Singapore

In this work, we present EchoGen, a unified framework for layout-to-image generation and image grounding, capable of generating images with both accurate layout and high fidelity to the text description.(e.g., spatial relationship), and grounding the image robustly at the same time. We believe that image grounding possesses strong text and layout understanding abilities, which can compensate for the corresponding limitations in layout-to-image generation. At the same time, images generated from layouts exhibit high diversity in content, thereby enhancing the robustness of image grounding. Jointly training both tasks within a unified model can promote performance improvements for each. However, we identify that this joint training paradigm encounters several optimization challenges and results in restricted performance. To address these issues, we propose progressive training strategies. First, the Parallel Multi-Task Pre-training (PMTP) stage equips the model with basic abilities for both tasks, leveraging shared tokens to accelerate training. Next, the Dual Joint Optimization (DJO) stage exploits task duality to sequentially integrate the two tasks, enabling unified optimization. Finally, the Cycle RL stage eliminates reliance on visual supervision by using consistency constraints as rewards, significantly enhancing the model’s unified capabilities via the GRPO strategy. Extensive experiments demonstrate state-of-the-art results on both layout-to-image generation and image grounding benchmarks, and reveal clear synergistic gains from optimizing the two tasks together.

AAAI 2026

EchoGen: Cycle-Consistent Learning for Unified Layout-Image Generation and Understanding

image grounding

layout-to-image

unified model

We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

poster

The Dense Audio-Visual Event Localization (DAVEL) task aims to temporally localize events in untrimmed videos that occur simultaneously in both the audio and visual modalities. This paper explores DAVEL under a new and more challenging weakly-supervised setting (W-DAVEL task), where only video-level event labels are provided and the temporal boundaries of each event are unknown. We address W-DAVEL by exploiting \textit{cross-modal salient anchors}, which are defined as reliable timestamps that are well predicted under weak supervision and exhibit highly consistent event semantics across audio and visual modalities. Specifically, we propose a \textit{Mutual Event Agreement Evaluation} module, which generates an agreement score by measuring the discrepancy between the predicted audio and visual event classes. Then, the agreement score is utilized in a \textit{Cross-modal Salient Anchor Identification} module, which identifies the audio and visual anchor features through global-video and local temporal window identification mechanisms. The anchor features after multimodal integration are fed into an \textit{Anchor-based Temporal Propagation} module to enhance event semantic encoding in the original temporal audio and visual features, facilitating better temporal localization under weak supervision. We establish benchmarks for W-DAVEL on both the UnAV-100 and ActivityNet1.3 datasets. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance.

CLASP: Cross-modal Salient Anchor-based Semantic Propagation for Weakly-supervised Dense Audio-Visual Event Localization

Universal medical image segmentation models have emerged as a promising paradigm due to their strong generalizability across diverse tasks, showing great potential for a wide range of clinical applications. This potential has been partly driven by the success of general-purpose vision models such as the Segment Anything Model (SAM), which has inspired the development of various fine-tuned variants for medical segmentation tasks. However, fine-tuned variants like MedSAM are trained on comparatively limited medical imaging data that often suffers from heterogeneity, scarce annotations, and distributional shifts. These challenges limit their ability to generalize across a wide range of medical segmentation tasks. In this regard, we propose MedSAMix, a training-free model merging method that integrates the strengths of both generalist models (e.g., SAM) and specialist models (e.g., MedSAM) for medical image segmentation.
In contrast to traditional model merging approaches that rely on manual configuration and often result in suboptimal outcomes, we propose a zero-order optimization method to automatically discover optimal layer-wise merging solutions. Furthermore, for clinical applications, we develop two regimes to meet the demand of domain-specificity and generalizability in different scenarios by single-task optimization and multi-objective optimization respectively. Extensive evaluations on 25 medical segmentation tasks demonstrate that MedSAMix effectively mitigates model bias and consistently improves performance in both domain-specific accuracy and generalization, achieving improvements of 6.67% on specialized tasks and 4.37% on multi-task evaluations.

MedSAMix: A Training-Free Model Merging Approach for Medical Image Segmentation

Classifier-free guidance has become a staple for conditional generation with denoising diffusion models. However, a comprehensive understanding of classifier-free guidance is still missing. In this work, we carry out an empirical study to provide a fresh perspective on classifier-free guidance. Concretely, instead of solely focusing on classifier-free guidance, we trace back to the root, i.e., classifier guidance, pinpoint the key assumption for the derivation, and conduct a systematic study to understand the role of the classifier. On 1D data, we find that both classifier guidance and classifier-free guidance achieve conditional generation by pushing the denoising diffusion trajectories away from decision boundaries, i.e., areas where conditional information is usually entangled and is hard to learn. To validate this classifier-centric perspective on high-dimensional data, we assess whether a flow-matching postprocessing step that is designed to narrow the gap between a pre-trained diffusion model’s learned distribution and the real data distribution, especially near decision boundaries, can improve the performance. Experiments on various datasets verify our classifier-centric understanding.

