and underscore the need for more resilient multi-agent systems.

The Subtle Art of Defection: Understanding Uncooperative Behaviors in LLM based Multi-Agent Systems

Venture capital (VC) investors face a large number of investment opportunities but only invest in few of these, with even fewer ending up successful. Early-stage screening of opportunities is often limited by investor bandwidth, demanding tradeoffs between evaluation diligence and number of opportunities assessed. To ease this tradeoff, we introduce DIALECTIC, an LLM-based multi-agent system for startup evaluation. DIALECTIC first gathers factual knowledge about a startup and organizes these facts into a hierarchical question tree. It then synthesizes the facts into natural-language arguments for and against an investment and iteratively critiques and refines these arguments through a simulated debate, which surfaces only the most convincing arguments. Our system also produces numeric decision scores that allow investors to rank and thus efficiently prioritize opportunities. We evaluate DIALECTIC through backtesting on real investment opportunities aggregated from five VC funds, showing that DIALECTIC matches the precision of human VCs in predicting startup success.

DIALECTIC: A Multi-Agent System for Startup Evaluation

With context windows of millions of tokens, Long-Context Language Models (LCLMs) can encode entire document collections, offering a strong alternative to conventional retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). However, it remains unclear whether fine-tuning strategies can improve long-context performance and translate to greater robustness under KV-cache compression techniques. In this work, we investigate which training strategies most effectively enhance LCLMs' ability to identify and use relevant information, as well as enhancing their robustness under KV-cache compression. Our experiments show substantial in-domain improvements: achieving up to +20-point gains over the base model. However, out-of-domain generalization remains task dependent with large variance -- LCLMs excels on finance questions (+9 points), while RAG shows stronger performance on multiple-choice questions (+6 points) over the baseline models. Finally, we show that our fine-tuning approaches bring moderate improvements in robustness under KV-cache compression, with gains varying across tasks.

Exploring Fine-Tuning for In-Context Retrieval and Efficient KV-Caching in Long-Context Language Models

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into everyday life and information ecosystems, concerns about their implicit biases continue to persist. While prior work has primarily examined socio-demographic and leftвЂ“right political dimensions, little attention has been paid to how LLMs align with broader geopolitical value systems, particularly the democracyвЂ“authoritarianism spectrum. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology to assess such alignment, combining (1) the F-scale, a psychometric tool for measuring authoritarian tendencies, (2) FavScore, a newly introduced metric for evaluating model favorability toward world leaders, and (3) role-model probing to assess which figures are cited as general role models by LLMs. We find that LLMs generally favor democratic values and leaders, but exhibit increased favorability toward authoritarian figures when prompted in Mandarin. Further, models are found to often cite authoritarian figures as role models, even outside explicitly political contexts. These results shed light on ways LLMs may reflect and potentially reinforce global political ideologies, highlighting the importance of evaluating bias beyond conventional socio-political axes.

Democratic or Authoritarian? Probing a New Dimension of Political Biases in Large Language Models

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted for handling structured data, including tabular and relational inputs, despite mostly being pretrained on unstructured text. This raises a key question: how effectively do pretrained representations from language-focused LLMs transfer to tasks involving structured inputs? We address this through controlled experiments using two small open-source LLMs, systematically re-initializing subsets of layers with random weights before fine-tuning on structured datasets and comparing results to unstructured datasets. Our analyses show that, for structured data, most pretrained depth contributes little, with performance often saturating after the first few layers, whereas unstructured tasks benefit more consistently from deeper pretrained representations. Pretraining remains useful mainly in low-resource settings, with its impact diminishing as more training data becomes available.

How Much Pretraining Does Structured Data Need?

