China

This study investigates the validity and reliability of reasoning models, specifically OpenAI&#39;s o3-mini and o4-mini, in automated essay scoring (AES) tasks. We evaluated these models&#39; performance on the TOEFL11 dataset by measuring agreement with expert ratings (validity) and consistency in repeated evaluations (reliability). Our findings reveal two key results: (1) the validity of reasoning models o3-mini and o4-mini is significantly lower than that of a non-reasoning model GPT-4o mini, and (2) the reliability of reasoning models cannot be considered high, with Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) of approximately 0.7 compared to GPT-4o mini&#39;s 0.95. These results demonstrate that reasoning models, despite their excellent performance on many benchmarks, do not necessarily perform well on specific tasks such as AES. Additionally, we found that few-shot prompting significantly improves performance for reasoning models, while Chain of Thought (CoT) has less impact.

EMNLP 2025

Are the Reasoning Models Good at Automated Essay Scoring?

reasoning models

automated essay scoring

large language models

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-23 is the Thirty-Seventh AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. The theme of this conference is to create collaborative bridges within and beyond AI. Like previous AAAI conferences, AAAI-23 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and two new activities: a Bridge Program and a Lab Program. Many of these activities are tailored to the theme of bridges and all are selected according to the highest standards, with additional programs for students and young researchers. 
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In order to access this site, you need to register. If you haven't already, please register [here](https://aaai.org/Conferences/AAAI-23/registration/).


AAAI 2023

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines.

This study investigates the validity and reliability of reasoning models, specifically OpenAI's o3-mini and o4-mini, in automated essay scoring (AES) tasks. We evaluated these models' performance on the TOEFL11 dataset by measuring agreement with expert ratings (validity) and consistency in repeated evaluations (reliability). Our findings reveal two key results: (1) the validity of reasoning models o3-mini and o4-mini is significantly lower than that of a non-reasoning model GPT-4o mini, and (2) the reliability of reasoning models cannot be considered high, with Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) of approximately 0.7 compared to GPT-4o mini's 0.95. These results demonstrate that reasoning models, despite their excellent performance on many benchmarks, do not necessarily perform well on specific tasks such as AES. Additionally, we found that few-shot prompting significantly improves performance for reasoning models, while Chain of Thought (CoT) has less impact.

poster

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community." 

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

Retrieval-augmented generation improves the factual accuracy of Large Language Models (LLMs) by incorporating external context, but often suffers from irrelevant retrieved content that hinders effectiveness. Context compression addresses this issue by filtering out irrelevant information from context before LLM generation. However, existing methods struggle to adaptively adjust compression rates for different context, maintain low latency and integrate information across multiple documents. To overcome these limitations, We introduce AttnComp, an adaptive, efficient and context-aware compression framework. By leveraging the attention mechanism of LLMs to identify relevant information, AttnComp employs a Top-P compression algorithm to retain the minimal set of documents whose cumulative attention weights exceeds a predefined threshold. In addition to compression, AttnComp estimates response confidence by assessing the overall relevance of the retrieved content, enabling users to gauge response reliability. Experiments demonstrate that AttnComp outperforms existing compression methods and uncompressed baselines, achieving higher accuracy with substantial compression rates and lower latency.

AttnComp: Attention-Guided Adaptive Context Compression for Retrieval-Augmented Generation

Large Vision–Language Models (LVLMs) have garnered substantial interest owing to their impressive ability to interpret visual inputs and converse with users.Nevertheless, LVLMs still suffer from object hallucination – generating descriptions for objects that are absent from the image, which undermines reliability and hinders real-world deployment. We propose DAPE-BR, a positional-alignment scheme that (i) preserves the pretrained weight order while globally---- visual–text distances, (ii) embeds an isotropic fused patch-distance metric, and (iii) applies a patch-distance causal mask to enforce spatial causality. Extensive experiments on POPE, MMStar and SQA show that DAPE-BR consistently reduces hallucinations and boosts.