Studying Classifier(-Free) Guidance from a Classifier-Centric Perspective

Wide-angle cameras, despite their popularity for con-
tent creation, suffer from distortion-induced facial stretch-
ing—especially at the edge of the lens—which degrades vi-
sual appeal. To address this issue, we propose a structure-
to-detail portrait correction model named ImagePC. It in-
tegrates the long-range awareness of transformer and multi-
step denoising of diffusion models into a unified framework,
achieving global structural robustness and local detail refine-
ment. Besides, considering the high cost of obtaining video
labels, we then repurpose ImagePC for unlabeled wide-angle
videos (termed VideoPC), by spatiotemporal diffusion adap-
tion with spatial consistency and temporal smoothness con-
straints. For the former, we encourage the denoised image to
approximate pseudo labels following the wide-angle distor-
tion distribution pattern, while for the latter, we derive rectifi-
cation trajectories with backward optical flows and smooth
them. Compared with ImagePC, VideoPC maintains high-
quality facial corrections in space and mitigates the potential
temporal shakes sequentially in blind scenarios. Finally, to
establish an evaluation benchmark and train the framework,
we establish a video portrait dataset with a large diversity in
people number, lighting conditions, and background. Experi-
ments demonstrate that the proposed methods outperform ex-
isting solutions quantitatively and qualitatively, contributing
to high-fidelity wide-angle videos with stable and natural por-
traits. The codes and dataset will be available.

Beyond Wide-Angle Images: Structure-to-Detail Video Portrait Correction via Unsupervised Spatiotemporal Adaptation

Visual Speech Recognition (VSR), commonly known as lipreading, enables the recognition of spoken text by analyzing lip visual features. Due to the subtlety of lip movements, its recognition is much harder than other motion recognition tasks. Existing VSR models face the challenge of viseme ambiguity when processing phonemes with similar pronunciations—multiple phonemes share similar viseme features, leading to a notable drop in lipreading accuracy. To address this issue, this study proposes a Linguistics-Knowledge Guided Progressive Disambiguation Network for Visual Speech Recognition(LinProVSR) framework. First, an ambiguous sample set is constructed based on linguistic knowledge to provide supervisory signals for the model's training. Then, a Progressive Contrastive Disambiguation Network (PCDN) is designed, which progressively enhances the model's ability to capture the subtle viseme differences corresponding to similar phonemes through viseme-phoneme contrastive disambiguation in the encoding stage and text contrastive disambiguation in the decoding stage. Furthermore, we pioneer the Ambiguous Word Error Rate (AWER) metric specifically for evaluating recognition of phonetically ambiguous text, and verify the effectiveness of the proposed method on multiple public datasets, achieving a significant breakthrough especially in distinguishing visually similar phonemes.

LinProVSR: Linguistics-Knowledge Guided Progressive Disambiguation Network for Visual Speech Recognition

Clustering is a fundamental tool that has garnered significant interest across a wide range of applications including text analysis. To improve clustering accuracy, many researchers have proposed incorporating background knowledge, typically in the form of must‑link and cannot‑link constraints, to guide the clustering process.
With the recent advent of large language models (LLMs), there is growing interest in improving clustering quality through LLM-based automatic constraint generation. In this paper, we propose a novel constraint‑generation approach that reduces resource consumption by generating constraint sets rather than using traditional pairwise constraints. This improves both query efficiency and constraint accuracy compared to state‑of‑the‑art methods. We further introduce a constrained clustering algorithm tailored to the characteristics of LLM-generated constraints. Our method incorporates a confidence threshold and a penalty mechanism to address potentially inaccurate constraints. We evaluate our approach on five text datasets, considering both the cost of constraint generation and overall clustering performance. The results show that our method achieves clustering accuracy comparable to the state-of-the-art algorithms while reducing the number of LLM queries by more than 20 times.

Optimized Algorithms for Text Clustering with LLM-Generated Constraints

The success of large language models (LLMs) in cognitive tasks prompts the question of whether their next-token prediction (NTP) paradigm can be adapted to model physiological signals from wearable devices. A key target for this adaptation is photoplethysmography (PPG), the most prevalent sensing modality in consumer wearables for non-invasive monitoring of diverse physiological conditions. Unlike in NLP, where NTP aligns with generative objectives, physiological signal analysis involves fundamentally different tasks, such as continuous parameter estimation (regression) and discrete state recognition (classification). This disparity creates a semantic mismatch between the pre-training paradigm and the downstream tasks. To bridge this gap, we propose PPGPT, the first foundation model that reformulates NTP into next-feature token prediction (NFTP), learning hierarchical feature transition probabilities to unify pre-training and downstream objectives. PPGPT features a novel dual-stream encoder that generates feature tokens by jointly modeling temporal dynamics and local-global morphological patterns. The model is developed using a two-stage training framework: it is first pre-trained on a large-scale mixed dataset of 1.6 billion data points and then validated on our newly released BioMTL benchmark, which includes data from 172 subjects over 285 days across seven different tasks. Extensive experiments show that PPGPT significantly outperforms competing methods, achieving a 16.5\% improvement in F1-score and a 25.9\% reduction in Mean Absolute Error (MAE). Furthermore, the model demonstrates robust few-shot learning capabilities.

