China

Prevalent text-to-video retrieval systems mainly adopt the embedding models for the feature extraction and compute cosine similarities for ranking. However, this design presents two limitations. Low-quality text-video data pairs could compromise the retrieval, yet are hard to identify and examine. Cosine similarity alone provides no explanation for the ranking results, limiting the interpretability. We ask that can we interpret the ranking results, so as to assess the retrieval models and examine the text-video data? This work proposes X-CoT, an explainable retrieval framework upon LLM CoT reasoning in place of the embedding model-based similarity ranking. We first expand the existing benchmarks with additional video annotations to support semantic understanding and reduce data bias. We also devise a retrieval CoT consisting of pairwise comparison steps, yielding detailed reasoning and complete ranking. X-CoT empirically improves the retrieval performance and produces detailed rationales. It also facilitates analysis of the model behavior and the data quality. Code and data will be released.

EMNLP 2025

X-CoT: Explainable Text-to-Video Retrieval via LLM-based Chain-of-Thought Reasoning

chain-of-thought reasoning

text-to-video retrieval

explainability

large language models

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community."<br>

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*





<br>

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

poster

Recent advances in test-time scaling have led to the emergence of thinking LLMs that exhibit self-reflective behaviors and multi-step reasoning. While RL drives this self-improvement paradigm, recent studies show that solely RL does not truly instill these new reasoning abilities - it merely draws out behaviors already present in the base models. This raises a question: How can we train the models that don't exhibit such thinking behavior to develop it in the first place? To this end, we propose ThinkTuning, a GRPO-based interactive training approach where we augment the rollouts of a student model with the guidance from a teacher model. A simple idea from classroom practice inspires our method: a teacher poses a problem, lets the student try an answer, then gives corrective feedback--enough to point the mind in the right direction and then show the solution. Each feedback reshapes the student's thoughts, leading them to arrive at the correct solution. Similarly, we find that this type of implicit supervision through feedback from a teacher model of the same size improves the reasoning capabilities of the student model. Particularly, on average, our method shows 3.69% improvement over zero-shot baselines across benchmarks, and on MATH-500 and GPQA-Diamond, it shows 2.08% and 3.99% improvement over the vanilla-GRPO baseline.

ThinkTuning: Instilling Cognitive Reflections without Distillation

As large language models are increasingly deployed in sensitive domains such as healthcare, ensuring their outputs reflect the diverse values and perspectives held across populations is critical. However, existing alignment approaches, including pluralistic paradigms like Modular Pluralism, often fall short in the health domain, where personal, cultural, and situational factors shape pluralism. Motivated by the aforementioned healthcare challenges, we propose a first lightweight, generalizable, pluralistic alignment approach, ETHOSAGENTS, designed to simulate diverse perspectives and values. We empirically show that it advances the pluralistic alignment for all three modes across seven varying-sized open and closed models. Our findings reveal that health-related pluralism demands adaptable and normatively aware approaches, offering insights into how these models can better respect diversity in other high-stakes domains.

Pluralistic Alignment for Healthcare: A Role-Driven Framework

Automated data visualization plays a crucial role in simplifying data interpretation, enhancing decision-making, and improving efficiency. While large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in generating visualizations from natural language, the absence of comprehensive benchmarks limits the rigorous evaluation of their capabilities. We introduce Text2Vis, a benchmark designed to assess text-to-visualization models, covering 20+ chart types and diverse data science queries, including trend analysis, correlation, outlier detection, and predictive analytics. It comprises 1,985 samples, each with a data table, natural language query, short answer, visualization code, and annotated charts. The queries involve complex reasoning, conversational turns, and dynamic data retrieval. We benchmark 11 open-source and closed-source models, revealing significant performance gaps, highlighting key challenges, and offering insights for future advancements. To close this gap, we propose the first cross-modal actor-critic agentic framework that jointly refines the textual answer and visualization code, increasing GPT-4o’s pass rate from 26% to 42% over the direct approach and improving chart quality. We also introduce an automated LLM-based evaluation framework that enables scalable assessment across thousands of samples without human annotation, measuring answer correctness, code execution success, visualization readability, and chart accuracy. We release Text2Vis at <redacted>.

