China


Identifying subjective phenomena, such as irony in language, poses unique challenges, as these tasks involve subjective interpretation shaped by both cultural and individual perspectives. Unlike conventional models that rely on aggregated annotations, perspectivist approaches aim to capture the diversity of viewpoints by leveraging the knowledge of specific annotator groups, promoting fairness and representativeness. However, such models often incur substantial computational costs, particularly when fine-tuning large-scale pre-trained language models. We also observe that the fine-tuning process can negatively impact fairness, producing certain perspective models that are underrepresented and have limited influence on the outcome. To address these, we explore two complementary strategies: (i) the adoption of traditional machine learning algorithms—such as Support Vector Machines, Random Forests, and XGBoost—as lightweight alternatives; and (ii) the application of calibration techniques to reduce imbalances in inference generation across perspectives. Our results demonstrate up to 12× faster processing with no statistically significant drop in accuracy. Notably, calibration significantly enhances fairness, reducing inter-group bias and leading to more balanced predictions across diverse social perspectives.

EMNLP 2025

Calibration as a Proxy for Fairness and Efficiency in a Perspectivist Ensemble Approach to Irony Detection

|fairness

perspectivism

calibration

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-23 is the Thirty-Seventh AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. The theme of this conference is to create collaborative bridges within and beyond AI. Like previous AAAI conferences, AAAI-23 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and two new activities: a Bridge Program and a Lab Program. Many of these activities are tailored to the theme of bridges and all are selected according to the highest standards, with additional programs for students and young researchers. 
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AAAI 2023

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines.

workshop paper

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community." 

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

The task of perspective-aware classification introduces a bottleneck in terms of parametric efficiency that did not get enough recognition in existing studies. In this article, we aim to address this issue by applying an existing architecture, the hypernetwork+adapters combination, to perspectivist classification. Ultimately, we arrive at a solution that can compete with specialized models in adopting user perspectives on hate speech and toxicity detection, while also making use of considerably fewer parameters. Our solution is architecture-agnostic and can be applied to a wide range of base models out of the box.

Hypernetworks for Perspectivist Adaptation

Subjective NLP tasks like offensive language detection often suffer from annotator disagreement, leading to noisy labels. We propose Weak Ensemble Learning (WEL), a framework that models annotator disagreement by constructing and aggregating weak predictors from diverse annotator perspectives. WEL does not require annotator metadata and outperforms strong baselines across four benchmark datasets.

Weak Ensemble Learning from Multiple Annotators for Subjective Text Classification

Access to high-quality labeled data remains a limiting factor in applied supervised learning. Active learning (AL), a popular approach to optimizing the use of limited annotation budgets in training ML models, often relies on at least one of several simplifying assumptions, which rarely hold in practice when acknowledging human label variation (HLV). Label variation (LV), i.e., differing labels for the same instance, is common, especially in natural language processing. Yet annotation frameworks often still rest on the assumption of a single ground truth, overlooking HLV, i.e., the occurrence of plausible differences in annotations, as an informative signal. 
In this paper, we examine foundational assumptions about truth and label nature, highlighting the need to decompose observed LV into signal (e.g., HLV) and noise (e.g., annotation error). We survey how the AL and (H)LV communities have addressed---or neglected---these distinctions and propose a conceptual framework for incorporating HLV throughout the AL loop, including instance selection, annotator choice, and label representation. We further discuss the integration of large language models (LLM) as annotators. Our work aims to lay a conceptual foundation for (H)LV-aware active learning, better reflecting the complexities of real-world annotation.

Revisiting Active Learning under (Human) Label Variation

For datasets to accurately represent diverse opinions in a population, they must preserve variation in data labels while filtering out spam or low-quality responses. How can we balance annotator reliability and representation? We empirically evaluate how a range of heuristics for annotator filtering affect the preservation of variation on subjective tasks. We find that these methods, designed for contexts in which variation from a single ground-truth label is considered noise, often remove annotators who disagree instead of spam annotators, introducing suboptimal tradeoffs between accuracy and label diversity. We find that conservative settings for annotator removal (<5%) are best, after which all tested methods increase the mean absolute error from the true average label. We analyze performance on synthetic spam to observe that these methods often assume spam annotators are more random than real spammers tend to be: most spammers are distributionally indistinguishable from real annotators, and the minority that are distinguishable tend to give fixed answers, not random ones. Thus, tasks requiring the preservation of variation reverse the intuition of existing spam filtering methods: spammers tend to be less random than non-spammers, so metrics that assume variation is spam fare worse. These results highlight the need for spam removal methods that account for label diversity.

Balancing Quality and Variation: Spam Filtering Distorts Data Label Distributions

This position paper argues that annotation disagreement in Natural Language Inference (NLI) is not mere noise but often reflects meaningful variation, especially when triggered by ambiguity in the premise or hypothesis. While underspecified guidelines and annotator behavior contribute to variation, content-based ambiguity provides a process-independent signal of divergent human perspectives. We call for a shift toward ambiguity-aware NLI that first identifies ambiguous input pairs, classifies their types, and only then proceeds to inference. To support this shift, we present a framework that incorporates ambiguity detection and classification prior to inference. We also introduce a unified taxonomy that synthesizes existing taxonomies, illustrates key subtypes with examples, and motivates targeted detection methods that better align models with human interpretation. Although current resources lack datasets explicitly annotated for ambiguity and subtypes, this gap presents an opportunity: by developing new annotated resources and exploring unsupervised approaches to ambiguity detection, we enable more robust, explainable, and human-aligned NLI systems.