DAPE-BR: Distance-Aware Positional Encoding for Mitigating Object Hallucination in LVLMs

News writing empowered by large language models (LLMs) has emerged as a prevalent trend due to their efficiency and scalability. This paradigm necessitates dynamic information acquisition, knowledge structuring, and precise viewpoint articulation. However, current approaches often rely on superficially retrieved information and oversimplified knowledge enumeration, resulting in shallow, repetitive, and unordered outputs. Additionally, the lack of controllability over narrative viewpoints fails to align with user-defined preferences (e.g., stance or tone). To address these limitations, we propose an LLM-based multi-agent controllable news writing framework termed CtrlNews. The framework simulates expert questioning through automated role assignment and question generation followed by a three-layer hierarchical gravitational graph iteratively refined via expansion-reflection cycles. Beside, we elaborate a fine-grained viewpoint control mechanism to precisely regulate bias, emotion, and exaggeration attributes. When composing long-from news articles, the controlled viewpoints are extended via emotion-preserving composition and self-reflection refinement to ensure the consistency of viewpoint control and prevent the dilution of the control effect. Experiments on quality and control effect evaluation, news dissemination effect assessment, and human evaluation demonstrate significant the improvements across multiple metrics compared to existing methods.

CtrlNews: LLM-based Multi-Agent Controllable News Writing via Knowledge Gravitational Field

Prior benchmarks for evaluating the domain-specific knowledge of large language models (LLMs) lack the scalability to handle complex academic tasks. To address this, we introduce ScholarBench, a benchmark centered on deep expert knowledge and complex academic problem-solving, which evaluates the academic reasoning ability of LLMs and is constructed through a three-step process. ScholarBench targets more specialized and logically complex contexts derived from academic literature, encompassing five distinct problem types. Unlike prior benchmarks, ScholarBench evaluates the abstraction, comprehension, and reasoning capabilities of LLMs across eight distinct research domains. To ensure high-quality evaluation data, we define category-specific example attributes and design questions that are aligned with the characteristic research methodologies and discourse structures of each domain. Additionally, this benchmark operates as an English-Korean bilingual dataset, facilitating simultaneous evaluation for linguistic capabilities of LLMs in both languages. The benchmark comprises 5,031 examples in Korean and 5,309 in English, with even state-of-the-art models like o3-mini achieving an average evaluation score of only 0.543, demonstrating the challenging nature of this benchmark.

ScholarBench: A Bilingual Benchmark for Abstraction, Comprehension, and Reasoning Evaluation in Academic Contexts

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance across diverse natural language processing tasks. However, as the model size and the input sequence's length increase, the linearly increasing key-value (KV) cache significantly degrades inference throughput. Therefore, grouped-query attention (GQA), as an alternative to multi-head attention (MHA), has been widely introduced into LLMs. In this work, we propose a cost-effective method for converting MHA into GQA with any compression ratio of KV heads. The key point of our method lies in the application of Procrustes analysis to the attention heads, which enhances the similarity among attention heads while preserving computational invariance, thereby improving the model's post-training performance. Subsequently, we employ L₀ regularization to prune redundant parameters. The model after pruning can be adapted to the standard GQA framework. Experimental results show that our strategy can compress up to 87.5\% KV heads of LLaMA2-7B model and 75\% KV heads of Sheared-LLaMA-1.3B with acceptable performance degradation. Our code is released at https://github.com/fpcsong/mha2gqa.

Align Attention Heads Before Merging Them: An Effective Way for Converting MHA to GQA

The widespread use of cloud-based Large Language Models (LLMs) has heightened concerns over user privacy, as sensitive information may be inadvertently exposed during interactions with these services. To protect privacy before sending sensitive data to those models, we suggest sanitizing sensitive text using two common strategies used by humans: i) deleting sensitive expressions, and ii) obscuring sensitive details by abstracting them. To explore the issues and develop a tool for text rewriting, we curate the first corpus, coined \ourBenchmark, through both crowdsourcing and the use of large language models (LLMs). Compared to the prior works based on differential privacy, which lead to a sharp drop in information utility and unnatural texts, the human-inspired approaches result in more natural rewrites and offer an improved balance between privacy protection and data utility, as demonstrated by our extensive experiments.

