Singapore

Over-smoothing in Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) causes collapse in distinct node features, particularly on heterophilic graphs where adjacent nodes often have dissimilar labels. Although sheaf neural networks partially mitigate this problem, they typically rely on static or heavily parameterized sheaf structures that hinder generalization and scalability. Existing sheaf-based models either predefine restriction maps or introduce excessive complexity, yet fail to provide rigorous stability guarantees. In this paper, we introduce a novel scheme called SGPC (Sheaf GNNs with PAC-Bayes Calibration), a unified architecture that combines cellular-sheaf message passing with several mechanisms, including optimal transport-based lifting, variance-reduced diffusion, and PAC-Bayes spectral regularization for robust semi-supervised node classification. We establish performance bounds theoretically and demonstrate that end-to-end training in linear computational complexity can achieve the resulting bound-aware objective. Experiments on nine homophilic and heterophilic benchmarks show that SGPC outperforms state-of-the-art spectral and sheaf-based GNNs while providing certified confidence intervals on unseen nodes. The code and proofs are in https://github.com/ChoiYoonHyuk/SGPC.

AAAI 2026

Sheaf Graph Neural Networks via PAC-Bayes Spectral Optimization

ml: graph-based machine learning

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The discovery of novel proteins relies on sensitive protein identification, for which de novo peptide sequencing (DNPS) from mass spectra is a crucial approach. While deep learning has advanced DNPS, existing models inadequately enforce the fundamental mass consistency constraint—that a predicted peptide's mass must match the experimental measured precursor mass. Previous DNPS methods often treat this critical information as a simple input feature or use it in post-processing, leading to numerous implausible predictions that do not adhere to this fundamental physical property. To address this limitation, we introduce DiffuNovo, a novel regressor-guided diffusion model for de novo peptide sequencing that provides explicit peptide-level mass control. Our approach integrates the mass constraint at two critical stages: during training, a novel peptide-level mass loss guides model optimization, while at inference, regressor-based guidance from gradient-based updates in the latent space steers the generation to compel the predicted peptide adheres to the mass constraint. Comprehensive evaluations on established benchmarks demonstrate that DiffuNovo surpasses state-of-the-art methods in DNPS accuracy. Additionally, as the first DNPS model to employ a diffusion model as its core backbone, DiffuNovo leverages the powerful controllability of diffusion architecture and achieves a significant reduction in mass error, thereby producing much more physically plausible peptides. These innovations represent a substantial advancement toward robust and broadly applicable DNPS. The source code is available in the supplementary material.

Regressor-guided Diffusion Model for De Novo Peptide Sequencing with Explicit Mass Control

Accurate prediction of breast cancer recurrence after treatment is essential for improving long-term outcomes. However, existing models are limited by three key challenges: (1) they typically rely on single-modal data, missing cross-modal interactions; (2) they analyze static snapshots, failing to capture disease progression over time; and (3) they often perform coarse feature fusion, lacking semantic disentanglement and interpretability. To address these issues, we propose LUMIN (Longitudinal Multi-modal Knowledge Decomposition Network), a novel framework that integrates longitudinal mammograms and electronic health records (EHRs) for recurrence prediction. LUMIN leverages a vision-language contrastive pretraining backbone to align multi-modal representations and introduces two knowledge extraction modules: (1) a Cross-Modal Disentangled Knowledge Extractor (CM-DKE) that separates shared, complementary, and modality-specific information across imaging and text; and (2) a Temporal Evolution Disentangled Knowledge Extractor (TE-DKE) that captures time-invariant, time-varying, and time-specific features to model disease dynamics. Experiments on a large-scale dataset of 3,924 patients and 19,684 exams show that LUMIN significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, demonstrating its effectiveness in capturing both multi-modal semantics and temporal heterogeneity for recurrence prediction.

LUMIN: A Longitudinal Multi-modal Knowledge Decomposition Network for Predicting Breast Cancer Recurrence

Generating high-quality, controllable, and structurally consistent 3D scenes is a fundamental yet challenging task, especially in complex multi-object environments. We present \textbf{SceneGenesis}, a unified framework for 3D scene synthesis that systematically integrates semantic structural priors with mesh-guided video-geometry fusion. The process begins with a \textbf{semantic structural initialization module}, which leverages large language models to convert textual scene prompts into category-aware object descriptions. These are transformed into structured meshes by combining procedural approximations for large-scale objects and pretrained mesh generators for fine-grained assets, enabling precise layout control and scene scalability. To synthesize rich and style-controllable appearances, we render depth and semantic maps from the initialized scene and condition a pretrained video diffusion model to generate multi-view video sequences with geometry-awareness, where a consistency-guided latent fusion strategy further enhances temporal consistency across long sequences. Crucially, we introduce a \textbf{mesh-guided video-geometry fusion module} that reconstructs coherent 3D Gaussian scenes by aligning mesh priors with video outputs. This module incorporates mesh-conditioned fragment initialization, progressive geometric refinement, and structure-aware optimization, significantly enhancing global geometric fidelity and visual realism. 
Extensive experiments demonstrate that \textbf{SceneGenesis} enables flexible style variation and object-level editing while achieving superior controllability, scalability, and 3D structural quality, offering an effective solution for 3D scene synthesis.

