China

Figurative language and figures of speech, such as metaphors and hyperboles, are used every day in written and oral communication among human beings. Nonetheless, this imaginative use of words in a non literal way requires a solid understanding of semantics and a deep real-world knowledge. In the longstanding debate about whether Neural Language Models (NLMs) really have a full understanding of text, analysing how they can recognise figurative language can provide some intuition of their functioning, their capabilities and their limits. Therefore, in this paper, we exploit probing tasks to study how several NLMs of different sizes recognise four different figures of speech: hyperboles, metaphors, oxymorons and pleonasms. We analyse whether this information is learned and how it is acquired during the training of the model, describing its learning trajectory. Moreover, we analyse which layers have a better comprehension of figurative language and the influence of pre-training data.

EMNLP 2025

Learning Trajectories of Figurative Language for Pre-Trained Language Models

knowledge discovering

probing

[![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/81a3c0317d24f663b49b996875024d45.png)](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/2022.coling-1/)



### THE CONFERENCE WE KNOW AND WE WANT.
**COLING**, the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, is one of the premier conferences for the natural language processing and computational linguistics.

First established in 1965, the biennial COLING conference is held in diverse parts of the globe and attracts participants from both top-ranked research centers and emerging countries. Today, the most important developments in our field are taking place not only in universities and academic research institutes but also in industrial research departments including tech-startups. COLING provides opportunities for all these communities to showcase their exciting discovery.

In fall of 2022, COLING will be held in Gyeongju in a hybrid format. All participants can either present at the venue site or join virtually. As more people get vaccinated, we are happy to provide safer environments for our colleagues. We believe that COLING 2022 will be one of the conferences, free from the pandemic. The hybrid format gives presenters and sponsors a valuable opportunity to promote their companies in both an online and in-person venue. For the first time in a long time, customers can interact with their sponsor's products first-hand. The online venue, too, gives sponsors the chance to network with those unable to attend the in-person session.

The hybrid format ultimately lends itself to greater exposure for our sponsors: COLING2022 will let you reach more potential partners and customers than ever before!

To gain access to this event page you are required to register. Find more information and pay the registration fee on event the organizer’s website **[https://coling2022.org/reg](https://coling2022.org/reg)**

COLING 2022

COLING, the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, is one of the premier conferences for the natural language processing and computational linguistics.

poster

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community." 

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

Large language models (LLMs) have delivered significant breakthroughs across diverse domains but can still produce unreliable or misleading outputs, posing critical challenges for real-world applications. While many recent studies focus on quantifying model uncertainty, relatively little work has been devoted to \textit{diagnosing the source of uncertainty}. In this study, we show that, when an LLM is uncertain, the patterns of disagreement among its multiple generated responses contain rich clues about the underlying cause of uncertainty. To illustrate this point, we collect multiple responses from a target LLM and employ an auxiliary LLM to analyze their patterns of disagreement. The auxiliary model is tasked to reason about the likely source of uncertainty, such as whether it stems from ambiguity in the input question, a lack of relevant knowledge, or both. In cases involving knowledge gaps, the auxiliary model also identifies the specific missing facts or concepts contributing to the uncertainty. In our experiment, we validate our framework on AmbigQA, OpenBookQA, and MMLU-Pro, confirming its generality in diagnosing distinct uncertainty sources. Such diagnosis shows the potential for relevant manual interventions that improve LLM performance and reliability.

Can Multiple Responses from an LLM Reveal the Sources of Its Uncertainty?

In our era of widespread false information, human fact-checkers often face the challenge of duplicating efforts when verifying claims that may have already been addressed in other countries or languages. As false information transcends linguistic boundaries, the ability to automatically detect previously fact-checked claims across languages has become an increasingly important task. This paper presents the first comprehensive evaluation of large language models (LLMs) for multilingual previously fact-checked claim detection. We assess seven LLMs across 20 languages in both monolingual and cross-lingual settings. Our results show that while LLMs perform well for high-resource languages, they struggle with low-resource languages. Moreover, translating original texts into English proved to be beneficial for low-resource languages. These findings highlight the potential of LLMs for multilingual previously fact-checked claim detection and provide a foundation for further research on this promising application of LLMs.

Large Language Models for Multilingual Previously Fact-Checked Claim Detection

Code-switching presents a complex challenge for syntactic analysis, especially in low-resource language settings where annotated data is scarce. While recent work has explored the use of large language models (LLMs) for sequence-level tagging, few approaches systematically investigate how well these models capture syntactic structure in code-switched contexts. Moreover, existing parsers trained on monolingual treebanks often fail to generalize to multilingual and mixed-language input. To address this gap, we introduce the BiLingua Pipeline, an LLM-based annotation pipeline designed to produce Universal Dependencies (UD) annotations for code-switched text. First, we develop a prompt-based framework for Spanish-English and Spanish-Guaraní data, combining few-shot LLM prompting with expert review. Second, we release two annotated datasets, including the first Spanish-Guaraní UD-parsed corpus. Third, we conduct a detailed syntactic analysis of switch points across language pairs and communicative contexts. Experimental results show that BiLingua Pipeline achieves up to 95.29% LAS after expert revision, significantly outperforming prior baselines and multilingual parsers. These results show that LLMs, when carefully guided, can serve as practical tools for bootstrapping syntactic resources in under-resourced, code-switched environments.

Parsing the Switch: LLM-Based UD Annotation for Complex Code-Switched and Low-Resource Languages

Food safety demands timely detection, regulation, and public communication, yet the lack of structured datasets hinders NLP research. We present a new dataset of food safety documents with both human-written and LLM-generated summaries, plus metadata. We evaluate its utility on multilabel classification, document retrieval, and question answering via retrieval-augmented generation, showing that LLM summaries perform comparably or better than human ones. Clustering of summaries reveals potential for event tracking and compliance monitoring. This work supports AI-driven food safety applications in risk detection, policy enforcement, and public health.

