Singapore

The discovery rate of optical transients will explode to 10 million public alerts per night once the Vera C. Rubin Observatory’s Legacy Survey of Space and Time comes online, overwhelming the traditional physics-based inference pipelines. A continuous-time forecasting AI model is of interest because it can deliver millisecond-scale inference for thousands of objects per day, whereas legacy MCMC codes need hours per object. In this paper, we propose a continuous-time variational autoencoder for panels of sparse and irregularly time-sampled (gappy) astrophysical light curves that are nonstationary, heteroscedastic, and inherently dependent. Our model combines a masked GRU-ODE encoder with a latent neural ODE propagator and an interpretable Gaussian-basis decoder. The encoder learns to summarize panels of imbalanced and correlated data even when only a handful of points are observed. The neural ODE then integrates this hidden state forward in continuous time, extrapolating to future unseen epochs. This extrapolated time series is further encoded by deep sets to a latent distribution that is decoded to a weighted sum of Gaussian basis functions, the parameters of which are physically meaningful. Such parameters (e.g., rise time, decay rate, peak flux) directly drive downstream prioritization of spectroscopic follow-up for astrophysical surveys. Beyond astronomy, the architecture offers a generic recipe for interpretable and continuous-time sequence modeling in any time domain where data are multivariate, sparse, heteroscedastic, and irregularly spaced.

AAAI 2026

SELDON: Supernova Explosions Learned by Deep ODE Networks

deep neural architectures and foundation models

time-series/data stream

natural sciences

### Welcome to the 10th annual workshop on Naval Applications of Machine Learning!

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

The mixed truck-drone delivery system has attracted increasing attention for its potential to optimize last-mile logistics. While the Flying Sidekick Traveling Salesman Problem (FSTSP) provides a foundation for modeling the truck-drone collaboration, it falls short of capturing real-world complexities by assuming a single truck-drone pair operating on a fully connected graph. We introduce the Multi-Agent FSTSP (MA-FSTSP), which extends FSTSP to handle multiple trucks, each carrying multiple drones operating over real road networks. Trucks must follow roads, while drones can fly directly between locations. To solve this NP-hard problem efficiently, we propose a novel three-phase algorithm that first partitions customers using a set-based distance heuristic, then computes initial truck routes via a Set TSP formulation, and finally optimizes drone deployment patterns by dynamic programming. Through extensive experiments on real-world road networks from Manhattan (1,024 nodes) and Boston (11,000 nodes), we demonstrate that our method achieves more than 30\% cost reduction compared to existing approaches while scaling effectively to problems with 150 customers within a 20-minute computational time-bound.

Optimization of Multi-Agent Flying Sidekick Traveling Salesman Problem over Road Networks

With the rapid advance of spatial multi-omics technologies, it has become possible to simultaneously profile transcripts, proteins and chromatin states at their native spatial coordinates, thereby uncovering molecular architecture that transcends any single-omics perspective. However, the resulting data matrices are often highly sparse and suffer from unstable dimensionality. Graph-based neural methods capture only local neighborhood information, whereas conventional Transformers, although capable of modelling long-range dependencies, incur prohibitive computational costs on such data. To overcome these limitations, we propose TLAGC—a Taylor-Linear-Attention-Guided Graph Convolutional framework that couples a Taylor-expanded linear attention (TLA) mechanism with graph convolutional networks. By eliminating the soft-max operation and linking the LocalGCN via residual connections, TLA preserves local structural information while enabling the integration of global and local contexts, thereby alleviating ineffective information propagation between spatially distant yet transcriptionally similar regions. Theoretical analysis confirms that TLA indeed reduces computational complexity, and extensive experiments on multiple spatial multi-omics benchmarks demonstrate that TLAGC consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in delineating spatial domains.

TLAGC: Taylor Linear Attention-Guided Graph Convolutions for Revealing Spatial Domains in Spatial Multi-Omics Data

Despite significant advancements in dynamic neural rendering, existing methods fail to address the unique challenges posed by UAV-captured scenarios, particularly those involving monocular camera setups, top-down perspective, and multiple small, moving humans, which are not adequately represented in existing datasets. In this work, we introduce UAV4D, a framework for enabling photorealistic rendering for dynamic real-world scenes captured by UAVs. Specifically, we address the challenge of reconstructing dynamic scenes with multiple moving pedestrians from monocular video data without the need for additional sensors. We use a combination of a 3D foundation model and a human mesh reconstruction model to reconstruct both the scene background and humans. We propose a novel approach to resolve the scene scale ambiguity and place both humans and the scene in world coordinates by identifying human-scene contact points. Additionally, we exploit the SMPL model and background mesh to initialize Gaussian splats, enabling holistic scene rendering. We evaluated our method on three complex UAV-captured datasets: VisDrone, Manipal-UAV, and Okutama-Action, each with distinct characteristics and 10-50 humans. Our results demonstrate the benefits of our approach over existing methods in novel view synthesis, achieving a 1.5 dB PSNR improvement and superior visual sharpness.