SceneGenesis: 3D Scene Synthesis via Semantic Structural Priors and Mesh-Guided Video-Geometry Fusion

Recent Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) exhibit impressive capabilities in understanding audio content for conversational QA tasks. However, these models struggle to accurately understand timestamps for temporal localization (e.g., Temporal Audio Grounding) and are restricted to short audio perception, leading to constrained capabilities on fine-grained tasks. We identify three key aspects that limit their temporal localization and long audio understanding: (i) timestamp representation, (ii) architecture, and (iii) data. To address this, we introduce TimeAudio, a novel method that empowers LALMs to connect their understanding of audio content with precise temporal perception. Specifically, we incorporate unique temporal markers to improve time-sensitive reasoning and apply an absolute time-aware encoding that explicitly grounds the acoustic features with absolute time information. Moreover, to realize end-to-end long audio understanding, we introduce a segment-level token merging module to substantially reduce audio token redundancy and enhance the efficiency of information extraction. Due to the lack of suitable datasets and evaluation metrics, we consolidate existing audio datasets into a new dataset focused on temporal tasks and establish a series of metrics to evaluate the fine-grained performance. Evaluations show strong performance across a variety of fine-grained tasks, such as dense captioning, temporal grounding, and timeline speech summarization, which demonstrates TimeAudio's robust temporal localization and reasoning capabilities.

Listening Between the Frames: Bridging Temporal Gaps in Large Audio-Language Models

Emotional and cognitive factors are essential for understanding mental health disorders. However, existing methods often treat multi-modal data as classification tasks, limiting interpretability especially for emotion and cognition. Although large language models (LLMs) offer opportunities for mental health analysis, they mainly rely on textual semantics and overlook fine-grained emotional and cognitive cues in multi-modal inputs. While some studies incorporate emotional features via transfer learning, their connection to mental health conditions remains implicit. To address these issues, we propose ECMC, a novel task that aims at generating natural language descriptions of emotional and cognitive states from multi-modal data, and producing emotion–cognition profiles that improve both the accuracy and interpretability of mental health assessments. We adopt an encoder–decoder architecture, where modality-specific encoders extract features, which are fused by a dual-stream BridgeNet based on Q-former. Contrastive learning enhances the extraction of emotional and cognitive features. A LLaMA decoder then aligns these features with annotated captions to produce detailed descriptions.
Extensive objective and subjective evaluations demonstrate that: 1) ECMC outperforms existing multi-modal LLMs and mental health models in generating emotion–cognition captions; 2) the generated emotion–cognition profiles significantly improve assistive diagnosis and interpretability in mental health analysis.

Voices, Faces, and Feelings: Multi-modal Emotion-Cognition Captioning for Mental Health Understanding

Recent work on human animation usually incorporates large-scale video models, thereby achieving more vivid performance. However, the practical use of such methods is hindered by the slow inference speed and high computational demands. Moreover, traditional work typically employs separate models for each animation task, increasing costs in multi-task scenarios and worsening the dilemma. To address these limitations, we introduce EchoMimicV3, an efficient framework that unifies multi-task and multi-modal human animation. At the core of EchoMimicV3 lies a threefold design: a Soup-of-Tasks paradigm, a Soup-of-Modals paradigm, and a novel training and inference strategy. The Soup-of-Tasks leverages multi-task mask inputs and a counter-intuitive task allocation strategy to achieve multi-task gains without multi-model pains. Meanwhile, the Soup-of-Modals introduces a Coupled-Decoupled Multi-Modal Cross Attention module to inject multi-modal conditions, complemented by a Timestep Phase-aware Multi-Modal Allocation mechanism to dynamically modulate multi-modal mixtures. Besides, we propose Negative Direct Preference Optimization and Phase-aware Negative Classifier-Free Guidance, which ensure stable training and inference. Extensive experiments and analyses demonstrate that EchoMimicV3, with a minimal model size of 1.3 billion parameters, achieves competitive performance in both quantitative and qualitative evaluations. We are committed to open-sourcing our code for community use.