From Disagreement to Understanding: The Case for Ambiguity Detection in NLI

Irony is a subjective and pragmatically complex phenomenon, often conveyed through rhetorical figures and interpreted differently across individuals. In this study, we adopt a perspectivist approach, accounting for the socio-demographic background of annotators, to investigate whether specific rhetorical strategies promote a shared perception of irony within demographic groups, and whether Large Language Models (LLMs) reflect specific perspectives.
Focusing on the Italian subset of the perspectivist MultiPICo dataset, we manually annotate rhetorical figures in ironic replies using a linguistically grounded taxonomy. The annotation is carried out by expert annotators balanced by generation and gender, enabling us to analyze inter-group agreement and polarization. Our results show that some rhetorical figures lead to higher levels of agreement, suggesting that certain rhetorical strategies are more effective in promoting a shared perception of irony.
We fine-tune multilingual LLMs for rhetorical figure classification, and evaluate whether their outputs align with different demographic perspectives. Results reveal that models show varying degrees of alignment with specific groups, reflecting potential perspectivist behavior in model predictions.
These findings highlight the role of rhetorical figures in structuring irony perception and underscore the importance of socio-demographics in both annotation and model evaluation.

Towards a Perspectivist Understanding of Irony through Rhetorical Figures

Toxicity labels at sub-document granularity and disaggregated labels lead to more nuanced and personalized toxicity classification and facilitate analysis. We re-annotate a subset of 1983 posts of the Jigsaw Toxic Comment Classification Challenge and provide disaggregated toxicity labels and spans that identify inappropriate language and targets of toxic statements.

Manual analysis shows that five annotations per instance effectively capture meaningful disagreement patterns and allow for finer distinctions between genuine disagreement and that arising from annotation error or inconsistency. Our main findings are: (1) Disagreement often stems from divergent interpretations of edge-case toxicity. (2) Disagreement is especially high in cases of toxic statements involving non-human targets. (3) Disagreement on whether a passage consists of inappropriate language occurs not only on inherently questionable terms, but also on words that may be inappropriate in specific contexts while remaining acceptable in others. (4) Transformer-based models effectively learn from aggregated data that reduces false negative classifications by being more sensitive towards minority opinions for posts to be toxic. We publish the new annotations under the CC BY 4.0 license.

A Disaggregated Dataset on English Offensiveness Containing Spans

Plain Language Summaries (PLS) play a critical role in improving health literacy, enabling informed decision-making and equitable healthcare access. However, writing PLS requires domain expertise and is time-consuming, making automation a valuable strategy for improving accessibility at scale. Automated methods often prioritize efficiency over comprehension, and the unique simplification requirements of medical documents challenge generic solutions. We present a multi-agent system for generating PLS, using Cochrane PLS as a proof of concept. The system decomposes simplification in four tasks, each handled by specialized agents: information extraction, writing, diagnostic, and evaluation. It integrates a medical glossary (20,637 terms) and a statistical analyzer that evaluates text patterns to guide revisions. We evaluated on 100 Cochrane abstracts using three models: Gemini-2.5-Pro, GPT-5 and the open model GPT-OSS-120B. The system achieved superior performance across semantic similarity, factual alignment, and readability metrics compared to single-prompt baselines. By combining AI agents with specific evaluation tools, this work offers a scalable solution that reduces the health literacy gap by making medical information more understandable to the public through accurate, readable summaries.

A Multi-Agent Framework with Diagnostic Feedback for Iterative Plain Language Summary Generation from Cochrane Medical Abstracts

Individuals with intellectual disabilities often have difficulties in comprehending complex texts. While many text-to-image models prioritize photorealism over cognitive accessibility, it is not clear how visual illustrations relate to text simplifications (TS) generated from them. This paper presents a structured vision language model (VLM) prompting framework for generating cognitively accessible images from simplified texts. We designed five prompt templates, i.e., Basic Object Focus, Contextual Scene, Educational Layout, Multi-Level Detail, and Grid Layout, each following distinct spatial arrangements while adhering to accessibility constraints such as object count limits, spatial separation, and content restrictions. Using 400 sentence-level TS pairs from four established text simplification datasets (OneStopEnglish, SimPA, Wikipedia, ASSET), we conducted a two-phase evaluation: Phase 1 assessed template effectiveness with CLIP similarity scores, and Phase 2 involved expert annotation of generated images across ten visual styles by four accessibility specialists. Results show that the Basic Object Focus template achieved the highest semantic alignment, indicating that visual minimalism enhances accessibility. Expert evaluation further identified Retro style as the most accessible and Wikipedia as the most effective text source. Inter-annotator agreement varied across dimensions, with Text Simplicity showing strong reliability and Image Quality proving more subjective. Overall, our framework offers practical guidelines for accessible content creation and underscores the importance of structured prompting in AI-generated visual accessibility tools.

Template-Based Text-to-Image Alignment for Language Accessibility: A Study on Visualizing Text Simplifications

Automatic readability assessment plays a key role in ensuring effective communication between humans and language models. Despite significant progress, the field is hindered by inconsistent definitions of readability and measurements that rely on surface-level text properties. In this work, we investigate the factors shaping human perceptions of readability through the analysis of 1.2k judgments, finding that, beyond surface-level cues, information content and topic strongly shape text comprehensibility. Furthermore, we evaluate 15 popular readability metrics across 5 datasets, contrasting them with 5 more nuanced, model-based metrics. Our results show that four model-based metrics consistently place among the top 4 in rank correlations with human judgments, while the best performing traditional metric achieves an average rank of 7.8. These findings highlight a mismatch between current readability metrics and human perceptions, pointing to model-based approaches as a more promising direction.

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