Singapore

Embedding-as-a-Service (EaaS) is an effective and convenient model deployment solution for addressing various NLP tasks.
Nevertheless, recent research has shown that EaaS is vulnerable to model extraction attacks, which could lead to significant economic losses for model providers.
To protect the copyright of EaaS, existing methods inject watermark embeddings into text embeddings and use them to detect copyright infringement.
However, current watermarking methods often resist only a subset of attack techniques and fail to provide comprehensive protection.
To this end, we present the region-triggered semantic watermarking framework called RegionMarker, which defines trigger regions within a low-dimensional space and injects watermarks into text embeddings associated with these regions.
By utilizing a secret dimensionality reduction matrix to project onto this subspace and randomly selecting trigger regions, RegionMarker makes it difficult for watermark removal attacks to evade detection.
Furthermore, by embedding watermarks across the entire trigger region and using the text embedding as the watermark, RegionMarker is resilient to both paraphrasing and dimension-perturbation attacks.
Extensive experiments on various datasets show that RegionMarker is effective in resisting different attack methods, thereby protecting the copyright of EaaS.

AAAI 2026

RegionMarker: A Region-Triggered Semantic Watermarking Framework for Embedding-as-a-Service Copyright Protection

nlp: ethics — bias

nlp: safety and robustness

robustness & trustworthiness

peai: safety

transparency & privacy

fairness

### Welcome to ACL 2023, the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics! 
 The conference will be held in Toronto, Canada, July 9-14, 2023. 
Following the succession of the recent conferences in our field, ACL 2023 will adopt a hybrid format.
While the impact of Covid has considerably diminished in terms of traveling, obtaining visas to Canada
entails a very long process. Moreover, the global economic conditions pose challenges for many individuals to travel to conferences. Recognizing these circumstances, we know many participants may not be
able to attend the conference in person. Therefore, we are committed to providing a great virtual platform
so everyone has the opportunity to interact with other participants and enjoy the conference. Based on the
current registered participants, approxiately 30% have chosen to attend the conference virtually. Whether
you join us in person or virtually, we sincerely hope everyone has a remarkable conference experience. 
This General Chair’s message is where I express my gratitude to the many individuals who have made
enormous contributions to the conference over the past year.

Read [**ACL 2023 General Chair's message**](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WobYM7norbG4dI48s75HfJoD89qgX5a_F-6U8AteLSA/edit?usp=sharing/) in full.

##### **[Conference Handbook](https://2023.aclweb.org/downloads/acl2023-handbook.pdf)**

ACL 2023

The Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) is the premier international scientific and professional society for people working on computational problems involving human language, a field often referred to as either computational linguistics or natural language processing.

poster

We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-26 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.

To access this event page, you need to log in with the **email address you registered with**. Access credentials will be sent to your email from Underline - subject line "Welcome to AAAI 2026". Please be sure to check your spam email folder if you do not see an email confirmation right away.

Please log in

To access this event page, you are required to register.
Please complete your registration to continue.

We recommend reading [**the registration information**](https://aaai.org/conference/aaai/aaai-26/registration/) first.

**Online Registration Form**: https://aaai.getregistered.net/conference-2026 

Registration Required

We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

Leveraging the diversity and quantity of data provided by various graph-structured data augmentations while preserving intrinsic semantic information is challenging. Additionally, successive layers in graph neural network (GNN) tend to produce more similar node embeddings, while graph contrastive learning aims to increase the dissimilarity between negative pairs of node embeddings. This inevitably results in a conflict between the message-passing mechanism (MPM) of GNNs and the contrastive learning (CL) of negative pairs via intraviews. In this paper, we propose a conditional distribution learning (CDL) method that learns graph representations from graph-structured data for semisupervised graph classification. Specifically, we present an end-to-end graph representation learning model to align the conditional distributions of weakly and strongly augmented features over the original features. This alignment enables the CDL model to effectively preserve intrinsic semantic information when both weak and strong augmentations are applied to graph-structured data. To avoid the conflict between the MPM and the CL of negative pairs, positive pairs of node representations are retained for measuring the similarity between the original features and the corresponding weakly augmented features. Extensive experiments with several benchmark graph datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed CDL method.