EchoMimicV3: 1.3B Parameters Are All You Need for Unified Multi-Modal and Multi-Task Human Animation

Recent progress in robotics and embodied AI is largely driven by Large Multimodal Models (LMMs). However, a key challenge remains underexplored: how can we advance LMMs to discover tasks that directly assist humans in open-future scenarios, where human intentions are highly concurrent and dynamic. In this work, we formalize the problem of Human-centric Open-future Task Discovery (HOTD), focusing particularly on identifying tasks that reduce human effort across multiple plausible futures. To facilitate this study, we propose an HOTD-Bench, which features over 2K real-world videos, a semi-automated annotation pipeline, and a simulation-based protocol tailored for open-set future evaluation. Additionally, we propose the Collaborative Multi-Agent Search Tree (CMAST) framework, which decomposes the complex reasoning through a multi-agent system and structures the reasoning process through a scalable search tree module. In our experiments, CMAST achieves the best performance on the HOTD-Bench, significantly surpassing existing LMMs. It also integrates well with existing LMMs, consistently improving performance.

Human-Centric Open-Future Task Discovery: Formulation, Benchmark, and Scalable Tree-Based Search

Asymmetric image retrieval (AIR), which typically employs a compact model for the query side and a large model for the database server, has garnered significant attention in resource-constrained environments. While deep hashing methods have shown great potential in large-scale image retrieval, current attempts for the asymmetric image retrieval overlook the differences in quantization capabilities between query and gallery networks. In AIR, the conventional quantization scheme forces the outputs of small query models to approximate the discrete outputs of large models, imposing overly rigid and stringent constraints that severely limit the optimization of small query models. Furthermore, existing deep hashing methods for AIR necessitate labeled datasets from large models, which also limits their practical applicability. To this end, we reconsider the necessity of strict discretization in AIR and propose a novel asymmetric hashing method, named $\textbf{D}$eep $\textbf{C}$orrelation $\textbf{A}$lignment $\textbf{H}$ashing (DCAH). Rather than explicitly quantizing continuous query features to match discrete gallery representations, we distill the correlation across both models and introduce a $\textbf{C}$orrelation $\textbf{A}$lignment based $\textbf{Q}$uantization (CAQ) scheme, thereby implicitly accomplishing quantization. To preserve the similarity consistency between the query and gallery models, we further employ a correlation alignment-based knowledge distillation strategy which is intrinsically compatible with the CAQ. Notably, the proposed quantization scheme can function as a plug-and-play module that seamlessly integrates with existing AIR methods. Comprehensive evaluations on three real-world benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed quantization scheme CAQ, and also show that DCAH achieves state-of-the-art performance in asymmetric image retrieval scenarios. The open-source code is available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/DCAH.

Discretization Is Not Always Better: Rethinking Deep Quantization for Asymmetric Image Retrieval

Semi-supervised semantic segmentation, which leverages a limited set of labeled images, helps to relieve the heavy annotation burden. While pseudo-labeling strategies yield promising results, there is still room for enhancing the reliability of pseudo-labels. Hence, we develop a semi-supervised framework, namely DerProp, equipped with a novel derivative label propagation to rectify imperfect pseudo-labels. Our label propagation method imposes discrete derivative operations on pixel-wise feature vectors as additional regularization, thereby generating strictly regularized similarity metrics. Doing so effectively alleviates the ill-posed problem that identical similarities correspond to different features, through constraining the solution space. Extensive experiments are conducted to verify the rationality of our design, and demonstrate our superiority over other methods. Codes will be made publicly available.

Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentation via Derivative Label Propagation

Dynamic Gaussian Splatting approaches have achieved remarkable performance for 4D scene reconstruction. However, these approaches rely on dense-frame video sequences for photorealistic reconstruction. In real-world scenarios, due to equipment constraints, sometimes only sparse frames are accessible. In this paper, we propose Sparse4DGS, the first method for sparse-frame dynamic scene reconstruction. We observe that dynamic reconstruction methods fail in both canonical and deformed spaces under sparse-frame settings, especially in areas with high texture richness. Sparse4DGS tackles this challenge by focusing on texture-rich areas. For the deformation network, we propose Texture-Aware Deformation Regularization, which introduces a texture-based depth alignment loss to regulate Gaussian deformation. For the canonical Gaussian field, we introduce Texture-Aware Canonical Optimization, which incorporates texture-based noise into the gradient descent process of canonical Gaussians. Extensive experiments show that when taking sparse frames as inputs, our method outperforms existing dynamic or few-shot techniques on NeRF-Synthetic, HyperNeRF, NeRF-DS, and our iPhone-4D datasets.

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Regressor-guided Diffusion Model for De Novo Peptide Sequencing with Explicit Mass Control

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