UAV4D: Dynamic Neural Rendering of Human-Centric UAV Imagery Using Gaussian Splatting

Autonomous driving systems have achieved remarkable capabilities in real-world deployment, yet ensuring safety under corner cases remains a significant challenge due to the scarcity and constrained diversity of safety-critical scenarios. Existing generation methods may either lead to irrational vehicle behaviors or be limited by fixed collision patterns, while both heavily rely on existing map datasets, restricting the diversity. To address these fundamental limitations, we introduce **Any2Critical**, the first framework that can encode arbitrary real-world scenarios and generate contextually relevant safety-critical scenarios with realistic driving behaviors. Specifically, Any2Critical addresses two key challenges: (1) developing comprehensive, diverse map data by successfully leveraging everyday traffic situations as the most abundant source of real-world driving contexts, and (2) proposing an RAG-based Safety-Critical Scenario Generation Strategy based on our curated NHTSA-5K database for achieving an optimal balance between scenario diversity and behavioral rationality. Through comprehensive evaluation, we demonstrate that Any2Critical consistently achieves collision rates with an average of 89.69% across diverse scenarios and autonomous driving systems, significantly outperforming current state-of-the-art generation methods.

Any2Critical: Safety-Critical Scenario Generation from Arbitrary Real-World Driving Contexts

LiDAR-based 3D object detection is widely used in safety-critical systems. However, these systems remain vulnerable to backdoor attacks that embed hidden malicious behaviors during training. A key limitation of existing backdoor attacks is their lack of physical realizability, primarily due to the digital-to-physical domain gap. Digital triggers often fail in real-world settings because they overlook material-dependent LiDAR reflection properties. On the other hand, physically constructed triggers are often unoptimized, leading to low effectiveness or easy detectability.
This paper introduces Material-Oriented Backdoor Attack (MOBA), a novel framework that bridges the digital–physical gap by explicitly modeling the material properties of real-world triggers. MOBA tackles two key challenges in physical backdoor design: 1) robustness of the trigger material under diverse environmental conditions, 2) alignment between the physical trigger’s behavior and its digital simulation. First, we propose a systematic approach to selecting robust trigger materials, identifying titanium dioxide (TiO$_2$) for its high diffuse reflectivity and environmental resilience. Second, to ensure the digital trigger accurately mimics the physical behavior of the material-based trigger, we develop a novel simulation pipeline that features: (1) an angle-independent approximation of the Oren–Nayar BRDF model to generate realistic LiDAR intensities, and (2) a distance-aware scaling mechanism to maintain spatial consistency across varying depths. We conduct extensive experiments on state-of-the-art LiDAR-based and Camera-LiDAR fusion models, showing that MOBA achieves a 93.50% attack success rate, outperforming prior methods by over 41%. Our work reveals a new class of physically realizable threats and underscores the urgent need for defenses that account for material-level properties in real-world environments.

MOBA: A Material-Oriented Backdoor Attack Against LiDAR-Based 3D Object Detection Systems

A reliable foundation model of functional neuroimages is critical to promote clinical applications where the performance of current AI models is significantly impeded by a limited sample size. 
To that end, tremendous efforts have been made to pretraining large models on extensive unlabeled fMRI data using scalable self-supervised learning. 
Since self-supervision is not necessarily aligned with the brain-to-outcome relationship, most foundation models are suboptimal to the downstream task, such as predicting disease outcomes.
By capitalizing on rich environmental variables and demographic data along with an unprecedented amount of functional neuroimages, we form the brain modeling as a multitask learning and present a scalable model architecture for (i) multitask pretraining by tokenizing multiple brain-environment interactions (BEI) and (ii) semi-supervised finetuning by assigning pseudo-labels of default BEI.
We have evaluated our foundation model on a variety of applications, including sex prediction, human behavior recognition, and disease early diagnosis of Autism, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and {Schizophrenia}, where promising results indicate the great potential to facilitate current neuroimaging applications in clinical routines.

