Morocco

Tokenization plays a crucial role in the performance of language models. However, most existing tokenizers rely on frequency-based segmentation, which fails to capture the morphological structure of languages and often leads to inefficient token representations. In this study, we propose a novel tokenization method that emphasizes the importance of Korean morphological structures in eojeol (Korean spacing unit). This method is designed to accommodate both inter-eojeol segmentation and intra-eojeol segmentation, enabling the selection of subwords based on morphemes. We pretrained a language model using the proposed method and evaluated its performance on Korean benchmark tasks. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method generally outperforms existing approaches. Notably, it produces significantly fewer tokens per input sequence, indicating its effectiveness and efficiency for Korean language modeling.

EACL 2026

Morpheme Matters: Morpheme-Based Subword Tokenization for Korean Language Models

subword tokenization

korean language

morphology

word segmentation

### Welcome to ACL 2023, the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics! 
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ACL 2023

The Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) is the premier international scientific and professional society for people working on computational problems involving human language, a field often referred to as either computational linguistics or natural language processing.

technical paper

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I’m delighted and honoured to welcome you to the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL 2026), taking place in the beautiful city of Rabat, in Morocco, in March 24-29, 2026. EACL is the flagship European conference of the Association and EACL 2026 proudly continues our field’s tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity. I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers whose dedication, generosity, and tireless efforts have made this conference possible.
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Welcome to the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL). EACL 2026 will be held in Rabat, Morocco, from March 24–29, 2026. 

Tokenization underlies every large language model, yet it remains an under-theorized and inconsistently designed component. Common subword approaches such as Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) offer scalability but often misalign with linguistic structure, amplify bias, and waste capacity across languages and domains. This paper reframes tokenization as a core modeling decision rather than a preprocessing step. We argue for a context-aware framework that integrates tokenizer and model co-design, guided by linguistic, domain, and deployment considerations. Standardized evaluation and transparent reporting are essential to make tokenization choices accountable and comparable. Treating tokenization as a core design problem, not a technical afterthought, can yield language technologies that are fairer, more efficient, and more adaptable.

Stop Taking Tokenizers for Granted: They Are Core Design Decisions in Large Language Models

Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with syllogistic reasoning, frequently conflating content plausibility with logical validity. This well-known content effect undermines their capacity to act as reliable deductive reasoners, particularly in multilingual contexts where both linguistic variability and world knowledge may exacerbate biases. Prior work shows that prompting and tuning interventions can alleviate these issues only partially, leaving models vulnerable to semantic interference. To make reasoning more consistent, robust, and transferable across languages, we investigate the use of activation steeringвЂ”an inference-time intervention that modulates internal representations to suppress content effects. Our experiments demonstrate that steering techniques constructed for English-based syllogisms generalise effectively to multilingual datasets, yielding higher formal reasoning accuracy while minimally affecting language modelling performance. Moreover, steering supports partial transfer to out-of-distribution tasks, highlighting its potential as a scalable mechanism for content-invariant reasoning. These findings advance the prospect of developing LLMs that can serve as reliable soft reasoners across language landscapes.

Can Activation Steering Generalize Across Languages? A Study on Syllogistic Reasoning in Language Models

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) for mental health support poses unique challenges to reliable evaluation due to the emotionally and cognitively complex nature of therapeutic dialogue. Existing benchmarks are limited in scale, authenticity, and reliability, often relying on synthetic or social media data, and lack frameworks to assess when automated judges can be trusted. To address the need for large-scale authentic dialogue datasets and judge-reliability assessment, we introduce two benchmarks that provide a framework for generation and evaluation in this domain. MentalBench-100k consolidates 10,000 authentic single-session therapeutic conversations from three real-world scenarios datasets, each paired with nine LLM-generated responses, yielding 100,000 response pairs. MentalAlign-70k reframes evaluation by comparing four high-performing LLM judges with human experts across 70,000 ratings on seven attributes, grouped into Cognitive Support Score (CSS) and Affective Resonance Score (ARS). We then employ the AffectiveвЂ“Cognitive Agreement Framework, a statistical methodology using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) with confidence intervals to quantify agreement, consistency, and bias between LLM judges and human experts. Our analysis reveals systematic inflation by LLM judges, strong reliability for cognitive attributes such as guidance and informativeness, reduced precision for empathy, and some unreliability in safety and relevance. Our contributions establish new methodological and empirical foundations for the reliable and large-scale evaluation of LLMs in mental health contexts.

When Can We Trust LLMs in Mental Health? Large-Scale Benchmarks for Reliable LLM Evaluation

Retrieving the biological impacts of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is essential for target identification (Target ID) in drug development. Given the vast number of proteins involved, this process remains time-consuming and challenging. Large Language Models (LLMs) and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) frameworks have supported Target ID; however, no benchmark currently exists for identifying the biological impacts of PPIs. To bridge this gap, we introduce the RAG Benchmark for PPIs (RAGPPI), a factual question-answer benchmark of 4,420 question-answer pairs that focus on the potential biological impacts of PPIs. Through interviews with experts, we identified criteria for a benchmark dataset, such as a type of QA and source. We built a gold-standard dataset (500 QA pairs) through expert-driven data annotation. We developed an ensemble auto-evaluation LLM that incorporates expert labeling characteristics, average fact–abstract similarity (F 1), and low-similarity fact counts (F 2), enabling the construction of a silver-standard dataset (3,720 QA pairs). We are committed to maintaining RAGPPI as a resource to support the research community in advancing RAG systems for drug discovery QA solutions.

