Singapore

Neural video compression (NVC) has demonstrated superior compression efficiency, yet effective rate control remains a significant challenge due to complex temporal dependencies. Existing rate control schemes typically leverage frame content to capture distortion interactions, overlooking inter-frame rate dependencies arising from shifts in per-frame coding parameters. This often leads to suboptimal bitrate allocation and cascading parameter decisions. To address this, we propose a reinforcement‑learning (RL)‑based rate control framework that formulates the task as a frame‑by‑frame sequential decision process. At each frame, an RL agent observes a spatiotemporal state and selects coding parameters to optimize a long‑term reward that reflects rate‑distortion (R-D) performance and bitrate adherence. Unlike prior methods, our approach jointly determines bitrate allocation and coding configuration in a single step, independent of group‑of‑pictures (GOP) structure. Extensive experiments across diverse NVC architectures show that our method reduces the average relative bitrate error to 1.20\% and achieves up to 13.45\% bitrate savings at typical GOP sizes, outperforming existing approaches. In addition, our framework demonstrates improved robustness to content variation and bandwidth fluctuations with lower encoding/decoding overhead, making it highly suitable for practical deployment.

AAAI 2026

Reinforced Rate Control for Neural Video Compression via Inter-Frame Rate–Distortion Awareness

rate control

neural video compression

reinforcement learning

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
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EMNLP 2025

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

Existing solutions for bundle recommendation(BR) have
achieved remarkable effectiveness for predicting the user’s
preference for prebuilt bundles. However, bundle-item(B-I)
affiliation will vary dynamically in real scenarios. For ex-
ample, a bundle themed as ‘casual outfit’ may add ‘hat’
or remove ‘watch’ due to factors such as seasonal varia-
tions, changes in user preferences or inventory adjustments.
Our empirical study demonstrates that the performance of
mainstream BR models will fluctuate or even decline re-
garding item-level variability. This paper makes the first at-
tempt to address the above problem and proposes a novel
Residual Diffusion for Bundle Recommendation(RDiffBR)
as a model-agnostic generative framework which can assist
a BR model in adapting this scenario. During the initial train-
ing of the BR model, RDiffBR employs a residual diffusion
model to process the item-level bundle embeddings which
are generated by BR model to represent bundle theme via
a forward-reverse process. In the inference stage, RDiffBR
reverses item-level bundle embeddings obtained by the well-
trained bundle model under B-I variability scenarios to gen-
erate the effective item-level bundle embeddings. In partic-
ular, the residual connection in our residual approximator
significantly enhances item-level bundle embeddings gener-
ation ability of BR models. Experiments on six BR models
and four public datasets from different domains show that
RDiffBR improves the performance of Recall and NDCG of
backbone BR models by up to 23%, while only increased
training time about 4%.

Modeling Item-Level Dynamic Variability with Residual Diffusion for Bundle Recommendation

Camouflage Images Generation (CIG) is an emerging research area that focuses on synthesizing images in which objects are harmoniously blended and exhibit high visual consistency with their surroundings. Existing methods perform CIG by either fusing objects into specific backgrounds or outpainting the surroundings via foreground object-guided diffusion. However, they often fail to obtain natural results because they overlook the logical relationship between camouflaged objects and background environments. To address this issue, we propose CT-CIG, a Controllable Text-guided Camouflage Images Generation method that produces realistic and logically plausible camouflage images. Leveraging Large Visual Language Models (VLM), we design a Camouflage-Revealing Dialogue Mechanism (CRDM) to annotate existing camouflage datasets with high-quality text prompts. Subsequently, the constructed image-prompt pairs are utilized to finetune Stable Diffusion, incorporating a lightweight controller to guide the location and shape of camouflaged objects for enhanced scenery fitness. Moreover, we design a Frequency Interaction Refinement Module (FIRM) to capture high-frequency texture features, facilitating the learning of complex camouflage patterns. Extensive experiments, including CLIPScore evaluation and camouflage effectiveness assessment, demonstrate the semantic alignment of our generated text prompts and CT-CIG's ability to produce photorealistic camouflage images. Code will be released soon.