Conditional Distribution Learning for Graph Classification

Session-based recommendation (SBR) aims to provide users with satisfactory suggestions via modeling preferences based on short-term, anonymous user-item interaction sequences. Traditional single interest learning methods struggle to align with the diverse nature of preferences. Recent advances resolved this bottleneck by learning multiple interest embeddings for each session. However, due to the pre-defining scheme of interest quantity (e.g. the number of interests), these approaches are deficient in adaptive ability towards distinctive preference patterns across different users. Moreover, these methods rely solely on the current session and ignore useful information from related ones. The short-term property of sessions would magnify the insufficient representation issue. To address these limitations, we propose a **N**eural **P**rocess-based **M**ulti-**i**nterest learning framework for **S**ession-based **R**ecommendation, namely **NP-MiSR**. To be specific, our method enables adaptive multi-interest representation learning through two complementary mechanisms: 1) **Neural Process-based Intra-session interest modeling**: We employ Neural Processes to model the distribution of interests within a session, where the fixed interest configurations are no longer needed. 2) **Cross-session context fusion**: We extract interest distributions of similar sessions as contextual priors to refine the current session’s interest representation. Extensive experiments on three datasets demonstrate that our method consistently outperforms state-of-the-art SBR approaches with an average improvement of 38.8\%. Moreover, the few-shot learning task reveals that NP-MiSR achieves a surprisingly favorable efficiency v.s. performance trade-off where utilizing only 10\% of the training data attains 95\% of the recommendation performance.

NP-MiSR: Neural Process-based Multi-Interest Learning for Session-Based Recommendation

The goal of multispectral and hyperspectral image fusion (MHIF) is to generate high-quality images that simultaneously possess rich spectral information and fine spatial details. However, due to the inherent trade-off between spectral and spatial information and the limited availability of observations, this task is fundamentally ill-posed. Previous studies have not effectively addressed the ill-posed nature caused by data misalignment. To tackle this challenge, we propose a fusion framework named PIF-Net, which explicitly incorporates ill-posed priors to effectively fuse multispectral images and hyperspectral images. To balance global spectral modeling with computational efficiency, we design a method based on an invertible Mamba architecture that maintains information consistency during feature transformation and reconstruction, ensuring stable gradient flow and process reversibility.
Furthermore, we introduce a novel fusion module called the Fusion-Aware Low-Rank Adaptation module, which dynamically calibrates spectral and spatial features while keeping the model lightweight. Extensive experiments on multiple benchmark datasets demonstrate that PIF-Net achieves significantly better image restoration performance than current state-of-the-art methods while maintaining model efficiency.

PIF-Net: Ill-Posed Prior Guided Multispectral and Hyperspectral Image Fusion via Invertible Mamba and Fusion-Aware LoRA

A large amount of work has been done in Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) for modeling and solving problems with multiple interacting agents. 
However, most LLMs are pretrained independently and not specifically optimized for coordination. Existing LLM fine-tuning frameworks rely on individual rewards, which require complex reward designs for each agent to encourage collaboration. To address these challenges, we model LLM collaboration as a cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) problem. We develop a multi-agent, multi-turn algorithm, Multi-Agent Group Relative Policy Optimization (MAGRPO), to solve it, building on current RL approaches for LLMs as well as MARL techniques. Our experiments on LLM writing and coding collaboration demonstrate that fine-tuning MAS with MAGRPO enables agents to generate high-quality responses efficiently through effective cooperation. Our approach opens the door to using other MARL methods for LLMs and highlights the associated challenges.