RAGPPI: Retrieval-Augmented Generation Benchmark for ProteinвЂ“Protein Interactions in Drug Discovery

VVision-Language Models excel in multi-modal tasks but often hallucinate objects or exhibit linguistic bias by over-repeating object names, especially in complex multi-object scenes. Existing methods struggle with multi-object grounding because language priors frequently dominate visual evidence, causing hallucinated or biased objects to produce attention distributions or similarity scores nearly indistinguishable from those of real objects. We introduce SHAPLENS, a Shapley value–based attribution framework using Kernel SHAP and multi-layer fusion to detect hallucinated and biased objects. Evaluated on ADE and COCO datasets across four leading VLMs, SHAPLENS improves hallucination detection accuracy by 8–12% and F1 by 10–14% over the best baselines. It also achieves up to 6% higher bias detection performance across three distinct bias types on a curated HQH benchmark and exhibits minimal degradation (<0.03%) across partial and perturbed contexts.

Attribution-Guided Multi-Object Hallucination and Bias Detection in Vision-Language Models

Grammaticalization denotes a diachronic change of the grammatical category from content words to function words. One of the intensively explored directions in this area is to quantify the degree of grammaticalization. There have been a limited number of automated methods for this task and the existing, best-performing method is heavily language- and word-dependent. In this paper, we explore three methods for quantifying the degree of grammaticalization, which are applicable to a much wider variety of words and languages than before. The difficulty here is that training data is not available in the present task. We overcome this difficulty by using Positive-Unlabeled learning (PU-learning) or Cross-Validation-like learning (hereafter, CV-learning). Experiments show that the CV-learning-based method achieves middle to high correlations to human judgments in English deverbal prepositions and Japanese nouns being grammaticalized. With this method, we further explore words possibly being grammaticalized and counterexamples of the unidirectionality hypothesis.

Cross-lingual and Word-Independent Methods for Quantifying Degree of Grammaticalization

Policy-gradient reinforcement learning (PGRL) form the backbone of current methods used to improve language model reasoning. However, these methods are incompatible with diffusion based language models (dLLMs). Most attempts to apply PGRL to dLLMs, either are extremely unscalable or use unprincipled approximations. Our proposed framework uses a novel pseudo-likelihood based objective for alignment of dLLMs. Our objective has the same optima as PGRL based optimization, but does not need to evaluate exact likelihood from dLLMs, thus providing a principled and practical alternative for fine-tuning of dLLMs. Additionally other than the pseudo-likelihood based objective, we present two computationally efficient approximations to allow for scalable training. Experiments on multiple reasoning and coding benchmarks show that our proposals match or surpasses the performance of GRPO and related baselines.

Pseudo-Likelihood Training for Reasoning Diffusion Language Models

Hallucinations remain a persistent challenge for vision–language models (VLMs), which of
ten describe nonexistent objects or fabricate facts. Existing detection methods typically operate after text generation, making intervention both costly and untimely. We investigate whether hallucination risk can instead be predicted before any token is generated by probing a model’s internal representations in a single forward pass. Across a diverse set of vision–language tasks and eight modern VLMs, including Llama-3.2-Vision, Gemma-3, Phi-4VL, and Qwen2.5-VL, we examine three families of internal representations: (i) visual-only features without multimodal fusion, (ii) vision token representations within the text decoder, and (iii) query-token representations that integrate visual and textual information before generation. Probes trained on these representations achieve strong hallucination-detection performance without decoding, reaching up to 0.93 AUROC on Gemma-3-12B, Phi-4-VL 5.6B,
and Molmo 7B. Late query-token states are the most predictive for most models, while visual
or mid-layer features dominate in a few architectures (e.g., ∼0.79 AUROC for Qwen2.5-VL
7B using visual-only features). These results demonstrate that (1) hallucination risk is detectable pre-generation, (2) the most informative layer and modality vary across architectures, and (3) lightweight probes has the potential to enable early abstention, selective routing,
and adaptive decoding to improve both safety and efficiency.

Detecting Hallucinations in Vision-Language Models without Generating a Single Token

Claim verification is a core module in automated fact-checking systems, tasked with determining claim veracity using retrieved evidence. This work presents KG-CRAFT, a novel knowledge graph-based contrastive reasoning method that enhances automatic claim verification by LLMs. Our approach first constructs a knowledge graph from claims and associated reports, then formulates contextually relevant contrastive questions based on the knowledge graph structure. These questions guide the distillation of evidence-based reports, which are synthesised into a concise summary for veracity assessment. Extensive evaluations on two real-world datasets (LIAR-RAW and RAWFC) demonstrate that our method achieves a new state-of-the-art in predictive performance. Comprehensive analyses validate in detail the effectiveness of our knowledge graph-based contrastive reasoning approach in improving LLMs' fact-checking capabilities.

KG-CRAFT: Knowledge Graph-based Contrastive Reasoning with LLMs for Enhancing Automated Fact-checking

Diet plays a central role in human health, and Nutrition Question Answering (QA) offers a promising path toward personalized dietary guidance and the prevention of diet-related chronic diseases. However, existing methods face two fundamental challenges: the limited reasoning capacity of single-agent systems and the complexity of designing effective multi-agent architectures, as well as contextual overload that hinders accurate decision-making. We introduce Nutritional-Graph Router (NG-Router), a novel framework that formulates nutritional QA as a supervised, knowledge-graphвЂ“guided multi-agent collaboration problem. NG-Router integrates agent nodes into heterogeneous knowledge graphs and employs a graph neural network to learn task-aware routing distributions over agents, leveraging soft supervision derived from empirical agent performance. To further address contextual overload, we propose a gradient-based subgraph retrieval mechanism that identifies salient evidence during training, thereby enhancing multi-hop and relational reasoning. Extensive experiments across multiple benchmarks and backbone models demonstrate that NG-Router consistently outperforms both single-agent and ensemble baselines, offering a principled approach to domain-aware multi-agent reasoning for complex nutritional health tasks.

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