Singapore

Anomaly detection (AD) for safety-critical IoT time series should be 
judged at the event level—by reliability and earliness under 
realistic perturbations. Yet many studies still emphasize point-level 
results on base form of curated public datasets, which limits their
value for model selection in practice. We introduce a unified 
evaluation protocol that adds event-level augmentation simulating 
real-world problems by (i) adds a calibrated sensor dropout stress, 
linear/log drift, additive noise, and window shifts, and (ii) 
performs sensor-level probing via mask-as-missing zeroing with 
per-channel influence estimation to support root-cause analysis.

We evaluate 14 representative models on five public anomaly 
datasets (SWaT, WADI, SMD, SKAB, TEP) and two industrial 
datasets (steam turbine, nuclear turbogenerator) under unified 
splits and event aggregation. There is no universal winner: 
graph-structured models transfer best under dropout and long 
events, for example on SWaT with additive noise a graph 
autoencoder falls from 0.804 to 0.677 (-16\%) while a 
graph-attention variant goes from 0.759 to 0.680 (-10\%) and 
a hybrid graph attention stays nearly flat at 0.762 to 0.756 
(-0.8\%); density or flow models work well on clean, stationary 
plants yet can be fragile to monotone drift, as log drift collapses 
a flow-based detector on SKAB and nuclear power plant (NPP) 
dataset while on SWaT the drop is mild at 0.795 to 0.783 
(-1.5\%); spectral CNNs lead when periodicity is strong; 
reconstruction autoencoders become competitive after basic 
sensor vetting; predictive or hybrid dynamics help when faults 
break temporal dependencies but remain window-sensitive. 
The same protocol also informs architecture choices, for example 
on SWaT under log perturbations replacing normalizing flows with 
a Gaussian density estimator reduces F1 to about 0.57 at high 
stress versus about 0.75 originally, and fixing the learned DAG 
yields a small clean-set gain of about 0.5 to 1.0 points but 
increases drift sensitivity by roughly eight times.


AAAI 2026

Benchmarking IoT 
Time-Series AD with Event-
Level Augmentations

multivariate time series

anomaly detection

benchmarking

The purpose of the AAAI conference is to promote research in artificial intelligence (AI) and scientific exchange among AI researchers, practitioners, scientists, and engineers in affiliated disciplines. 

AAAI 2021

workshop paper

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

Reliable anomaly detection (AD) in photovoltaic (PV) modules is 
critical for maintaining solar energy efficiency. However, the 
development of robust computer vision models for PV inspection is 
limited by the scarcity of large-scale, diverse, and balanced datasets.
In this study, we introduce a spatially conditioned denoising diffusion 
probabilistic model, PV-DDPM, designed to generate anomalous 
electroluminescence (EL) images across four PV cell types: 
multi-crystalline silicon (multi-c-Si), mono-crystalline silicon 
(mono-c-Si), half-cut multi-c-Si, and interdigitated back contact 
(IBC) with dogbone interconnect. 
PV-DDPM enables the controlled synthesis of both multi-defect and 
single-defect scenarios by conditioning on binary masks that 
represent structural features and defect positions.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first framework that jointly 
models multiple PV cell types while allowing simultaneous 
generation of diverse anomaly types.
We also introduce E-SCDD dataset, an enhanced version of the 
SCDD dataset, comprising 1,000 pixel-wise annotated EL images 
spanning 30 semantic classes, and 1,768 unlabeled synthetic 
samples. Quantitative evaluation shows our generated images 
achieve a Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) of 4.10 and Kernel 
Inception Distance (KID) of 0.0023 ± 0.0007 across all categories. 
Furthermore, compared to training on the original SCDD dataset, 
training the vision–language anomaly detection model AA-CLIP 
on E-SCDD improves pixel-level AUC and average precision by 
1.70 and 8.34 points, respectively. Code and data are publicly 
released to ensure reproducibility.

Bridging the Data Gap: Spatially Conditioned Diffusion Model for Anomaly Generation in Photovoltaic Electroluminescence Images

This article introduces Attuned Design Practice (ADP), a design vocabulary and conceptual framework for producing embodied knowledge at the intersection of artistic and scientific inquiry, to inform the development of computational models that generate body-based interpretations and articulations. The convergence of Robotics, AI, HRI, and HCI in Industry 5.0 demand bold experimentation in artistic-scientific inquiry to interpret embodied knowledge beyond quantifiable data. In ADP, we propose the concept of ‘attunement’ to examine how alternative design vocabularies for embodied knowledge can be produced in reciprocity with the development of computational models that direct and facilitate expression and attunement over optimization or efficiency. Attunement is seen as a tuning fork to incrementally investigate the phenomena, relationships and patterns that inherently exist in tensions in-between tangible-intangible, or palpable-impalpable forms of materiality in human-computer connections, partnerships, and shared experiences. We propose Open Rehearsals, where-in alternative experiential understandings unfold in three areas of expertise: (1) preparing of tools and instruments, (2) performative practice, and (3) composition and choreography and notation methods. Our aim is to reinvent design innovation by cultivating integrative, reflective, and adaptive modes of collaborative design-making, from embodied discovery to embodied transformation.