LLM Collaboration with Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods are crucial for adapting large pre-trained models. Among these, LoRA is considered a foundational approach. Building on this, the influential DoRA method enhances performance by decomposing weight updates into magnitude and direction. However, its underlying mechanism remains unclear, and it introduces significant computational overhead. In this work, we first identify that DoRA's success stems from its capacity to increase the singular value entropy of the weight update matrix, which promotes a more uniform update distribution akin to full fine-tuning. We then reformulate DoRA into a mathematically equivalent and more efficient matrix form, revealing it as a learnable weight conditioning method. Based on this insight, we propose a unified framework for designing advanced PEFT methods by exploring two orthogonal dimensions: the architectural placement and the transformation type of the conditioning matrix. Within this framework, we introduce two novel methods: (1) \textbf{Pre-Diag}, which applies a diagonal conditioning matrix before the LoRA update to efficiently calibrate the pre-trained weights, thereby enhancing performance while reducing training time; and (2) \textbf{S}kewed \textbf{O}rthogonal \textbf{R}otation \textbf{A}daptation (\textbf{SORA}), which employs a parameter-efficient orthogonal rotation to perform a more powerful, norm-preserving transformation of the feature space. Extensive experiments on natural language understanding and generation tasks demonstrate that our proposed methods achieve superior performance and efficiency compared to both LoRA and DoRA.

Calibrating and Rotating: A Unified Framework for Weight Conditioning in PEFT

Super-resolution from a Blurry low-resolution image (SRB) constitutes a severely ill-posed inverse problem. Current learning-based SRB approaches primarily rely on synthetic, well-labeled paired datasets to regularize solution spaces, yet they exhibit limited generalizability in practical applications due to significant domain discrepancies between simulated degradations and real-world imaging conditions. To bridge this synthetic-to-real gap, we propose a novel {\it S}elf-supervised {\it E}vent-based SRB (SE-SRB) framework that leverages neuromorphic event streams as physical priors and adopts a lightweight neural architecture tailored for effective domain adaptation. Specifically, the proposed SE-SRB introduces a self-supervised learning paradigm based on asymmetric integral driven consistency, which enforces temporal coherence between predictions derived from RGB and asynchronous event streams at different time points. This constraint encourages the model to implicitly learn the fusion of complementary modalities and reconstruct sharp high-resolution images in accordance with underlying physics patterns. Extensive experiments validate that SE-SRB consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods on both synthetic and real-world datasets. Notably, all modules are implemented using lightweight neural architectures and are jointly optimized, resulting in high computational efficiency with fewer parameters, reduced FLOPs, and real-time inference capability (40 FPS).

Event-Guided Super-Resolving Blurry Image via Asymmetric Integral Driven Consistency

Audio comprehension—including speech, non-speech sounds, and music—is essential for achieving human-level intelligence. Consequently, AI agents must demonstrate holistic audio understanding to qualify as generally intelligent. However, evaluating auditory intelligence comprehensively remains challenging. To address this gap, we introduce MMAU-Pro, the most comprehensive and rigorously curated benchmark for assessing audio intelligence in AI systems. MMAU-Pro contains 5,305 instances, where each instance has one or more audios paired with human expert-generated question-answer pairs, spanning speech, sound, music, and their combinations. Unlike existing benchmarks, MMAU-Pro evaluates auditory intelligence across 49 unique skills and multiple complex dimensions, including long-form audio comprehension, spatial audio reasoning, multi-audio understanding, among others. All questions are meticulously designed to require deliberate multi-hop reasoning, including both multiple-choice and open-ended response formats. Importantly, audio data is sourced directly ``from the wild" rather than from existing datasets with known distributions. We evaluate 22 leading open-source and proprietary multimodal AI models, revealing significant limitations: even state-of-the-art models such as Gemini 2.5 Flash and Audio Flamingo 3 achieve only 57.33\% and 45.9\% accuracy, respectively, approaching random performance in multiple categories. Our extensive analysis highlights specific shortcomings and provides novel insights, offering actionable perspectives for the community to enhance future AI systems' progression toward audio general intelligence.

