Singapore

AI assistants that assume users to be fully rational generally fail to understand as well as predict users&#39; sub-optimal behaviors, making it difficult to provide adaptive assistance.
In many cases, such behaviors are not a result of irrationality, but rather a rational decision made given inherent cognitive bounds and biased beliefs about the world.
In this paper, we formally introduce a class of computational-rational (CR) user models for cognitively-bounded agents acting optimally under biased beliefs. 
The key novelty lies in explicitly modeling how a bounded cognitive process, such as imperfect memory, leads to a dynamically inconsistent and biased belief state, and consequently, sub-optimal sequential decision-making.
We address the challenge of identifying the latent user-specific bound and inferring biased belief states from passive observations on the fly.
We argue that for our formalized CR model family with an explicit and parameterized cognitive process, this challenge is tractable.
To support our claim, we propose an efficient online inference method based on nested particle filtering that simultaneously tracks the user&#39;s latent belief state and estimates the unknown cognitive bound from a stream of observed actions.
We validate our approach in a representative navigation task using memory capacity as an instance of cognitive bound. 
With simulations, we show that (1) our CR model generates intuitively plausible behaviours corresponding to different levels of memory capacity, and (2) our inference method accurately and efficiently recovers the ground-truth cognitive bounds from limited observations ($\le 100$ steps). 
We further demonstrate how this modeling approach provides a principled foundation for developing adaptive AI assistants within an assistive-POMDP, enabling adaptive assistance that takes the user&#39;s cognitive bounds into account.

AAAI 2026

More than Irrational: Modeling Belief-Biased Agents

human-aware planning and behavior prediction

modeling other agents

bayesian learning

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CogSci 2022

The 44th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society highlighted research on the theme Cognitive Diversity in addition to the full breadth and diversity of research topics offered by the society’s membership. 





AI assistants that assume users to be fully rational generally fail to understand as well as predict users' sub-optimal behaviors, making it difficult to provide adaptive assistance.
In many cases, such behaviors are not a result of irrationality, but rather a rational decision made given inherent cognitive bounds and biased beliefs about the world.
In this paper, we formally introduce a class of computational-rational (CR) user models for cognitively-bounded agents acting optimally under biased beliefs. 
The key novelty lies in explicitly modeling how a bounded cognitive process, such as imperfect memory, leads to a dynamically inconsistent and biased belief state, and consequently, sub-optimal sequential decision-making.
We address the challenge of identifying the latent user-specific bound and inferring biased belief states from passive observations on the fly.
We argue that for our formalized CR model family with an explicit and parameterized cognitive process, this challenge is tractable.
To support our claim, we propose an efficient online inference method based on nested particle filtering that simultaneously tracks the user's latent belief state and estimates the unknown cognitive bound from a stream of observed actions.
We validate our approach in a representative navigation task using memory capacity as an instance of cognitive bound. 
With simulations, we show that (1) our CR model generates intuitively plausible behaviours corresponding to different levels of memory capacity, and (2) our inference method accurately and efficiently recovers the ground-truth cognitive bounds from limited observations ($\le 100$ steps). 
We further demonstrate how this modeling approach provides a principled foundation for developing adaptive AI assistants within an assistive-POMDP, enabling adaptive assistance that takes the user's cognitive bounds into account.

poster

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State-of-the-art methods for Human-AI Teaming and Zero-shot Cooperation focus on task completion i.e. task rewards, as the sole evaluation metric while being agnostic to `how' the two agents work with each other. Furthermore, subjective user studies only offer limited insight into the quality of cooperation existing within the team. Specifically, we are interested in understanding the cooperative behaviors arising within the team when trained agents are paired with humans - a problem that has been overlooked by the existing literature. To formally address this problem, we propose the concept of constructive interdependence - measuring how much agents rely on each other’s actions to achieve the shared goal - as a key metric for evaluating cooperation in human-agent teams. We measure interdependence in terms of action interactions in a STRIPS formalism, and define metrics that allow us to assess the degree of reliance between the agents' actions. We pair state-of-the-art agents with learned human models as well as human participants in a user study for the popular Overcooked domain, and evaluate the task reward and teaming performance for these human-agent teams. While prior work has claimed that state-of-the-art agents exhibit cooperative behavior based on their high task rewards, our results reveal that these agents often fail to induce cooperation, as evidenced by consistently low interdependence across teams. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that teaming performance is not necessarily correlated with task reward, highlighting that task reward alone cannot reliably measure cooperation arising in a human-agent team.