Attuned Design Practice: towards Open Rehearsals for Embodied Knowledge and Computational Design.

This study investigates the intuitive relationship between manual gestures and vocal syllables, grounded in shared neurobiological and motor systems. Participants were tasked with producing "Synekinian pairs," consisting of vocal syllables paired with instinctive gestures. Through qualitative and quantitative analyses, the findings reveal consistent patterns in manual-vocal associations, offering insights into gesture-based sound design, vocal synthesis, gesture notation and human-computer interaction. Future work aims to refine the experimental methodology, expand datasets, and validate these observations across diverse cultural and linguistic contexts.

Exploring “Synekinian Pairs”: Manual-Vocal Gesture Integration in Experimental Contexts

This study investigates how audiences perceive humor in both Human-created and AI-generated Manzai scripts, a traditional Japanese form of scripted stand-up comedy performed by a pair of comedians. We analyze laughter responses using two complementary modalities: explicit laughter, captured through real-time reaction-button inputs, and implicit laughter, measured via mouth-corner motion tracking. Comparative experiments are conducted to evaluate differences between Human-created and AI-generated Manzai scripts. The results reveal that while AI-generated Manzai scripts can elicit explicit laughter to a certain extent, it is less effective in inducing implicit laughter compared to Human-created script. Implicit laughter is observed only when explicit laughter occurred, suggesting that unconscious emotional reactions may precede conscious recognition of humor. Moreover, Human-created Manzai scripts that are contextually relatable and easy to imagine produced larger and more sustained mouth-corner movements, indicating that empathy and contextual understanding play key roles in embodied humor perception. These findings demonstrate that mouth-corner motion is a reliable indicator of subtle amusement and provide new insights into Bodily Expressed Emotion Understanding (BEEU) for AI-generated humor.

Understanding Bodily Expressed Laughter Responses to Human and AI-Generated Japanese Manzai scripts

Predicting Valence-Arousal-Dominance (VAD) dimensions from bodily-expressed emotions in videos remains a fundamentally challenging task in affective computing, requiring models that capture subtle spatiotemporal patterns while balancing computational efficiency and interpretability. We present a comprehensive investigation of VAD prediction approaches on the newly introduced Annotated Bodily Expressed Emotion (ABEE) dataset, which contains approximately 3,200 video clips spanning 8 primary emotion categories and 20 subcategories. We explore two complementary methodologies: a feature-based gradient boosting approach using XGBoost with carefully engineered spatiotemporal features and dimensionality reduction, and deep learning architectures capable of learning hierarchical representations directly from raw video data. Our feature-based approach demonstrates exceptional computational efficiency, with sub-second training times and minimal resource requirements, while our deep models reveal the fundamental difficulty of capturing continuous VAD dimensions from bodily expressions. Through systematic evaluation on the ABEE dataset, we establish baseline performance for the VAD prediction task, achieving $R^2$ scores of -0.090, -0.014, and -0.058 for valence, arousal, and dominance, respectively, with our gradient boosting approach. These results highlight the substantial gap between current methodologies and the inherent complexity of bodily emotion signals, providing benchmarks for future research. We further discuss critical insights regarding feature engineering, temporal dynamics, and the intrinsic challenges of continuous emotion prediction from naturalistic video data, emphasizing the need for dedicated spatiotemporal modeling strategies tailored to bodily expressions.

Spatiotemporal Modeling of Bodily Emotional Expressions for Continuous Valence-Arousal-Dominance Prediction in Video

Sketching is a widely used medium for generating and exploring early-stage design concepts. While generative AI (GenAI) chatbots are increasingly used for idea generation, designers often struggle to craft effective prompts and find it difficult to express evolving visual concepts through text alone. In the formative study (N=6), we examined how designers use GenAI during ideation, revealing that text-based prompting disrupts creative flow. To address these issues, we developed TalkSketch, an embedded multimodal AI sketching system that integrates freehand drawing with real-time speech input. TalkSketch aims to support a more fluid ideation process through capturing verbal descriptions during sketching and generating context-aware AI responses. Our work highlights the potential of GenAI tools to engage the design process itself rather than focusing on output.