Text-guided Controllable Diffusion for Realistic Camouflage Images Generation

Recent advances in zero-shot text-to-speech (TTS), driven by language models, diffusion models and masked generation, have achieved impressive naturalness in speech synthesis. Nevertheless, stability and fidelity remain key challenges, manifesting as mispronunciations, audible noise, and quality degradation. To address these issues, we introduce Vox-Evaluator, a multi-level evaluator designed to guide the correction of erroneous speech segments and preference alignment for TTS systems. It is capable of identifying the temporal boundaries of erroneous segments and providing a holistic quality assessment of the generated speech. Specifically, to refine erroneous segments and enhance the robustness of the zero-shot TTS model, we propose to automatically identify acoustic errors with the evaluator, mask the erroneous segments, and finally regenerate speech conditioning on the correct portions. In addition, the fine-gained information obtained from Vox-Evaluator can guide the preference alignment for TTS model, thereby reducing the bad cases in speech synthesize. Due to the lack of suitable training datasets for the Vox-Evaluator, we also constructed a synthesized text-speech dataset annotated with fine-grained pronunciation errors or audio quality issues. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed Vox-Evaluator in enhancing the stability and fidelity of TTS systems through the speech correction mechanism and preference optimization.

Enhancing Stability and Fidelity for Zero-Shot TTS with a Multi-Level Evaluator

Large language models (LLMs) may generate harmful outputs on malicious inputs.
Existing safety methods, including prompt engineering and model editing, rely on hand-crafted templates or target-driven parameter modifications, limiting their generalizability in unseen harmful scenarios.
Post-training aims to ensure LLM safety in general domains via supervised fine-tuning (SFT) or reinforcement learning (RL) on diverse malicious inputs.
SFT needs annotated refusal samples while RL learns to refuse risk by exploring diverse harmful inputs. However, these methods tend to harshly refuse over any possible risks, sacrificing potentially useful information and degrading model utility.
We argue that realistic malicious inputs often mix both harmful and helpful semantics (i.e., entities and relations), and LLMs should identify and remove only harmful relations while preserving useful ones. Thus, the original malicious user inputs can shift into safe queries, to which LLMs can respond safely and helpfully.
In this paper, we propose WALKSAFE, a graph-based risk-aware training framework that enables LLMs to identify potential risks of key semantics (entities and relations) in user inputs via graph structure.
By filtering harmful relations, LLMs can respond to safe input queries and then generate their corresponding safe and helpful responses.
First, we model all entities and relations in the inputs with a graph structure. Second, we adopt a risk-aware random walk on the graph to quantify potential risk under multiple entities and relations.
Then, we reconstruct safe queries by filtering harmful relations to promote the LLM to answer safely and helpfully rather than with direct refusals. 
Finally, we propose Bi-GRPO to post-train LLMs. As vanilla GRPO conducts only the intra-group comparison, Bi-GRPO performs both intra-group and inter-group comparisons between different response groups. The extra inter-group rewards encourage the model to distinguish harmful and safe semantics, and thus prefer safe and helpful responses.
Experiments on three LLMs show that our models obtain SOTA results.

WALKSAFE: Risk-aware Graph Random Walk with Bi-GRPO for LLM Safety

CLIP is a seminal multimodal model that maps images and text into a shared representation space by contrastive learning on billions of image–caption pairs. Inspired by the rapid progress of large language models (LLMs), we investigate how the superior linguistic understanding and broad world knowledge of LLMs can further strengthen CLIP—particularly in handling long, complex captions. We introduce an efficient fine-tuning framework that embeds an LLM into a pretrained CLIP while incurring almost the same training cost as regular CLIP fine-tuning. Our method first “embedding-izes” the LLM for the CLIP setting, then couples it to the pretrained CLIP vision encoder through a lightweight adaptor trained on only a few million image–caption pairs. With this strategy we achieve large performance gains—without large-scale retraining—over state-of-the-art CLIP variants such as EVA02 and SigLIP-2. The LLM-enhanced CLIP delivers consistent improvements across a wide spectrum of downstream tasks, including linear-probe classification, zero-shot image–text retrieval with both short and long captions (in English and other languages), zero-shot/supervised image segmentation, object detection, and used as tokenizer for multimodal large-model benchmarks.

LLM2CLIP: Powerful Language Model Unlocks Richer Cross-Modality Representation

Subject-driven generation, which aims to synthesize visual content for a given identity $V^*$ with specific attributes, has garnered increasing attention in recent years. While existing methods demonstrate impressive identity consistency for both single and multiple identities, they often lack user-specified spatial control. Recent approaches, such as OminiControl-2 and EasyControl, enable inpainting conditioned on a single identity but fall short in multi-identity scenarios. In this paper, we introduce \textbf{BoundID}, a dataset synthesis pipeline for generating multi-identity images with bounding box annotations, and introduce \textbf{Inpaint-Anywhere}, a diffusion transformer framework for multi-identity inpainting. Given multiple identity references and corresponding masks, our method simultaneously generates all desired identities at precise locations while achieving both high identity and prompt fidelity. Extensive experiments show that Inpaint-Anywhere achieves state-of-the-art performance in multi-identity inpainting.

