Singapore

With the rapid advancement of 3D visualization, 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has emerged as a leading technique for real-time, high-fidelity rendering. While prior research has emphasized algorithmic performance and visual fidelity, the perceptual quality of 3DGS-rendered content, especially under varying reconstruction conditions, remains largely underexplored. In practice, factors such as viewpoint sparsity, limited training iterations, point downsampling, noise, and color distortions can significantly degrade visual quality, yet their perceptual impact has not been systematically studied. To bridge this gap, we present 3DGS-QA, the first subjective quality assessment dataset for 3DGS. It comprises 225 degraded reconstructions across 15 object types, enabling a controlled investigation of common distortion factors. Based on this dataset, we introduce a no-reference quality prediction model that directly operates on native 3D Gaussian primitives, without requiring rendered images or ground-truth references. Our model extracts spatial and photometric cues from the Gaussian representation to estimate perceived quality in a structure-aware manner. We further benchmark existing quality assessment methods, spanning both traditional and learning-based approaches. Experimental results show that our method consistently achieves superior performance, highlighting its robustness and effectiveness for 3DGS content evaluation. The dataset and code will be released on GitHub upon acceptance to facilitate future research in 3DGS quality assessment.

AAAI 2026

Perceptual Quality Assessment of 3D Gaussian Splatting: A Subjective Dataset and Prediction Metric

low level & physics-based vision

representation learning for vision

3d computer vision

We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-26 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.<br><br>

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

technical paper

In the proposed talk, I will present an overview of my
research under the theme “Towards Trustworthy Multimodal AI
Systems.” My talk will consist of two main parts. The first
section will survey my work on multimodal explainable
artificial intelligence (XAI), including challenges of
scaling current techniques (specifically, mechanistic
interpretability tools) to multimodal models and proposed
algorithms to mitigate them. The second section will focus
on my research in addressing safety and reasoning problems
of frontier medical models.

Towards Trustworthy Multimodal AI Systems

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials offer a promising pathway for sustainable energy generation. However, their development is hindered by the challenge of identifying high-performance donor-acceptor pairs with optimal power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Most existing design strategies focus exclusively on either the donor or the acceptor, rather than employing a unified model capable of designing both components. In this work, we introduce a dual-pronged machine learning framework for OPV discovery, integrating predictive modeling and generative molecular design. In this study, we propose the newly curated Organic Photovoltaic Donor-Acceptor Dataset (OPV$^2$D), the largest of its kind, comprising 2,000 experimentally characterized donor-acceptor pairs. This dataset serves as a comprehensive foundation for model training and evaluation. To enable accurate property prediction in organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials, we first introduce the Organic Photovoltaic Classifier (OPVC) to predict the likelihood that a given material exhibits OPV behavior. Complementing this, we develop a hierarchical graph neural network framework that integrates multi-task learning and cross-modal donor–acceptor interaction modeling. This framework includes the Molecular Orbital Energy Estimator (MOE$^2$) for predicting the highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO–LUMO) energy levels, and the Photovoltaic Performance Predictor (P$^3$) for estimating power conversion efficiency (PCE), both achieving state-of-the-art accuracy. In addition, we introduce the Material Generative Pretrained Transformer (MatGPT) to generate synthetically accessible organic semiconductors. Building on this, we propose a reinforcement learning strategy with three-objective policy optimization guides molecular generation while preserving chemical validity. By bridging molecular representation learning with device performance prediction, our framework advances computational OPV material discovery. All code and data will be open-sourced upon publication.