Who Is Helping Whom? Analyzing Inter-Dependencies to Evaluate Cooperation in Human-AI Teaming

As machine learning (ML) applications grow increasingly complex in recent years, modern ML frameworks often need to address multiple potentially conflicting objectives with coupled decision variables across different layers. This creates a compelling need for multi-objective bilevel learning (MOBL). So far, however, the field of MOBL remains in its infancy and many important problems remain under-explored. This motivates us to fill this gap and systematically investigate the theoretical and algorithmic foundation of MOBL. Specifically, we consider MOBL problems with multiple conflicting objectives guided by preferences at the upper-level subproblem, where part of the inputs depend on the optimal solution of the lower-level subproblem. Our goal is to develop efficient MOBL optimization algorithms to (1) identify a preference-guided Pareto-stationary solution with low oracle complexity; and (2) enable systematic Pareto front exploration. To this end, we propose a unifying algorithmic framework called weighted-Chebyshev multi-hyper-gradient-descent (WC-MHGD) for both deterministic and stochastic settings with finite-time Pareto-stationarity convergence rate guarantees, which not only implies low oracle complexity but also induces systematic Pareto front exploration. We further conduct extensive experiments to confirm our theoretical results.

Multi-Objective Bilevel Learning

Training large neural network models requires extensive computational resources, often distributed across several nodes and accelerators. Recent findings suggest that it may be sufficient to only exchange the fast moving components of the gradients, while accumulating momentum locally (Decoupled Momentum, or DeMo). However, DeMo assumes that models fit on a single accelerator. We relax this assumption and introduce FlexDeMo, whereby nodes fully shard model parameters locally between different accelerators, while inter-node communication is reduced by synchronizing only fast-moving components instead of the full gradients -- resulting in a hybrid sharded data parallel training strategy. We further introduce a framework, denoted as DeToNATION, that generalizes DeMo, FlexDeMo, and other popular distributed training schemes such as DiLoCo -- introducing new variations of replication schemes and challenging choices made in DeMo. Our results across language and vision domains show that FlexDeMo attains similar validation loss as hybrid sharded data parallel training employing AdamW and full gradient synchronization, while being substantially faster. FlexDeMo is thus a promising distributed training scheme for the largest machine learning models.

DeToNATION: Decoupled Torch Network-Aware Training on Interlinked Online Nodes

Conformal prediction (CP) is a general framework to quantify the predictive uncertainty of machine learning models that uses a set prediction to include the true label with a valid probability.
To align the uncertainty measured by CP, conformal training methods minimize the size of the prediction sets.
A typical way is to use a surrogate indicator function, usually Sigmoid or Gaussian error function.
However, these surrogate functions do not have a uniform error bound to the indicator function, leading to uncontrollable learning bounds.
In this paper, we propose a simple cost-sensitive conformal training algorithm that does not rely on the indicator approximation mechanism.
Specifically, we theoretically show that minimizing the expected size of prediction sets is upper bounded by the expected rank of true labels.
To this end, we develop an importance weighting strategy that assigns the weight using the rank of true label on each data.
Our analysis provably demonstrates the tightness between the proposed weighted objective and the expected size of conformal prediction sets.
Extensive experiments verify the validity of our theoretical insights, 
and superior empirical performance over other conformal training in terms of predictive efficiency with $21.38\\%$ reduction for average prediction set size.

Cost-Sensitive Conformal Training with Provably Controllable Learning Bounds

Prompt tuning enables Vision-Language Models (VLMs) to efficiently adapt to new tasks through learnable prompt vectors. This naturally raises a question: do these prompts leak private information about their training data? While Membership Inference Attacks (MIAs) can quantify this risk, current methods rely on access to model outputs or internal gradients. This limitation prevents a clear assessment of a prompt’s standalone privacy leakage, particularly in deployment scenarios where such information is inaccessible. 
In this paper, we propose Prompt Intrinsic Privacy Risk Analyzer (PIPRA) to address this gap. As the first output-free MIA, PIPRA leverages open-source pre-trained VLMs to extract features from both prompts and samples within a shared cross-modal semantic space. By employing a contrastive learning-based feature projector to enhance these representations, PIPRA enables a subsequent discriminator to effectively perform membership inference.
Extensive experiments across nine benchmark datasets and multiple VLMs show PIPRA achieves an average AUC of 87.58\%, significantly outperforming traditional output-dependent methods (77.05\%). These findings reveal that prompts pose a substantially greater privacy risk than previously recognized, highlighting the urgent need for prompt-level privacy protection.

Your Prompts Are Not Safe: Output-Free Membership Inference via Prompt Vectors in Vision-Language Tuning

Federated learning (FL) enables collaborative model training
without centralizing data. In multi-domain scenarios with
non-identically and independently distributed (non-IID) data,
prediction performance is often hindered by catastrophic forgetting
of specialized local knowledge and negative transfer
from conflicting client updates. To address these challenges,
we propose a personalized FL framework with dual-branch
(pFedDB) structure and a two-phase training protocol. The
dual-branch architecture separates the model into a shared
branch for cross-client aggregation and a private branch that
remains on each local client. The private branch is never overwritten
by server updates, which prevents the catastrophic
forgetting of domain-specific knowledge. This structure also
significantly reduces communication overhead per round as
only the shared branch is transmitted. To mitigate negative
transfer, our two-phase protocol first establishes a personalized
knowledge anchor by training a single-branch expert
model on each client’s local data. In the second phase, the locally
trained model is cloned to initialize private and shared
branches. Only the shared branch is aggregated in federated
training. This process enables the shared branch to learn a
general representation that complements the established local
expertise. This design consistently improves the performance
of every client over its single-domain baseline, overcoming
the challenge of negative transfer among clients. Experiments
on our new Chest-X-Ray-4 suite and three public benchmarks
show that the proposed pFedDB method obtains 30% saving
in communication overhead per round and competitive or better
accuracy performance than recent FL methods.