Inpaint-Anywhere: Zero-Shot Multi-Identity Inpainting with Efficient Diffusion Transformer

The automatic movie dubbing model generates vivid speech from given scripts, replicating a speaker's timbre from a brief timbre prompt while ensuring lip-sync with the silent video.
Existing approaches simulate a simplified workflow where actors dub directly without preparation, overlooking the critical director–actor interaction. In contrast, authentic workflows involve a dynamic collaboration: directors actively engage with actors, guiding them to internalize the context cues, specifically emotion, before performance.
To address this issue, we propose a new Retrieve-Augmented Director-Actor Interaction Learning scheme to achieve authentic movie dubbing, termed \textbf{Authentic-Dubber}, which contains three novel mechanisms: 
(1) We construct a multimodal Reference Footage library to simulate the learning footage provided by directors. Note that we integrate Large Language Models (LLMs) to achieve deep comprehension of emotional representations across multimodal signals.
(2) To emulate how actors efficiently and comprehensively internalize director-provided footage during dubbing, we propose an Emotion-Similarity-based Retrieval-Augmentation strategy. This strategy retrieves the most relevant multimodal information that aligns with the target silent video.
(3) We develop a Progressive Graph-based speech generation approach that incrementally incorporates the retrieved multimodal emotional knowledge, thereby simulating the actor's final dubbing process.
The above mechanisms enable the Authentic-Dubber to faithfully replicate the authentic dubbing workflow, achieving comprehensive improvements in emotional expressiveness. Both subjective and objective evaluations on the V2C-Animation benchmark dataset validate the effectiveness.
The source code and model checkpoints will be released to the public. The demos are available at https://github.com/MovieDubbing/Authentic-Dubber.

Towards Authentic Movie Dubbing with Retrieve-Augmented Director-Actor Interaction Learning

Existing graph neural networks typically rely on heuristic choices for hidden dimensions and propagation depths, which often lead to severe information loss during propagation, known as over-squashing. To address this issue, we propose Channel Capacity Constrained Estimation (C$^3$E), a novel framework that formulates the selection of hidden dimensions and depth as a nonlinear programming problem grounded in information theory. Through modeling spectral graph neural networks as communication channels, our approach directly connects channel capacity to hidden dimensions, propagation depth, propagation mechanism, and graph structure. Extensive experiments on nine public datasets demonstrate that hidden dimensions and depths estimated by C$^3$E can mitigate over-squashing and consistently improve representation learning. Experimental results show that over-squashing occurs due to the cumulative compression of information in representation matrices. Furthermore, our findings show that increasing hidden dimensions indeed mitigates information compression, while the role of propagation depth is more nuanced, uncovering a fundamental balance between information compression and representation complexity.

How Wide and How Deep? Mitigating Over-squashing of GNNs via Channel Capacity Constrained Estimation

The ability to engineer optimized protein variants has transformative potential for biotechnology and medicine. Prior sequence-based optimization methods struggle with the high-dimensional complexities due to the epistasis effect and the disregard for structural constraints. To address this, we propose HADES, a Bayesian optimization method utilizing Hamiltonian dynamics to efficiently sample from a structure-aware approximated posterior. Leveraging momentum and uncertainty in the simulated physical movements, HADES enables rapid transition of proposals toward promising areas. A position discretization procedure is introduced to propose discrete protein sequences from such continuous state system. The posterior surrogate is powered by a two-stage encoder-decoder framework to determine the structure and function relationships between mutant neighbors, consequently learning a smoothed landscape to sample from. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in in-silico evaluations across most metrics. Remarkably, our approach offers a unique advantage by leveraging the mutual constraints between protein structure and sequence, facilitating the design of protein sequences with similar structures and optimized properties.

Efficient Protein Optimization via Structure-aware Hamiltonian Dynamics

As industrial manufacturing scales, automating fine-grained product image analysis has become critical for quality control. However, existing approaches are hindered by limited dataset coverage and poor model generalization across diverse and complex anomaly patterns. To address these challenges, we introduce MAU-Set, a comprehensive dataset for Multi-type industrial Anomaly Understanding. 
It spans multiple industrial domains and features a hierarchical task structure, ranging from binary classification to complex reasoning.
Alongside this dataset, we establish a rigorous evaluation protocol to facilitate fair and comprehensive model assessment. Building upon this foundation, we further present MAU-GPT, a domain-adapted multimodal large model specifically designed for industrial anomaly understanding. It incorporates a novel AMoE-LoRA mechanism that unifies anomaly-aware and generalist experts adaptation, enhancing both understanding and reasoning across diverse defect classes. Extensive experiments show that MAU-GPT consistently outperforms prior state-of-the-art methods across all domains, demonstrating strong potential for scalable and automated industrial inspection. Project resources are publicly available at: https://anonymous.4open.science/r/MAU-GPT-268D.

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