Large Connectome Model: An fMRI Foundation Model of Brain Connectomes Empowered by Brain-Environment Interaction in Multitask Learning Landscape

Molecular property prediction is a crucial task that guides the design of new compounds, including drugs and materials. While explainable artificial intelligence methods aim to scrutinize model predictions by identifying influential molecular substructures, many existing approaches rely on masking strategies that remove either atoms or atom-level features to assess importance via fidelity metrics. These methods, however, often fail to adhere to the underlying molecular distribution and thus yield unintuitive explanations. In this work, we propose counterfactual masking, a novel framework that replaces masked substructures with chemically reasonable fragments sampled from generative models trained to complete molecular graphs. Rather than evaluating masked predictions against implausible zeroed-out baselines, we assess them relative to counterfactual molecules drawn from the data distribution. Our method offers two key benefits: (1) molecular realism underpinning robust and distribution-consistent explanations, and (2) meaningful counterfactuals that directly indicate how structural modifications may affect predicted properties. We demonstrate that counterfactual masking is well-suited for benchmarking model explainers and yields more actionable insights across multiple datasets and property prediction tasks. Our approach bridges the gap between explainability and molecular design, offering a principled and generative path toward explainable machine learning in chemistry.

Enhancing Chemical Explainability Through Counterfactual Masking

Human cognition excels at transcending sensory input and forming latent representations that structure our understanding of the world. Although Large Language Models (LLMs) can produce chain‐of‐thought reasoning, they lack a principled framework to capture latent structures and model uncertainty, especially in compositional reasoning tasks. In this work, we explore for the first time how to bridge LLMs with probabilistic graphical models (PGMs) to address LLM reasoning under uncertainty. To this end, we introduce Verbalized Probabilistic Graphical Modeling (vPGM), a LLM-based Bayesian framework that (i) guides LLMs in following key principles of PGMs through natural language and (ii) refines the resulting posterior distributions via numerical Bayesian inference. Unlike many traditional probabilistic methods requiring substantial domain expertise, vPGM bypasses expert‐driven model design, making it well‐suited for scenarios with limited assumptions. We evaluated our model on several compositional reasoning tasks, both close-ended and open-ended. Our results indicate that the model effectively enhances confidence calibration and text generation quality.

BayesAgent: Bayesian Agentic Reasoning Under Uncertainty via Verbalized Probabilistic Graphical Modeling

Case-based reasoning networks are machine-learning models that make predictions based on similarity between the input and prototypical parts of training samples, called prototypes. Such models are able to explain each decision by pointing to the prototypes that contributed the most to the final outcome. As the explanation is a core part of the prediction, they are often qualified as "interpretable by design". While promising, we show that such explanations are sometimes misleading, which hampers their usefulness in safety-critical contexts. In particular, several instances may lead to different predictions and yet have the same explanation. Drawing inspiration from the field of formal eXplainable AI (formal XAI), we propose Abductive Latent Explanations (ALEs), a formalism to express sufficient conditions on the intermediate (latent) representation of the instance that imply the prediction. Our approach combines the inherent interpretability of case-based reasoning models and the guarantees provided by formal XAI. We propose a solver-free and scalable algorithm for generating ALEs based on three distinct paradigms, compare them, and present the feasibility of our approach on diverse datasets for both standard and fine-grained image classification.

Formal Abductive Latent Explanations for Prototype-Based Networks

We study the problem of fairly allocating a set of $m$ goods among $n$ agents in the asymptotic setting, where each item's value for each agent is drawn from an underlying joint distribution. Prior works have shown that if this distribution is well-behaved, then an envy-free allocation exists with high probability when $m=\Omega(n\log{n})$ (Dickerson et. al., AAAI'14). Under the stronger assumption that item values are independently and identically distributed (i.i.d.) across agents, this requirement improves to $m=\Omega(n\log{n}/\log{\log{n}})$, which is tight (Manurangsi and Suksompong, SIDMA'21). However, these results rely on non-strategyproof mechanisms, such as maximum-welfare allocation or the round-robin algorithm, limiting their applicability in settings with strategic agents. 

In this work, we extend the theory to a broad and more realistic class of joint value distributions, allowing for correlations between agents, atomicity, and unequal probabilities of having the highest value for an item. We show that envy-free allocations continue to exist with high probability when $m=\Omega(n\log{n})$. More importantly, we give a new randomized mechanism that is truthful in expectation, efficiently implementable in polynomial time, and outputs envy-free allocations with high probability, answering an open question posed by Manurangsi and Suksompong, MSS'17. We further extend our mechanism to the settings of asymptotic weighted fair division, and multiple agent types and good types, proving new results in each of these cases.

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