Morocco

Antimicrobial resistance is a growing global health threat, driving interest in nanoparticle-based alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Inorganic nanoparticles with intrinsic antibacterial properties show significant promise; however, efficiently identifying relevant studies from the rapidly expanding literature remains a major challenge. This step is crucial for enabling computational approaches that aim to model and predict nanoparticle efficacy based on physicochemical and structural features. In this study, we explore the effectiveness of traditional machine learning and deep learning methods for classifying scientific abstracts in the domain of nanoparticle-based antimicrobial research. We introduce a novel, manually annotated corpus of 7,910 articles, curated to distinguish intrinsic antibacterial nanoparticles from studies focusing on drug carriers or surface-bound applications. Our comparative evaluation shows that a fine-tuned BERT model achieves the highest overall F1 score of 0.79 on the test set, while simpler models such as SVMs with TF-IDF features remain highly competitive, highlighting their utility in low-resource settings. The dataset and best-performing models are made publicly available to support future research in nanoparticle-based therapeutics and automated literature mining.

EACL 2026

Automated Screening of Antibacterial Nanoparticle Literature: Dataset Curation and Model Evaluation

nanomedicine dataset

literature screening

antibacterial nanoparticles

biobert

text classification

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Welcome to the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL). EACL 2026 will be held in Rabat, Morocco, from March 24–29, 2026. 

Scaling data quantity is essential for large language models (LLMs), yet recent findings show that data quality can significantly boost performance and training efficiency. We introduce a German-language dataset curation pipeline that combines heuristic and model-based filtering techniques with synthetic data generation. We use our pipeline to create GermanWeb, a large-scale German pre-training dataset which draws from: (1) Common Crawl web data, (2) FineWeb2, and (3) synthetically-generated data conditioned on actual, organic web data. We evaluate our dataset by pre-training both a 1B Llama-style model and an 8B tokeniser-free hierarchical autoregressive transformer (HAT). A comparison on German-language benchmarks, including MMMLU, shows significant performance gains of GermanWeb over FineWeb2 alone. This advantage holds at the 8B scale even when FineWeb2 is enriched by human-curated high-quality data sources such as Wikipedia. Our findings support the growing body of evidence that model-based data curation and synthetic data generation can significantly enhance LLM pre-training datasets.

Aleph-Alpha-GermanWeb: Improving German-language LLM pre-training with model-based data curation and synthetic data generation

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) based large language models (LLMs) have gained popularity due to their multi-task capability, where each input token activates only a subset of "expert" subnetworks. However, whether each expert can truly specialize to a certain task remains poorly understood, while activation analysis shows frequent cross-layer co-activation of experts for the same input, resembling a collaborative behavior. In this paper, we use a dictionary learning approach to show that experts in MoE LLMs form hierarchical and semantically coherent collaborative groups that correspond to specific linguistic and cognitive functions (e.g., mathematical reasoning, syntactic processing), mirroring specialized functional region observed in neuroscience. Furthermore, leveraging these discovered expert groups enables significant model compression with minimal performance degradation, outperforming existing methods by 2.5% while enabling up to 50% expert reduction. These findings provide the first systematic analysis of expert collaboration mechanisms in MoE LLMs, revealing that specialization emerges from joint activation of experts across all layers. We further developed an interactive visualization platform that enables researchers to explore expert collaboration patterns and their semantic associations.

Specialization through Collaboration: Understanding Expert Interaction in Mixture-of-Expert Large Language Models

Understanding long-context visual information remains a fundamental challenge for vision-language models, particularly in agentic tasks such as GUI control and web navigation. While web pages and GUI environments are inherently structured documents, current VLMs typically neglect decision-oriented document understanding in their training objectives. Existing approaches primarily extend visual embeddings to process long, high-resolution inputs, but these methods are memory-intensive and impractical for locally deployable solutions. To address these issues, we propose SCoPE VLM, a document navigation expert that leverages a novel Chain of Scroll mechanism to selectively and recursively navigate documents, focusing exclusively on relevant segments. We introduce a dedicated data generation pipeline to construct informative Chain of Scroll trajectories and Episodic Group Relative Policy Optimization, a tailored reinforcement learning method to reduce the gap between training and inference. Our method substantially reduces memory usage and effectively models human-like reading behaviors. To the best of our knowledge, SCoPE VLM is the first framework to explicitly model agentic reading patterns in multi-page document question answering, advancing the capabilities of multimodal agents.

SCoPE VLM: Selective Context Processing for Efficient Document Navigation in Vision-Language Models

Conversational large language models are trained to refuse to answer harmful questions. However, emergent jailbreaking techniques can still elicit unsafe outputs, presenting an ongoing challenge for model alignment. This paper aims to deepen our understanding of how different jailbreak types circumvent safeguards by analyzing model activations on different jailbreak inputs. We find that it is possible to extract a jailbreak vector from a single class of jailbreaks that works to mitigate jailbreak effectiveness from other, semantically-dissimilar classes. This suggests that diverse jailbreaks may exploit a common internal mechanism. We investigate a potential common mechanism of harmfulness feature suppression, and find evidence that effective jailbreaks noticeably reduce a model's perception of prompt harmfulness. These insights pave the way for developing more robust jailbreak countermeasures and lay the groundwork for a deeper, mechanistic understanding of jailbreak dynamics in language models.