Text2Vis: A Challenging and Diverse Benchmark for Generating Multimodal Visualizations from Text

Reasoning has long been viewed as an emergent property of large language models (LLMs). However, recent studies challenge this assumption, showing that small language models (SLMs) can also achieve competitive reasoning performance. This paper introduces textbfThinkSLM, the first extensive benchmark to systematically evaluate and study the reasoning abilities of SLMs trained from scratch or derived from LLMs through quantization, pruning, and distillation. We first establish a reliable evaluation criterion comparing available methods and LLM judges against our human evaluations. Then we present a study evaluating textbf72 diverse SLMs from textbfsix major model families across textbf17 reasoning benchmarks. We repeat all our experiments textbfthree times to ensure a robust assessment. Our findings show that: textbftextit1) reasoning ability in SLMs is strongly influenced by training methods and data quality rather than solely model scale; textbftextit2) quantization preserves reasoning capability, while pruning significantly disrupts it;textbftextit 3) larger models consistently exhibit higher robustness against adversarial perturbations and intermediate reasoning, but certain smaller models closely match or exceed the larger models' performance. Our findings challenge the assumption that scaling is the only way to achieve strong reasoning. Instead, we foresee a future where SLMs with strong reasoning capabilities can be developed through structured training or post-training compression.

ThinkSLM: Towards Reasoning in Small Language Models

While LLMs are widely used for generic tasks like question answering and search, they struggle to adapt to specialized knowledge, such as industrial workflows in healthcare, legal, and agricultural sectors, as well as knowledge-driven tasks such as news journalism, investigative research, and consulting without expensive fine-tuning or sub-optimal retrieval methods. Existing retrieval-augmented models, such as RAG, offer improvements but fail to account for structured domain knowledge, leading to suboptimal context generation. Ontologies, which conceptually organize domain knowledge by defining entities and their interrelationships, offer a structured representation to address this gap. This paper presents OG-RAG, an Ontology-Grounded Retrieval Augmented Generation method designed to enhance LLM-generated responses by anchoring retrieval processes in domain-specific ontologies. OG-RAG constructs a hypergraph representation of domain documents, where each hyperedge encapsulates clusters of factual knowledge grounded using domain-specific ontology and retrieves a minimal set of hyperedges for a given query using an optimization algorithm. Our evaluations demonstrate that OG-RAG increases the recall of accurate facts by 55% and improves response correctness by 40% across four different LLMs. Additionally, OG-RAG enables 30% faster attribution of responses to context and boosts fact-based reasoning accuracy by 27% compared to baseline methods. We release the code at [https://anonymous.4open.science/r/ograg-E7A8](https://anonymous.4open.science/r/ograg-E7A8).

OG-RAG: Ontology-grounded retrieval-augmented generation for large language models

Studying the responses of large language models (LLMs) to loopholes presents a two-fold opportunity. First, it affords us a lens through which to study ambiguity and pragmatics in LLMs, since exploiting a loophole requires identifying ambiguity and performing sophisticated pragmatic reasoning. Second, loopholes pose an interesting and novel alignment problem where the model is presented with conflicting goals and can exploit loopholes to its own advantage. To address these questions, we design scenarios where LLMs are given a goal and an ambiguous user instruction in conflict with the goal, covering scalar implicature, structural ambiguities, and human-written stories. We then measure different models’ abilities to exploit loopholes to satisfy their given goals as opposed to the goals of the user. We find that both closed-source and stronger open-sourced models are often able to identify ambiguities and exploit their resulting loopholes, presenting a potential alignment risk. Our analysis indicates that models that exploit loopholes explicitly identify and reason about both ambiguity and conflicting goals. We release our code and data.