We propose a novel self-attention mechanism for document understanding that takes into account text block positions in relative polar coordinate system rather than the Cartesian one. Based on this mechanism, we build DocPolarBERT, a layout-aware BERT model for document understanding that eliminates the need for absolute 2D positional embeddings. Despite being pre-trained on a dataset more than six times smaller than the widely used IIT-CDIP corpus, DocPolarBERT achieves state-of-the-art results. These results demonstrate that a carefully designed attention mechanism can compensate for reduced pre-training data, offering an efficient and effective alternative for document understanding.

DocPolarBERT: A Pre-trained Model for Document Understanding with Relative Polar Coordinate Encoding of Layout Structures

We challenge the common assumption that Large Language Models (LLMs) build confidence gradually during reasoning. Instead, we find that conviction is often reached in a discrete ``moment of insight'', characterized by a sudden and sharp increase in an answer's probability---a phenomenon we term a "confidence leap". Leveraging this discovery, we introduce a training-free, model-agnostic early-stopping heuristic that halts generation upon detecting such a leap, significantly reducing the generation length without sacrificing accuracy. We also demonstrate that the reasoning text leading up to this leap is semantically potent and transferable: feeding this partial reasoning to a different model family substantially boosts its performance. This suggests that the "confidence leap" marks a shared, interpretable reasoning milestone, not just a model-specific statistical artifact.

Confidence Leaps in LLM Reasoning: Early Stopping and Cross-Model Transfer

Evaluating creative writing generated by large language models (LLMs) remains challenging because open-ended narratives lack ground truths. Without performant automated evaluation methods, off-the-shelf (OTS) language models are employed as zero-shot judges, yet their reliability is unclear in this context. To address this gap, we introduce LitBench, a large-scale benchmark for creative writing evaluation, featuring a training corpus of 43,827 story pairs and a 2,480-pair test set curated from Reddit. Using LitBench, we benchmark existing LLM judges and train specialized reward models. Our analysis reveals that the strongest OTS judge, Claude-3.7-Sonnet, achieves only 73% agreement with human preferences. In contrast, our trained Bradley-Terry and generative reward models both reach 78% accuracy, outperforming all OTS judges. An online human study further validates our models, showing their rankings of newly generated stories align more closely with human preferences. Our work provides the first reliable benchmark and specialized reward models for creative writing, establishing a crucial foundation for the future development of more capable verifiers.

LitBench: A Benchmark and Dataset for Reliable Evaluation of Creative Writing

Transliteration has emerged as a promising means to bridge the gap between various languages in multilingual NLP, showing promising results especially for languages using non-Latin scripts. We investigate the degree to which shared script, overlapping token vocabularies, and shared phonology contribute to performance of multilingual models. To this end, we conduct controlled experiments using three kinds of transliteration (romanization, phonemic transcription, and substitution ciphers) as well as orthography. We evaluate each model on two downstream tasks---named entity recognition (NER) and natural language inference (NLI)---and find that romanization significantly outperforms other input types in 7 out of 8 evaluation settings, largely consistent with our hypothesis that it is the most effective approach. We further analyze how each factor contributed to the success, and suggest that having longer (subword) tokens shared with pre-trained languages leads to better utilization of the model.

Happiness is Sharing a Vocabulary: A Study of Transliteration Methods

Large language models exhibit strong multilingual capabilities despite limited exposure to non-English data. Prior studies show that English-centric large language models map multilingual content into English-aligned representations at intermediate layers and then project them back into target-language token spaces in the final layer. From this observation, we hypothesize that this cross-lingual transition is governed by a small and sparse set of dimensions, which occur at consistent indices across the intermediate to final layers. Building on this insight, we introduce a simple, training-free method to identify and manipulate these dimensions, requiring only as few as 50 sentences of either parallel or monolingual data. Experiments on a multilingual generation control task reveal the interpretability of these dimensions, demonstrating that the interventions in these dimensions can switch the output language while preserving semantic content, and that it surpasses the performance of prior neuron-based approaches at a substantially lower cost.

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The Subtle Art of Defection: Understanding Uncooperative Behaviors in LLM based Multi-Agent Systems

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