Understanding Jailbreak Success: A Study of Latent Space Dynamics in Large Language Models

Large language models (LLMs) show promise in offering emotional support and generating empathetic responses for individuals in distress, but their ability to deliver culturally sensitive support remains underexplored due to lack of resources. In this work, we introduce CultureCare, the first dataset designed for this task, spanning four cultures and including 1729 distress messages, 1523 cultural signals, and 1041 support strategies with fine-grained emotional and cultural annotations. Leveraging CultureCare, we (i) develop and test four adaptation strategies for guiding three state-of-the-art LLMs toward culturally appropriate responses; (ii) conduct comprehensive evaluations using LLM judges, in-culture human annotators, and clinical psychologists; (iii) show that adapted LLMs outperform anonymous online peer responses, and that simple cultural role-play is insufficient for cultural sensitivity; and (iv) explore the application of LLMs in clinical training, where experts highlight their potential in fostering cultural competence in future therapists.

Tailored Emotional LLM-Supporter: Enhancing Cultural Sensitivity

The present benchmarks for testing the audio modality of multimodal large language models concentrate on testing various audio tasks such as speaker diarization or gender identification in isolation. Whether a multimodal model can answer the questions that require reasoning skills to combine audio tasks of different categories cannot be verified with their use. To address this issue, we propose Audio Reasoning Tasks (ART), a new benchmark for assessing the ability of multimodal models to solve problems that require reasoning over audio signal.

A Benchmark for Audio Reasoning Capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models

Large language models achieve state-of-the-art performance but are increasingly costly to fine-tune. Prompt tuning is a parameter-efficient fine-tuning method that addresses parameter-efficiency by learning prompt embeddings, but these embeddings are typically tied to the model's hidden dimensionality, limiting parameter saving. In this paper, we propose Ultra-Low-dimensional Prompt Tuning (ULPT), a simple yet effective method that optimizes prompts in a low-dimensional space (e.g., 2D) and uses a frozen random matrix for up-projection. ULPT can achieve 98% reduction in the training parameters compared to vanilla prompt tuning while preserving performance. Our extensive experiments across over 20 NLP tasks demonstrate that ULPT consistently outperforms recent parameter-efficient tuning methods using significantly fewer parameters, making it well-suited as a storage-efficient framework for massive LLM customization.

Ultra-Low-Dimensional Prompt Tuning via Random Projection

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are currently at the center of research attention, showing rapid progress in scale and capability, yet their intelligence, limitations, and risks remain insufficiently understood. To address these issues, particularly in the context of the Russian language, where no multimodal benchmarks currently exist, we introduce AnonymBench, an open multimodal evaluation framework for Russian-spoken architectures. The benchmark is instruction-based and encompasses default text, image, audio, and video modalities, comprising 18 newly constructed evaluation tasks for both general-purpose models and modality-specific architectures (image-to-text, video-to-text, and audio-to-text). Our contributions include: (i) a universal taxonomy of multimodal abilities; (ii) 18 datasets created entirely from scratch with attention to Russian cultural and linguistic specificity, unified prompts, and metrics; (iii) baseline results for both closed-source and open-source models; (iv) a methodology for preventing benchmark leakage, including watermarking and licenses for private sets. While our current focus is on Russian, the proposed benchmark provides a replicable methodology for constructing multimodal benchmarks in typologically diverse languages, particularly within the Slavic language family.

Multimodal Evaluation of Russian-language Architectures

Time alters the visual appearance of entities in our world, like objects, places, and animals. Thus, for accurately generating contextually-relevant images, knowledge and reasoning about time can be crucial (e.g., for generating a landscape in spring vs. in winter). Yet, although substantial work exists on understanding and improving temporal knowledge in natural language processing, research on how temporal phenomena appear and are handled in text-to-image (T2I) models remains scarce. We address this gap with TempViz, the first data set to holistically evaluate temporal knowledge in image generation, consisting of 7.9k prompts and more than 600 reference images. Using TempViz, we study the capabilities of five T2I models across five temporal knowledge categories. Human evaluation shows that temporal competence is generally weak, with no model exceeding 75% accuracy across categories. Towards larger-scale studies, we also examine automated evaluation methods, comparing several established approaches against human judgments. However, none of these approaches provides a reliable assessment of temporal cues - further indicating the pressing need for future research on temporal knowledge in T2I.

TempViz: On the Evaluation of Temporal Knowledge in Text-to-Image Models

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) selects a few feed-forward networks (FFNs) per token, achieving an effective trade-off between computational cost and performance. In conventional MoE, each expert is treated as entirely independent, and experts are combined in a discrete space. As a result, when the number of experts increases, it becomes difficult to train each expert effectively. To stabilize training while increasing the number of experts, we propose infinity -MoE that selects a portion of the parameters of large FFNs based on continuous values sampled for each token. By considering experts in a continuous space, this approach allows for an infinite number of experts while maintaining computational efficiency. Experiments show that a GPT-2 Small-based infinity -MoE model, with 129M active and 186M total parameters, achieves comparable performance to a dense GPT-2 Medium with 350M parameters. Adjusting the number of sampled experts at inference time allows for a flexible trade-off between accuracy and speed, with an improvement of up to 2.5% in accuracy over conventional MoE.

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Aleph-Alpha-GermanWeb: Improving German-language LLM pre-training with model-based data curation and synthetic data generation

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