Singapore

The missing of graph attributes poses a significant challenge in graph representation learning. Some existing graph attribute completion methods adopt the shared-space hypothesis or employ end-to-end frameworks to perform single-attribute imputation. However, these models can only generate one single attribute with a few specific patterns that either adhere to prior knowledge or are optimal for downstream tasks, making it difficult to capture the full range of variations in the target attribute distribution. This limitation negatively impacts the model&#39;s generalizability and efficiency.

Therefore, to address this issue, we proposed a new method based on a graph denoising diffusion model, called **Multi-attribute Imputation Graph Denoising Diffusion Model (MIGDiff)**, which can generate multiple high-quality attributes. Specifically, it employs a **Dual-source Auto-encoder** on existing attributes and graph topology to extract reliable knowledge, which serves as a condition for training the diffusion module.

Within diffusion, noise is added to the structural embeddings of nodes without attributes in the forward process. In the reverse process, a **Structure-aware Denoising Network** is devised to integrate feature and structural information via an attention mechanism and to perform neighbor‑guided refinement based on graph connectivity, thereby enhancing denoising and accurately recovering missing attributes while effectively maintaining structural consistency and distributional fidelity.

During generation, multiple initial values are sampled to produce diverse attribute imputations, avoiding focusing on a few easy-to-learn patterns. Extensive experiments conducted on four public datasets highlight the state-of-the-art performance of MIGDiff in both attribute imputation and node classification tasks.

AAAI 2026

MIGDiff: Multi-attributes Imputations for Attribute-missing Graphs via Graph Denoising Diffusion Model

social network analysis & community

graph mining

graph-based machine learning

representation learning

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community." 

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*

EMNLP 2025

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

The missing of graph attributes poses a significant challenge in graph representation learning. Some existing graph attribute completion methods adopt the shared-space hypothesis or employ end-to-end frameworks to perform single-attribute imputation. However, these models can only generate one single attribute with a few specific patterns that either adhere to prior knowledge or are optimal for downstream tasks, making it difficult to capture the full range of variations in the target attribute distribution. This limitation negatively impacts the model's generalizability and efficiency.

Therefore, to address this issue, we proposed a new method based on a graph denoising diffusion model, called **Multi-attribute Imputation Graph Denoising Diffusion Model (MIGDiff)**, which can generate multiple high-quality attributes. Specifically, it employs a **Dual-source Auto-encoder** on existing attributes and graph topology to extract reliable knowledge, which serves as a condition for training the diffusion module.

Within diffusion, noise is added to the structural embeddings of nodes without attributes in the forward process. In the reverse process, a **Structure-aware Denoising Network** is devised to integrate feature and structural information via an attention mechanism and to perform neighbor‑guided refinement based on graph connectivity, thereby enhancing denoising and accurately recovering missing attributes while effectively maintaining structural consistency and distributional fidelity.

During generation, multiple initial values are sampled to produce diverse attribute imputations, avoiding focusing on a few easy-to-learn patterns. Extensive experiments conducted on four public datasets highlight the state-of-the-art performance of MIGDiff in both attribute imputation and node classification tasks.

poster

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

Image retouching aims to enhance visual quality while aligning with users' personalized aesthetic preferences. To address the challenge of balancing controllability and subjectivity, we propose a unified diffusion-based image retouching framework called \textbf{PerTouch}. Our method supports semantic-level image retouching while maintaining global aesthetics. Using parameter maps containing attribute values in specific semantic regions as input, PerTouch constructs an explicit parameter-to-image mapping for fine-grained image retouching. To improve semantic boundary perception, we introduce semantic replacement and parameter perturbation mechanisms in the training process. To connect natural language instructions with visual control, we develop a VLM-driven agent that can handle both strong and weak user instructions. Equipped with mechanisms of feedback rethinking and scene-aware memory, PerTouch better aligns with user intent and captures long-term preferences. Extensive experiments demonstrate each component’s effectiveness and the superior performance of PerTouch in personalized image retouching. Code and model will be released.

PerTouch: VLM-Driven Agent for Personalized and Semantic Image Retouching

The interpretative efficacy of large language models (LLMs) fundamentally hinges on the intricate alignment between user inputs and model-specific linguistic priors. Existing methodologies predominantly employ static input optimization strategies, failing to account for the empirically observed divergence in linguistic preference spaces across distinct LLM architectures, including variations in syntactic parsing heuristics, semantic grounding mechanisms, and knowledge retrieval pathways. We propose QueryAligner, an adaptive rewriting system implementing dynamic model-aware input transformation through architecture-specific preference modeling. Our framework introduces two pivotal innovations: 1) A dual-phase optimization engine integrating supervised learning on reverse-engineered cross-architectural training data with reinforcement learning driven by multi-objective reward signals, ensuring simultaneous preservation of semantic integrity and maximization of target model compatibility; 2) An architecture-informed rewriting protocol that automatically discovers latent alignment patterns encoded within distinct LLMs' parametric configurations. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves superior performance compared to conventional input optimization techniques.