FoodSafeSum: Enabling Natural Language Processing Applications for Food Safety Document Summarization and Analysis

As organizations increasingly rely on AI systems for decision support in sustainability contexts, it becomes critical to understand the inherent biases and perspectives embedded in Large Language Models (LLMs). This study systematically investigates how five state-of-the-art LLMs -- Claude, DeepSeek, GPT, LLaMA, and Mistral -- conceptualize sustainability and its relationship with AI. We administered validated, psychometric sustainability-related questionnaires -- each 100 times per model -- to capture response patterns and variability. Our findings revealed significant inter-model differences: For example, GPT exhibited skepticism about the compatibility of AI and sustainability, whereas LLaMA demonstrated extreme techno-optimism with perfect scores for several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Models also diverged in attributing institutional responsibility for AI and sustainability integration, a results that holds implications for technology governance approaches. Our results demonstrate that model selection could substantially influence organizational sustainability strategies, highlighting the need for awareness of model-specific biases when deploying LLMs for sustainability-related decision-making.

Choosing a Model, Shaping a Future: Comparing LLM Perspectives on Sustainability and its Relationship with AI

Vision-language models like CLIP demonstrate exceptional generalization capabilities but face significant adaptation challenges due to parameter scale, prompt sensitivity, and cross-modal alignment difficulties. Existing approaches primarily focus on single-modality adjustments, leading to suboptimal alignment and limited generalization. We introduce MAFMO, a plug-and-play framework comprising: (1) a Harmonic Cross-Modal Adapter enabling efficient cross-modal knowledge transfer; (2) a Meta-Template Optimization module dynamically generating input-dependent templates; and (3) a Cross-Modal Knowledge Synthesis mechanism preserving critical structural relationships during adaptation. Extensive experiments across multiple fine-grained visual recognition benchmarks demonstrate MAFMO consistently improves existing methods' performance on both novel classes and harmonic mean, while maintaining robustness under various challenging conditions with minimal computational overhead.

MAFMO: Multi-modal Adaptive Fusion with Meta-template Optimization for Vision-Language Models

This paper defines and explores the design space for information extraction (IE) from layout-rich documents using large language models (LLMs). The three core challenges of layout-aware IE with LLMs are 1) data structuring, 2) model engagement, and 3) output refinement. Our study investigates the sub-problems within these core challenges, such as input representation, chunking, prompting, selection of LLMs, and multimodal models. It examines the effect of different design choices through a new layout-aware IE test suite, benchmarking against traditional, fine-tuned IE models. Our results on two datasets show that our one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method achieves near-optimal results. It is only 0.8--1.8 points lower than the best full factorial exploration with a fraction ~2.8 of the required computation. Compared to a baseline configuration, it gains 13.3--37.5 points. We demonstrate that, if well-configured, general-purpose LLMs match the performance of specialized models, providing a cost-effective, label-free alternative.

Problem Solved? Information Extraction Design Space for Layout-Rich Documents using LLMs

Large Language Models (LLMs) are pivotal in enabling intelligent experiences across various applications, from summarization to advanced content organization and retrieval functionalities. However, deploying LLMs for diverse tasks is fundamentally constrained by memory and compute limitations, making it impractical to fine-tune separate models for each task. Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods like Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) offer a scalable solution for multi-task LLM deployment. Despite its potential, LoRA faces challenges in selecting optimal ranks and layers for each task-model pair, often resulting in inefficiencies and unnecessary parameters. We introduce **Norm A**daptive **L**ocalized (**NormAL**) **LoRA**, a novel variant that employs rank-norm regularization to dynamically determine the optimal rank for each weight matrix, ensuring adaptation is concentrated where it is most impactful. Our approach **reduces adapter parameters by 37%** while preserving full fine-tuning performance, making NormAL LoRA a transformative tool for enabling efficient, scalable, and space-constrained AI deployments across diverse industries and applications.

NormAL LoRA: What is the perfect size?

In this paper, we propose a unified approach to model calibration for emotion detection that exploits the complementary strengths of knowledge distillation and the MixUp data augmentation technique to enhance the trustworthiness of emotion detection models. Specifically, we use a MixUp method informed by training dynamics that generates augmented data by interpolating easy-to-learn with ambiguous samples based on their similarity and dissimilarity provided by saliency maps. We use this MixUp method to calibrate the teacher model in the first generation of the knowledge distillation process. To further calibrate the teacher models in each generation, we employ dynamic temperature scaling to update the temperature used for scaling the teacher predictions. We find that calibrating the teachers with our method also improves the calibration of the student models. We test our proposed method both in-distribution (ID) and out-of-distribution (OOD). To obtain better OOD performance, we further fine-tune our models with a simple MixUp method that interpolates a small number of OOD samples with ambiguous ID samples.

Model Calibration for Emotion Detection

Multimodal retrieval models, such as Open-CLIP, rely on aligned textual and visual representations, yet their robustness to lexical variations remains underexplored, especially in low-resource languages. In this study, we introduce three methods for generating synonym substitutions in Ukrainian: a dictionary-based approach, a large language model (LLM)-generated approach, and a hybrid method combining both. We further demonstrate that fine-tuning Open-CLIP with synonym-augmented data improves retrieval robustness, leading to a 7% increase in HIT@5. Our findings provide insights into synonym substitution techniques for low-resource languages and offer a pathway to enhancing the robustness of multimodal models in diverse linguistic settings.

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