Language Models Identify Ambiguities and Exploit Loopholes

Semantic Overlap Summarization (SOS) is a constrained multi-document summarization task, where the constraint is to capture the common/overlapping information between two alternative narratives. In this work we conduct an evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) on the SOS task and introduce introduce the PrivacyPolicyPairs (3P) dataset with the intentions of expanding the space of SOS data in terms of both quantity and variety. With this dataset we provide 135 high quality SOS data samples sourced from privacy policy documents, an alternate domain of text from the original SOS dataset. We then use the TELeR taxonomy to create and evaluate 905,216 LLM generated summaries over our SOS datasets of different domains and we further conduct human evaluation on a subset of 540 samples. We conclude the paper by analyzing model performance and the reliability of automatic evaluation. The code and datasets used to conduct this study are available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/llm_eval-E16D

Benchmarking LLMs on Semantic Overlap Summarization

Diverse language model responses are crucial for creative generation, open-ended tasks, and self-improvement training. We show that common diversity metrics, and even reward models used for preference optimization, systematically bias models toward shorter outputs, limiting expressiveness. To address this, we introduce Diverse, not Short (Diverse-NS), a length-controlled data selection strategy that improves response diversity while maintaining length parity. By generating and filtering preference data that balances diversity, quality, and length, Diverse-NS enables effective training using only 3,000 preference pairs. Applied to LLaMA-3.1-8B and the Olmo-2 family, Diverse-NS substantially enhances lexical and semantic diversity. We show consistent improvement in diversity with minor reduction or gains in response quality on four creative generation tasks: Divergent Associations, Persona Generation, Alternate Uses, and Creative Writing. Surprisingly, experiments with the Olmo-2 model family (7B, and 13B) show that smaller models like Olmo-2-7B can serve as effective “diversity teachers” for larger models. By explicitly addressing length bias, our method efficiently pushes models toward more diverse and expressive outputs.

Diverse, not Short: A Length-Controlled Data Selection Strategy for Improving Response Diversity of Language Models

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated an impressive ability to retrieve and summarize complex information, but their reliability under conflicting contexts remains poorly understood. We introduce an adversarial extension of the Needle-in-a-Haystack framework where three mutually exclusive “needles” are embedded into long documents. By systematically manipulating factors such as position, repetition, layout, and domain relevance, we evaluate how LLMs handle contradictions. We find that models almost always fail to signal uncertainty and instead confidently select a single alternative, exhibiting strong and consistent biases toward repetition, recency, and specific surface form. We further analyze if these patterns are shared within a model family and size, as well as perform both probability-based and generation-based retrieval. Our framework highlights critical limitations in current LLMs’ robustness to contradiction, revealing potential shortcomings in RAG systems' ability to handle noisy or manipulated inputs, and pose challenges for deployment in high-stakes applications.

Conflicting Needles in a Haystack: How LLMs behave when faced with contradictory information

Whitespace is a critical component of poetic form, reflecting both adherence to standardized forms and rebellion against those forms. Each poem's whitespace distribution reflects the artistic choices of the poet and is an integral semantic and spatial feature of the poem. Yet, despite the popularity of poetry as both a long-standing art form and as a generation task for large language models (LLMs), whitespace has not received sufficient attention from the NLP community. Using a corpus of 19k English-language published poems from Poetry Foundation, we investigate how 4k poets have used whitespace in their works. We release a subset of 2.8k public-domain poems with preserved formatting to facilitate further research in this area. We compare whitespace usage in the published poems to (1) 48k LLM-generated poems, and (2) 12k unpublished poems posted in an online community, r/OCPoetry. We also explore whitespace usage across time periods, poetic forms, and data sources. Additionally, we find that different text processing methods can result in significantly different representations of whitespace in poetry data, motivating us to use these poems and whitespace patterns to discuss implications for the scraping, processing, and tokenizing strategies used to assemble pretraining datasets for LLMs.

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Next from EMNLP 2025

ThinkTuning: Instilling Cognitive Reflections without Distillation

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