QueryAligner: Customizing User Query to Match LLMs Preferences for Better Intent Recognition

Precise event spotting (PES) aims to recognize fine-grained events at exact moments and has become a key component of sports analytics. This task is particularly challenging due to rapid succession, motion blur, and subtle visual differences. Consequently, most existing methods rely on domain-specific, end-to-end training with large labeled datasets and often struggle in few-shot conditions due to their dependence on pixel- or pose-based inputs alone. However, obtaining large labeled datasets is practically hard. We propose a Unified Multi-Entity Graph Network (UMEG-Net) for few-shot PES. UMEG-Net integrates human skeletons and sport-specific object keypoints into a unified graph and features an efficient spatio-temporal extraction module based on advanced GCN and multi-scale temporal shift. To further enhance performance, we employ multimodal distillation to transfer knowledge from keypoint-based graphs to visual representations. Our approach achieves robust performance with limited labeled data and significantly outperforms baseline models in few-shot settings, providing a scalable and effective solution for few-shot PES. Code is publicly available.

Few-Shot Precise Event Spotting via Unified Multi-Entity Graph and Distillation

Hidden degenerations in industrial time series often precede observable failures, they remain undetected by standard monitoring systems until anomalies become apparent. This gap between microscopic degradation and macroscopic observation renders conventional predictors inherently reactive, as they rely on correlations in sensor data rather than uncovering the underlying, physics‑consistent degradation states. Crucially, the microscopic mechanisms governing system evolution depend on macroscopic state variables—whose measurements are expectations over microscopic probability distributions—so purely data‑driven “top‑down” or purely physics‑guided “bottom‑up” approaches cannot forecast degeneration‑entangled industrial faults. To address these challenges, we propose a Physics-Guided Bidirectional Inference Framework that represents hidden microscopic states from macroscopic measurements. Our approach uniquely combines: (1) bottom-up physics-based simulation using Continuum Damage Mechanics to model micro-scale damage evolution under environmental stressors, and (2) top-down probabilistic inference via maximum entropy formalism to estimate latent microstate distributions from sparse sensor data. This bidirectional mechanism enables early failure prediction by bridging observable measurements with unobservable degeneration. Validation on real-world railway infrastruc datasets demonstrates significant improvements in early fault prediction compared to state-of-the-art baselines. Our method establishes a new paradigm for safety-critical industrial applications requiring reliable prediction of hidden degeneration processes.

Uncovering Hidden Degeneration: A Physics-Guided Bidirectional Inference Framework for Industrial Time Series Prediction

Federated unlearning (FU) allows a participating client in a federated learning (FL) system to remove its contribution from the trained global model, thereby enforcing the client’s ``right to be forgotten'' (RTBF). However, from the perspective of a client that does not request unlearning, the activation of the FU process may disrupt ongoing FL training and introduce additional computational and time overhead. In such cases, a client opposed to unlearning may be incentivized to retaliate against the unlearning client(s). In this work, we take the first step toward demonstrating the feasibility of such retaliatory behavior by exploiting the information leakage introduced during the FU process. Specifically, we propose a novel unlearning-induced membership inference attack (MIA) model, followed by a coarse-to-fine data generation method that enables an adversarial client to locally reconstruct the unlearned data. Building on this reconstruction, we introduce two targeted retaliatory attacks: (1) Anti-Unlearning Attack (AUA), which hinders the global model from successfully forgetting the data intended for removal, and (2) Discrimination-Unlearning Attack (DUA), which specifically degrades the global model’s performance on the unlearned data. Extensive experiments across a variety of FU methods and settings validate the effectiveness of the proposed retaliatory attack framework.

Retaliatory Attacks Against Federated Unlearning via Data Leakage

Knowledge Distillation (KD) aims to transfer the dark knowledge that encodes inter-class similarity, semantic structure, and decision boundaries from a powerful teacher model to a compact student model by minimizing the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between their output distributions. While effective, we demonstrate that KL-based KD is designed to match values precisely and does not explicitly constrain the relative relationships between classes. Meanwhile, we empirically find that vanilla KL-based KD suffers from gradient competition due to the zero-sum constraint in the softmax space, which may implicitly change the inter-class rank relationships learned by the student model, particularly under capacity mismatching. Therefore, we argue that the student model should learn not only the probability values but also the relative ranking of classes. Accordingly, we propose a simple yet effective Relative Confidence Knowledge Distillation (RCKD) method that aligns the teacher’s and student’s relative confidence matrices via cosine similarity, achieving more efficient and robust distillation from a stronger teacher model. Extensive experiments demonstrate that RCKD consistently outperforms existing logit-based KD methods and exhibits strong adaptability across various teacher architectures and capacities.