CycleChemist: A Dual-Pronged Machine Learning Framework for Organic Photovoltaic Discovery

Recent advances in context optimization (CoOp) guided by large language model (LLM)–distilled medical semantic priors offer a scalable alternative to manual prompt engineering and full fine-tuning for adapting biomedical CLIP-based vision-language models (VLMs). However, prompt learning in this context is challenged by semantic misalignment between LLMs and CLIP variants due to divergent training corpora and model architectures; it further lacks scalability across continuously evolving families of foundation models. More critically, pairwise multimodal alignment via conventional Euclidean-space optimization lacks the capacity to model unified representations or apply localized geometric constraints, which tends to amplify modality gaps in complex biomedical imaging and destabilize few-shot adaptation. In this work, we propose vMFCoOp, a framework that inversely estimates von Mises–Fisher (vMF) distributions on a shared Hyperspherical Manifold, aligning semantic biases between arbitrary LLMs and CLIP backbones via Unified Semantic Anchors to achieve robust biomedical prompting and superior few-shot classification. Grounded in three complementary constraints, vMFCoOp demonstrates consistent improvements across 14 medical datasets, 12 medical imaging modalities, and 13 anatomical regions, outperforming state-of-the-art methods in accuracy, generalization, and clinical applicability.

vMFCoOp: Towards Equilibrium on a Unified Hyperspherical Manifold for Prompting Biomedical VLMs

Barrier certificates play an important role in verifying the safety of continuous-time systems, including autonomous driving, robotic manipulators and other critical applications. Recently, 
ReLU neural barrier certificates---barrier certificates represented by the ReLU neural networks---have attracted significant attention in the safe control community due to their promising performance.
However, because of the approximate nature of neural networks, rigorous verification methods are required to ensure the correctness of these certificates. This paper presents a necessary and sufficient condition for verifying the correctness of ReLU
neural barrier certificates. The proposed condition can be encoded as either an Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) or optimization problem, enabling both verification and falsification. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first approach
capable of falsifying ReLU neural barrier certificates. Numerical experiments demonstrate the validity and 
effectiveness of the proposed method in both verifying and falsifying such certificates.

Efficient Verification and Falsification of ReLU Neural Barrier Certificates

We introduce RacketVision, a novel dataset and benchmark for advancing computer vision in sports analytics, covering table tennis, tennis, and badminton. The dataset is the first to provide large-scale, fine-grained annotations for racket pose alongside traditional ball positions, enabling research into complex human-object interactions. It is designed to tackle three interconnected tasks: fine-grained ball tracking, articulated racket pose estimation, and predictive ball trajectory forecasting. Our evaluation of established baselines reveals a critical insight for multi-modal fusion: while naively concatenating racket pose features degrades performance, a Cross-Attention mechanism is essential to unlock their value, leading to trajectory prediction results that surpass strong unimodal baselines. RacketVision provides a versatile resource and a strong starting point for future research in dynamic object tracking, conditional motion forecasting, and multi-modal analysis in sports.

RacketVision: A Multiple Racket Sports Benchmark for Unified Ball and Racket Analysis

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in legal judgment prediction tasks, which aim to enhance judicial efficiency. However, the length of legal fact descriptions poses a significant challenge to the application of LLMs. Long inputs not only introduce noise, affecting output quality, but also increase processing time. While existing text compression methods, such as generating summaries or training models to implicitly reduce text dimensionality, can shorten input length, they often face the slow generation speeds and limited interpretability issues. To address these issues and inspired by information bottleneck-based text compression, we propose the Zipped Information Processor for Legal Judgment Prediction method, ZipLJP. By effectively integrating legal knowledge into the compression process, ZipLJP not only reduces input length but also improves processing efficiency and prediction quality. Experiments show that our approach achieves better performance compared to the previous methods on two widely used open-source and real-world datasets.

ZipLJP: Zipped Information Processor for Legal Judgment Prediction

Verbatim memorization in Large Language Models (LLMs) is a multifaceted phenomenon involving distinct underlying mechanisms. We introduce a novel method to analyze the different forms of memorization described by the existing taxonomy. Specifically, we train Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) on the attention weights of the LLM and evaluate the alignment between this taxonomy and the attention weights involved in decoding.

We find that the existing taxonomy performs poorly and fails to reflect distinct mechanisms within the attention blocks. We propose a new taxonomy that maximizes alignment with the attention weights, consisting of three categories: memorized samples that are guessed using language modeling abilities, memorized samples that are recalled due to high duplication in the training set, and non-memorized samples. Our results reveal that few-shot verbatim memorization does not correspond to a distinct attention mechanism. We also show that a significant proportion of extractable samples are in fact guessed by the model and should therefore be studied separately. Finally, we develop a custom visual interpretability technique to localize the regions of the attention weights involved in each form of memorization.