TalkSketch: Multimodal Generative AI for Real-time Sketch Ideation with Speech

The capacity for complex, evidence-grounded, and strategically adaptive persuasion remains a formidable grand challenge for artificial intelligence. Prior work, like IBM Project Debater, focused on generating isolated persuasive speeches in highly simplified and shortened debate formats for lay audiences. We introduce a novel autonomous system capable of participating in and winning a full, unmodified two-team competitive policy debate. Our system employs a hierarchi cal architecture of specialized multi-agent workflows, where teams of LLM-powered agents collaborate and critique one an- other to perform discrete argumentative tasks. Each workflow
utilizes iterative retrieval, synthesis, and self-correction using a massive corpus of policy debate evidence (OpenDebateEvidence) [Roush et al. 2024] and produces complete speech transcripts, cross-examinations, and rebuttals. We introduce a live, interactive end-to-end presentation pipeline that renders debates with AI speech and animation: transcripts are surface realized and synthesized to audio with OpenAI text-to-speech (gpt-4.1-tts), and then displayed as talking-head portrait
videos with EchoMimic V1 [Chen et al. 2024, 2025, OpenAI 2025e,c]. Beyond fully autonomous (AI vs. AI) matches, the system supports hybrid human–AI operation: human debaters can intervene at any stage, and humans can optionally serve as opponents against the AI in any speech, enabling AI–human as well as AI–AI rounds. In preliminary evaluations against human-authored cases, our system produces qualitatively superior argumentative components and consistently wins simulated rounds as adjudicated by an independent autonomous judge. Expert human debate coaches also prefer the arguments, evidence, and cases constructed by our system.

A superpersuasive autonomous policy debating system

MOVE-ME is a wearable AI system that functions as a choreographic companion, designed to interrupt and inspire dancers’ improvisational flow in real time. Equipped with an on-body camera and speech synthesis, the system observes the dancer’s environment and responds to visual input and text prompts with spoken suggestions. These responses, ranging from poetic provocations to site-specific directives, create a feedback loop in which human and machine co-compose movement, challenging distinctions between spontaneity and computation, authorship and obedience.
The project explores AI as a relational agent rather than as a tool, an intelligent presence that shapes choreography through co-creation. MOVE-ME was featured in three practice-based research projects between 2024–2025, each testing different choreographic configurations and affective dynamics.

MOVE-ME: Dance Choreography with AI

This study presents a cross-cultural implementation of an artistic Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) and generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) system designed for live performance within the Balinese gamelan tradition. The BCI-GenAI system enables real-time translation of neural synchrony between dyads of performers (musician-musician, dancer-dancer, musician-dancer) into the control of culturally-relevant generative visual projections that interact with performers and audience alike.
Nine Balinese artists (six musicians and three dancers) participated in a two-part performance Janaki Dewi: Sita’s Reverie and Wiwada Manik: Tales of the Brothers. Dyads of artists wore Mobile Brain-Body Imaging (MoBI) technology to capture in real time their brain (electroencephalography, EEG) and ocular (electrooculography, EOG) activities, head motion, and video during rehearsals and a public performance over a period of 3 weeks. All signals were synchronized by hardware. A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) preprocessed the MoBI Signals and computed the inter-brain synchrony between dyads. Synchrony indices derived from EEG bispectra modulated diffusion parameters in a StreamDiffusion-based GenAI, whereas text prompts consisting of culturally-relevant narrative and emotional descriptors reflected the story’s mythological and affective dimensions. Thus, the BCI-GenAI system linked the real-time inter-brain synchronization to dynamic imagery projected live on stage. The system thus functioned as a creative partner in-the-loop, responsive to both the emotional and rhythmic structure of performance. The multi-institutional, cross-cultural project contributes a methodological framework for BCI-GenAI in artistic settings, emphasizing cross-cultural collaboration, the symbiosis between cultural traditions and emergent technologies, and ethical data governance. It advances a model of responsible human–AI co-creation, where technology supports rather than displaces tradition thereby preserving the continuity of cultural identity through innovation, team science and transdisciplinarity.

An Artistic BCI-GenAI System Enabling Real-Time Co-Creation in Balinese Performance

Despite remarkable advances in machine learning, real-time, online inference of agents’ intentions remains one of the enduring grand challenges in AI. Plan, activity, intent, and goal recognition involve making inferences about actors from observations of their behavior, whether they are software agents, robots, or humans. This tutorial targets AI students and researchers interested in exploring these recognition tasks to enhance their ongoing research or identify new research directions.
Attendees will leave with a clear understanding of core concepts, tasks, and relationships among plan, activity, intent, and goal recognition, as well as exposure to the state-of-the-art computational representations, algorithms, and empirical methodologies. The tutorial is innovative in its unification of fragmented research across multiple AI subfields and its use of live demonstrations to connect theory with practice. Building on the successful 2019 AAAI tutorial on the same topic (Keren, Mirsky, and Geib 2019), this session offers an updated and expanded perspective. It incorporates new material from the presenters’ co-authored book (Mirsky, Keren, and Geib 2021), along with the latest developments and advances in the field. Prerequisite knowledge: Familiarity with general AI concepts, probabilistic reasoning, and planning is recommended. Basic knowledge of Bayesian inference and logic-based reasoning will be helpful but not required.

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