Rethinking the Dark Knowledge and Kullback-Leibler Divergence Loss in Knowledge Distillation Under Capacity Mismatching

Diffusion and flow matching models have recently emerged as promising approaches for peptide binder design. Despite their progress, these models still face two major challenges. First, categorical sampling of discrete residue types collapses their continuous parameters into one-hot assignments, while continuous variables (e.g., atom positions) evolve smoothly throughout the generation process. This mismatch disrupts the update dynamics and results in suboptimal performance. Second, current models assume unimodal distributions for side-chain torsion angles, which conflicts with the inherently multimodal nature of side-chain rotameric states and limits prediction accuracy. To address these limitations, we introduce PepBFN, the first Bayesian flow network for full-atom peptide design that directly models parameter distributions in fully continuous space. Specifically, PepBFN models discrete residue types by learning their continuous parameter distributions, enabling joint and smooth Bayesian updates with other continuous structural parameters. It further employs a novel Gaussian mixture–based Bayesian flow to capture the multimodal side-chain rotameric states and a Matrix Fisher–based Riemannian flow to directly model residue orientations on the $\mathrm{SO(3)}$ manifold. Together, these parameter distributions are progressively refined via Bayesian updates, yielding smooth and coherent peptide generation. Experiments on side-chain packing, reverse folding, and binder design tasks demonstrate the strong potential of PepBFN in computational peptide design.

Full-Atom Peptide Design via Riemannian–Euclidean Bayesian Flow Networks

Diagnosing lung cancer typically involves physicians identifying lung nodules in Computed tomography (CT) scans and generating diagnostic reports based on their morphological features and medical expertise. Although advancements have been made in using multimodal large language models for analyzing lung CT scans, challenges remain in accurately describing nodule morphology and incorporating medical expertise. These limitations affect the reliability and effectiveness of these models in clinical settings. Collaborative multi-agent systems offer a promising strategy for achieving a balance between generality and precision in medical applications, yet their potential in pathology has not been thoroughly explored. To bridge these gaps, we introduce LungNoduleAgent, an innovative collaborative multi-agent system specifically designed for analyzing lung CT scans. LungNoduleAgent streamlines the diagnostic process into sequential components, improving precision in describing nodules and grading malignancy through three primary modules. The first module, the Nodule Spotter, coordinates clinical detection models to accurately identify nodules. The second module, the Radiologist, integrates localized image description techniques to produce comprehensive CT reports. Finally, the Doctor Agent System performs malignancy reasoning by using images and CT reports, supported by a pathology knowledge base and a multi-agent system framework. Extensive testing on two private datasets and the public LIDC-IDRI dataset indicates that LungNoduleAgent surpasses mainstream vision-language models, agent systems, and advanced expert models such as GPT-4o, Claude 3.7 Sonnet, LLaMA-3.2 Vision, Qwen2.5-VL, Med-R1, MedGemma, MedAgent-Pro, MedAgents, MDAgent and LLaVA-Med. These results highlight the importance of region-level semantic alignment and multi-agent collaboration in diagnosing nodules. LungNoduleAgent stands out as a promising foundational tool for supporting clinical analyses of lung nodules. Our anonymous code is available in Supplementary Material.

LungNoduleAgent: A Collaborative Multi-Agent System for Precision Diagnosis of Lung Nodules

Questionnaire data serve as a valuable resource across numerous scientific domains, offering insights into human behavior, health, and social trends. Traditional downsampling-based representation learning methods—such as standardization and one-hot encoding—reformat these data into tabular structures that inherently discard semantic richness and obscure inter-sample and inter-feature relationships. Consequently, advanced deep learning models often underperform compared to simpler approaches like gradient-boosted decision trees (GBDT), due to their limited capacity to extract meaningful representations from semantically sparse inputs. To address this limitation, we introduce SemantiQ, a novel upsampling-based representation learning framework that embeds questionnaire responses into a unified semantic space. Leveraging Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) in conjunction with large language models (LLMs), SemantiQ transforms question text, option text, and external knowledge into semantically enriched natural language statements. These statements are then encoded into semantic embeddings, which are further refined through a three-stage training mechanism and test-time training (TTT), enabling the model to capture complex sample- and feature-wise dependencies. Extensive experiments on multiple real-world datasets demonstrate that SemantiQ consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines.

Rethink Representation Learning for Questionnaire Data

To address the limitations of transductive learning in evolving real-world scenarios where unknown categories may continuously emerge, Continual Generalized Category Discovery (C-GCD) presents a novel paradigm that extends conventional category discovery frameworks. Unlike traditional static learning environments, C-GCD requires models to incrementally discover novel categories across multiple operational phases while maintaining discrimination capabilities for previously learned classes, posing significant challenges in balancing stability and plasticity. Prior approaches typically employ parameter-level knowledge distillation from historical models to alleviate catastrophic forgetting, which effectively preserves prior knowledge and optimizes computational efficiency. However, our analysis reveals that the persistent availability of samples from previous stages enables more sophisticated knowledge preservation strategies. Specifically, we present a Fix and Explore strategy that employs distinct learning methodologies for different types of potential data, aiming to preserve the features of old categories as much as possible and gradually exploring the potential distribution of new class latent spaces, we can enhance the model's ability to discover novel categories. This paper investigates this effect and introduces a novel heuristic paradigm to solve the C-GCD problem, called Fix and Explore (FaE), which aims to provide sufficient imaginative space for new classes while preserving the classification ability for old tasks. We conducted experiments across multiple datasets and performed detailed comparisons. The results demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance at each stage across all datasets.

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