Guess or Recall? Training CNNs to Classify and Localize Memorization in LLMs

Covariance matrix estimation in high-dimensional settings is a fundamental problem in machine learning and data science. To mitigate the challenges posed by high dimensionality, a common structural assumption is the sparsity, which posits that most variable pairs exhibit negligible correlations. We revisit the seminal positive definite sparse covariance estimation (PDSCE) formulation proposed by Rothman (2012). In contrast to many earlier approaches, this formulation guarantees that the estimator is positive definite, thereby ensuring the well-posedness of the problem. However, the incorporation of a log-determinant barrier also introduces significant optimization challenges. Existing algorithms for solving the PDSCE problem suffer from several limitations, such as high computational complexity, poor scalability, and the need for explicit mechanisms to maintain positive definiteness. To address these issues, we propose a dual proximal gradient method (DPGM) that, unlike existing primal-space approaches, operates in the dual space. This dual method offers several key advantages. First, DPGM inherently preserves positive definiteness, eliminating the need for complex mechanisms to enforce it. Second, DPGM achieves improved iteration complexity over primal-space methods. Third, the worst-case step size for DPGM is a constant independent of the ambient dimension, making the method particularly suitable for high-dimensional applications. Extensive numerical experiments demonstrate that DPGM consistently outperforms existing algorithms, validating its effectiveness and scalability for high-dimensional sparse covariance estimation.

Positive Definite Sparse Covariance Estimation via Dual Space Optimization

Existing backdoor attacks on multivariate time series (MTS) forecasting enforce strict temporal and dimensional coupling between triggers and target patterns, requiring synchronous activation at fixed positions across variables. However, realistic scenarios often demand delayed and variable-specific activation.
We identify this critical unmet need and propose TDBA, a temporally decoupled backdoor attack framework for MTS forecasting. By injecting triggers that encode the expected location of the target pattern, TDBA enables the activation of the target pattern at any positions within the forecasted data, with the activation position flexibly varying across different variable dimensions.
TDBA introduces two core modules: (1) a position-guided trigger generation mechanism that leverages smoothed Gaussian priors to generate triggers that are position-related to the predefined target pattern; and (2) a position-aware optimization module that assigns soft weights based on trigger completeness, pattern coverage, and temporal offset, facilitating targeted and stealthy attack optimization.
Extensive experiments on real-world datasets show that TDBA consistently outperforms existing baselines in both effectiveness and stealthiness. Ablation studies confirm the controllability and robustness of its design.

Beyond Immediate Activation: Temporally Decoupled Backdoor Attacks on Time Series Forecasting

Modern manufacturing environments demand not only accurate predictions but also interpretable insights to process anomalies, root causes, and potential interventions. Existing AI systems often function as isolated black boxes, lacking the seamless integration of prediction, explanation, and causal reasoning required for a unified decision-support solution. This fragmentation limits their trustworthiness and practical utility in high-stakes industrial environments. In this work, we present CausalTrace, a neurosymbolic causal analysis module integrated into the SmartPilot industrial CoPilot. CausalTrace performs data-driven causal analysis enriched by industrial ontologies and knowledge graphs, including advanced functions such as causal discovery, counterfactual reasoning, and root cause analysis (RCA). It supports real-time operator interaction and is designed to complement existing agents by offering transparent, explainable decision support. We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of CausalTrace using multiple causal assessment methods and the C3AN framework (i.e. Custom, Compact, Composite AI with Neurosymbolic Integration), which spans principles of robustness, intelligence, and trustworthiness. In an academic rocket assembly testbed, CausalTrace achieved substantial agreement with domain experts (ROUGE-1: 0.91 in ontology QA) and strong RCA performance (MAP@3: 94%, PR@2: 97%, MRR: 0.92, Jaccard: 0.92). It also attained 4.59/5 in the C3AN evaluation, demonstrating precision and reliability for live deployment.

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Towards Trustworthy Multimodal AI Systems

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