Decoupling Shared and Personalized Knowledge: A Dual-Branch Federated Learning Framework for Multi-Domain with Non-IID Data

The escalating global demand for mental health services highlights the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) in psychological counseling. However, current LLM-based approaches, particularly fine-tuned models, are constrained by data distribution biases, leading to limited therapeutic diversity and personalization. Crucially, they often lack anticipatory empathetic reasoning, struggling to foresee patient emotional responses beyond immediate dialogue history, and incur substantial computational costs.
To address these limitations, we propose PsyPARSE, a novel training-free framework for psychological counseling that emulates the deliberate and empathetic reasoning of human counselors. PsyPARSE integrates Multi-Therapy Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) to overcome data biases and provide highly personalized therapeutic approaches tailored to individual patient attributes. Pioneering the first multi-stage slow-thinking engine in mental health LLMs, PsyPARSE employs Multi-Turn Rollouts to identify optimal therapeutic paths and through anticipating patient reactions, optimizes empathetic responses, thereby ensuring genuinely empathetic and impactful responses in complex, long-dialogue interactions.
Operating as a plug-and-play solution, PsyPARSE avoids the computational burden of fine-tuning. We establish a comprehensive LLM-based patient-therapist agent simulation framework for evaluation. Extensive experiments demonstrate that PsyPARSE significantly enhances the capabilities of various LLM baselines, achieving superior personalization and deeper empathy compared to both fine-tuned and other training-free methods. This work offers an efficient, adaptable, and scalable solution for advancing mental health support.

PsyPARSE: Retrieval-Augmented Slow Thinking for Personalized Empathetic Counseling

Fair incomplete multi-view clustering (FIMVC) confronts a critical yet unresolved challenge, as existing methods often fail to address the intertwined issues of data missingness and algorithmic bias simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a novel FIMVC method named Adversarial Fair Incomplete Multi-View Clustering (AFIMVC). The core of AFIMVC is a new adaptive adversarial disentanglement mechanism. This mechanism trains the feature encoder to produce representations that are invariant to sensitive attributes by adversary learning, where the adversarial intensity is dynamically controlled by the model's real-time bias. Additionally, we develop a probabilistic cross-view contrastive learning strategy to achieve semantic consistency in latent space. To handle missing data, AFIMVC employs a context-aware fusion strategy that leverages cross-sample attention to robustly synthesize a unified representation from incomplete views. Extensive experiments demonstrate that AFIMVC achieves a state-of-the-art balance between clustering accuracy and fairness, significantly outperforming existing methods.

Adversarial Fair Incomplete Multi-View Clustering

Catastrophic forgetting remains a fundamental barrier to artificial continual learning (CL) - a capability innate to humans. Existing CL methods often incur prohibitive computational costs in resource-constrained scenarios. Spiking neural networks (SNNs), with their biological plausibility and energy efficiency, offer distinct advantages for CL. Inspired by cortico-hippocampal memory mechanisms, we propose a spiking neural network framework integrating Hebbian plasticity with meta-learning, named HLML-SNN. This architecture emulates a dual-phase CL process: (1) In the short-term phase, sample-level Hebbian learning rapidly adapts to new inputs through local synaptic updates; (2) In the long-term phase, task-level meta-learning optimizes cross-task parameters using consolidated synaptic weights, mimicking cortical memory integration to refine shared representations and initialize subsequent Hebbian learning. HLML-SNN incrementally transforms short-term adaptations into stable long-term knowledge, where the synergy of rapid synaptic updates and meta-driven global optimization enables efficient continual learning while balancing stability and plasticity. Empirical results establish HLML-SNN's state-of-the-art performance across split-MNIST/CIFAR10/CIFAR100/TinyImageNet while markedly reducing training time compared to existing methods, demonstrating substantial practical potential for rapid deployment scenarios.

HLML-SNN：Fast Continual Learning in Spiking Neural Networks Achieved via Hebbian Learning-Driven Meta-Learning

Leveraging the Wasserstein distance—a summation of sample-wise transport distances in data space—is advantageous in many applications for measuring support differences between two underlying density functions. 
However, when supports significantly overlap while densities exhibit substantial pointwise differences, it remains unclear whether and how this transport information can accurately identify these differences, particularly their analytical characterization in finite-sample settings.
We address this issue by conducting an analysis of the information processing capabilities of the one-dimensional Wasserstein distance with finite samples. 
By utilizing the Poisson process and isolating the rate factor, we demonstrate the capability of capturing the pointwise density difference with Wasserstein distances and how this information harmonizes with support differences.
The analyzed properties are confirmed using neural spike train decoding and amino acid contact frequency data. The results reveal that the one-dimensional Wasserstein distance highlights meaningful density differences related to both rate and support.

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