PPGPT: Transferring Next-Token Modeling from Language to PPG Signals

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) effectively enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by incorporating retrieved external knowledge into the generation process. 
Reasoning models improve LLM performance in multi-hop QA tasks, which require integrating and reasoning over multiple pieces of evidence across different documents to answer a complex question. 
However, they often introduce substantial computational costs, including increased token consumption and inference latency. 
To better understand and mitigate this trade-off, we conduct a comprehensive study of reasoning strategies for reasoning models in RAG multi-hop QA tasks. Our findings reveal that reasoning models adopt structured strategies to integrate retrieved and internal knowledge, primarily following two modes: Context-Grounded Reasoning, which relies directly on retrieved content, and Knowledge-Reconciled Reasoning, which resolves conflicts or gaps using internal knowledge. 
To this end, we propose a novel Lightweight Rerank Reasoning Strategy Framework for RAG (LiR$^3$AG) to enable non-reasoning models to transfer reasoning strategies by restructuring retrieved evidence into coherent reasoning chains. 
LiR$^3$AG significantly reduce the average 98\% output tokens overhead and 58.6\% inferencing time while improving 8B non-reasoning model's F1 performance ranging from 6.2\% to 22.5\% to surpass the performance of 32B reasoning model in RAG, offering a practical and efficient path forward for RAG systems.

LiR3AG: A Lightweight Rerank Reasoning Strategy Framework for Retrieval-Augmented Generation

Deep Unrolling Networks (DUNs) integrate classical optimization recovery problems in Compressed Sensing (CS) with sophisticated deep learning network architectures, leading to substantial breakthroughs. However, prevailing DUNs generally face challenges concerning solidified gradient descent step size strategies, inadequate feature extraction within the iterative stage and limited information interaction between iterative stages. To overcome these obstacles, we propose SCU-Net, a channel-focused unrolling network inspired by the renowned spectral projected gradient optimization algorithm. In particular, we tailore two pivotal components, Barzilai-Borwein-gradient Descent Optimizer (BBDO) and Channel-guided Cross-attention Reconstruction Module (CCRM), to collaboratively undertake the reconstruction task. BBDO leverages a gradient calculation strategy based on BB step size to enhance data fidelity optimization, while CCRM addresses the intricate mapping issue associated with sparse induction, encompassing customized functionalities from Adaptive Channel Interaction Layer (ACIL) and Spatially Augmented Channel-aware Unit (SACU). Among them, ACIL amalgamates convolution operations and channel attention mechanisms to achieve meticulous information screening alongside efficient feature enhancement. SACU introduces dual reinforcement variables to bolster information exchange across different iterative stages, coupled with the optimization of cross-attention to facilitate the modeling of long-distance dependencies. Extensive experiments in both image CS and magnetic resonance imaging exhibit that our SCU-Net manifests superior performance, surpassing state-of-the-art methods.

Spectrally Adaptive Channel-aware Unrolling Network for Compressed Sensing

While Semi-asynchronous federated learning (SAFL) combines the efficiency of synchronous training with the flexibility of asynchronous updates, it inherently suffers from participation bias, which is further exacerbated by non-IID data distributions. More importantly, hierarchical architecture shifts participation from individual clients to client groups, thereby further intensifying this issue. Despite notable advancements in SAFL research, most existing works still focus on conventional cloud-end architectures while largely overlooking the critical impact of non-IID data on scheduling across the cloud–edge–client hierarchy. To tackle these challenges, we propose FedCure, a innovative semi-asynchronous Federated learning framework that leverages coalition construction and participation-aware scheduling to mitigate participation bias with non-IID data. Specifically, FedCure operates through three key rules: (1) a preference rule that optimizes coalition formation by maximizing collective benefits and establishing theoretically stable partitions to reduce non-IID-induced performance degradation; (2) a scheduling rule that integrates the virtual queue technique with Bayesian-estimated coalition dynamics, mitigating efficiency loss while ensuring mean rate stability; and (3) a resource allocation rule that enhances computational efficiency by optimizing client CPU frequencies based on estimated coalition dynamics while satisfying delay requirements. Comprehensive experiments on four real-world datasets demonstrate that FedCure improves accuracy by up to 5.1x compared with four state-of-the-art baselines, while significantly enhancing efficiency with the lowest coefficient of variation 0.0223 for per-round latency and maintaining long-term balance across diverse scenarios.

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CLASP: Cross-modal Salient Anchor-based Semantic Propagation for Weakly-supervised Dense Audio-Visual Event Localization

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