MMAU-Pro: A Challenging and Comprehensive Benchmark for Holistic Evaluation of Audio General Intelligence

3D Gaussian Splatting-based geometry reconstruction is regarded as an excellent paradigm due to its favorable trade-off between speed and reconstruction quality. However, such 3D Gaussian-based reconstruction pipelines often face challenges when reconstructing semi-transparent surfaces, hindering their broader application in real-world scenes. The primary reason is the assumption in mainstream methods that each pixel corresponds to one specific depth—an assumption that fails under semi-transparent conditions where multiple surfaces are visible, leading to depth ambiguity and ineffective recovery of geometric structures. To address these challenges, we propose TSPE-GS (Transparent Surface Probabilistic Extraction for Gaussian Splatting), a novel probabilistic depth extraction approach that uniformly samples transmittance to model the multi-modal distribution of opacity and depth per pixel, replacing the previous single-peak distribution that caused depth confusion across surfaces. By progressively fusing truncated signed distance functions, TSPE-GS separately reconstructs distinct external and internal surfaces in a unified framework. Our method can be easily generalized to other Gaussian-based reconstruction pipelines, effectively extracting semi-transparent surfaces without requiring additional training overhead. Extensive experiments on both public and self-collected semi-transparent datasets, as well as opaque object datasets, demonstrate that TSPE-GS significantly enhances reconstruction accuracy for semi-transparent surfaces while maintaining reconstruction quality in opaque scenes.

TSPE-GS: Probabilistic Depth Extraction for Semi-Transparent Surface Reconstruction via 3D Gaussian Splatting

Although neural networks achieve promising performance in many tasks, they may still fail when encountering some examples and bring about risks to applications. To discover risky samples, previous literature attempts to search for patterns of risky samples within existing datasets or inject perturbation into them. Yet in this way the diversity of risky samples is limited by the coverage of existing datasets. To overcome this limitation, recent works adopt diffusion models to produce new risky samples beyond the coverage of existing datasets. However, these methods struggle in the conformity between generated samples and expected categories, which could introduce label noise and severely limit their effectiveness in applications. To address this issue, we propose RiskyDiff that incorporates the embeddings of both texts and images as implicit constraints of category conformity. We also design a conformity score to further explicitly strengthen the category conformity, as well as introduce the mechanisms of embedding screening and risky gradient guidance to boost the risk of generated samples. Extensive experiments reveal that RiskyDiff~greatly outperforms existing methods in terms of the degree of risk, generation quality, and conformity with conditioned categories. We also empirically show the generalization ability of the models can be enhanced by augmenting training data with generated samples of high conformity.

Generating Risky Samples with Conformity Constraints via Diffusion Models

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown promise in single-agent vision tasks, yet benchmarks for evaluating multi-agent collaborative perception remain scarce. This gap is critical, as multi-drone systems provide enhanced coverage, robustness, and collaboration compared to single-sensor setups. Existing multi-image benchmarks mainly target basic perception tasks using high-quality single-agent images, thus failing to evaluate MLLMs in more complex, egocentric collaborative scenarios, especially under real-world degraded perception conditions. To address these challenges, we introduce AirCopBench, the first comprehensive benchmark designed to evaluate MLLMs in embodied aerial collaborative perception under challenging perceptual conditions. AirCopBench includes 14.6k+ questions derived from both simulator and real-world data, spanning four key task dimensions: Scene Understanding, Object Understanding, Perception Assessment, and Collaborative Decision, across 14 task types. We construct the benchmark using data from challenging degraded-perception scenarios with annotated collaborative events, generating large-scale questions through model-, rule-, and human-based methods under rigorous quality control. Evaluations on 40 MLLMs show significant performance gaps in collaborative perception tasks, with the best model trailing humans by 24.38% on average and exhibiting inconsistent results across tasks. Fine-tuning experiments further confirm the feasibility of sim-to-real transfer in aerial collaborative perception.

Content not yet available

Next from AAAI 2026

Conditional Distribution Learning for Graph Classification

Similar lecture

Are You Copying My Model? Protecting the Copyright of Large Language Models for EaaS via Backdoor Watermark