NAP^2: A Benchmark for Naturalness and Privacy-Preserving Text Rewriting by Learning from Human

Research ideation is crucial for scientific progress, but the exponential increase in scientific literature makes it challenging to stay updated and identify impactful directions. Recent developments in large language models(LLMs) offer a promising avenue to automate this process. However, existing methods for idea generation either trivially prompt LLMs or expose LLMs to extensive literature without indicating useful information. Inspired by human research processes, we propose a Chain-of-Ideas~(CoI) agent, an LLM-based agent that organizes relevant literature in a chain structure to effectively mirror the progressive development in a research domain. This organization helps LLMs better grasp current advancements, thereby improving ideation capabilities. Further, we present Idea Arena, a protocol for evaluating idea-generation methods from different perspectives, which aligns closely with the preferences of human researchers. Experiments show that CoI agent consistently outperforms existing methods and matches human quality in idea generation. Moreover, CoI agent is budget-friendly, requiring only $0.50 to generate a candidate idea and its experimental design.

Chain of Ideas: Revolutionizing Research Via Novel Idea Development with LLM Agents

Understanding event relationships is critical for tasks such as narrative comprehension, information extraction, and reasoning in natural language processing. Despite the remarkable advancements of large language models (LLMs) across diverse NLP tasks, current studies have not systematically evaluated their ability to capture the complex of event relations. To this end, we aim to assess LLMs on event relationship extraction (ERE) by designing the benchmark EventRelBench. EventRelBench comprises 35K diverse event relation questions covering four key categories—coreference, temporal, causal, and supersub relations. These questions are provided at two levels of granularity: document‐level and sentence‐level. Extensive experiments on different sizes and types of LLMs show that existing LLMs still fall short in accurately extracting and understanding event relationships. To address this gap, we introduce EventRelInst, a 48K instruction fine‑tuning dataset in the event relation extraction domain. Experimental results not only highlight the shortcomings of current general-purpose LLMs in extracting event relationships but also demonstrate the effectiveness of EventRelInst. Both EventRelBench and EventRelBench will be publicly available.

EventRelBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Event Relation Understanding in Large Language Models

The performance of pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) is often sensitive to nuances in prompt templates, requiring careful prompt engineering, adding costs in terms of computing and human effort. In this study, we present experiments encompassing multiple LLMs variants of varying sizes aimed at probing their preference with different prompts. Through experiments on Question Answering, we show prompt preference consistency across LLMs of different sizes. We also show that this consistency extends to other tasks, such as Natural Language Inference. Utilizing this consistency, we propose a method to use a smaller model to select effective prompt templates for a larger model. We show that our method substantially reduces the cost of prompt engineering while consistently matching performance with optimal prompts among candidates. More importantly, our experiment shows the efficacy of our strategy across fourteen LLMs and its applicability to a broad range of NLP tasks, highlighting its robustness.

S2LPP: Small-to-Large Prompt Prediction across LLMs

Medical domain automated text generation is an active area of research and development; however, evaluating the clinical quality of generated reports remains a challenge, especially in instances where domain-specific metrics are lacking, e.g. histopathology. We propose HARE (Histopathology Automated Report Evaluation), a novel entity and relation centric framework, composed of a benchmark dataset, a named entity recognition (NER) model, a relation extraction (RE) model, and a novel metric, which prioritizes clinically relevant content by aligning critical histopathology entities and relations between reference and generated reports. To develop the HARE benchmark, we annotated 854 de-identified diagnostic histopathology reports from a hospital and 652 reports from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) with domain-specific entities and relations. We fine-tuned GatorTronS, a domain-adapted language model to develop HARE-NER and HARE-RE which achieved the highest NER F1-score (0.865) and highest RE F1-score (0.988) among the tested models. The proposed HARE metric outperformed traditional metrics including ROUGE and Meteor, as well as radiology metrics such as RadGraph-XL, with the highest correlation and the best regression to expert evaluations (higher than the second best method, GREEN, a large language model based radiology report evaluator, by Pearson r = 0.212, Spearman ρ = 0.189, Kendall τ = 0.151, R² = 0.23, RMSE = 0.024). We will release HARE, datasets, and the models to foster advancements in histopathology report generation, providing a robust framework for improving the quality of reports.

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