China

Idioms have long posed a challenge due to their unique linguistic properties, which set them apart from other common expressions. While recent studies have leveraged large language models (LLMs) to handle idioms across various tasks, e.g., idiom-containing sentence generation and idiomatic machine translation, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of idiom processing in LLMs, particularly in multilingual settings. To this end, we introduce MIDAS, a new large-scale dataset of idioms in six languages, each paired with its corresponding meaning. Leveraging this resource, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of LLMs’ idiom processing ability, identifying key factors that influence their performance. Our findings suggest that LLMs rely not only on memorization, but also adopt a hybrid approach that integrates contextual cues and reasoning, especially when processing compositional idioms. This implies that idiom understanding in LLMs emerges from an interplay between internal knowledge retrieval and reasoning-based inference.

EMNLP 2025

Memorization or Reasoning? Exploring the Idiom Understanding of LLMs

idioms

model evaluation

dataset

We are pleased to announce the Thirty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-25), which will be held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at the Pennsylvania Convention Center from February 25 to March 4, 2025.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-25 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.

### [Invited Speakers](https://aaai.org/conference/aaai/aaai-25/aaai-25-invited-speakers/)

Register [here](https://aaai.org/conference/aaai/aaai-25/registration/)

AAAI 2025

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-25 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.



poster

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community." 

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

This paper addresses the important yet underexplored task of multi-class sentiment analysis (MCSA), which remains challenging due to subtle semantic differences between adjacent sentiment categories and the scarcity of high-quality annotated data. To tackle these challenges, RD-MCSA (Rationales and Demonstrations-based Multi-Class Sentiment Analysis) is proposed as an In-Context Learning (ICL) framework designed to improve MCSA performance under limited supervision by integrating classification rationales and adaptively selected demonstrations. First, semantically grounded classification rationales are generated from a representative, class-balanced subset of annotated samples selected using a tailored balanced coreset algorithm. These rationales are then paired with demonstrations selected via a similarity-based mechanism powered by a multi-kernel Gaussian process (MK-GP), enabling large language models (LLMs) to better capture fine-grained sentiment distinctions. Experiments on five benchmark sentiment datasets show that RD-MCSA consistently outperforms both supervised baselines and standard ICL methods across various evaluation metrics.

RD-MCSA: A Multi-Class Sentiment Analysis Approach Integrating In-Context Classification Rationales and Demonstrations

We introduce CREPE (Rapid Chest X-ray Report Evaluation by Predicting Multi-category Error Counts), a rapid, interpretable, and clinically grounded metric for automated chest X-ray report generation. CREPE uses a domain-specific BERT model fine-tuned with a multi-head regression architecture to predict error counts across six clinically meaningful categories. Trained on a large-scale synthetic dataset of 32,000 annotated report pairs, CREPE demonstrates strong generalization and interpretability. On the expert-annotated ReXVal dataset, CREPE achieves a Kendall's tau correlation of 0.786 with radiologist error counts, outperforming traditional and recent metrics. CREPE achieves these results with an inference speed approximately 280 times faster than large language model (LLM)-based approaches, enabling rapid and fine-grained evaluation for scalable development of chest X-ray report generation models.

CREPE: Rapid Chest X-ray Report Evaluation by Predicting Multi-category Error Counts

Large language models often retain unintended content, prompting growing interest in knowledge unlearning. Recent approaches emphasize localized unlearning, which restricts parameter updates to specific regions in an effort to remove target knowledge while preserving unrelated general knowledge. However, their effectiveness remains uncertain due to the lack of robust and thorough evaluation of the trade-off between the competing goals of unlearning. In this paper, we begin by revisiting existing localized unlearning approaches. We then conduct controlled experiments to rigorously evaluate whether local parameter updates causally contribute to unlearning. Our findings reveal that the set of parameters that must be modified for effective unlearning is not strictly determined, challenging the core assumption of localized unlearning that parameter locality is inherently indicative of effective knowledge removal.

Does Localization Inform Unlearning? A Rigorous Examination of Local Parameter Attribution for Knowledge Unlearning in Language Models

Key point extraction is an important task in argument summarization which involves extracting high-level short summaries from arguments. Existing approaches for KP extraction have been mostly evaluated on the popular ArgKP21 dataset. In this paper, we highlight some of the major limitations of the ArgKP21 dataset and demonstrate the need for new benchmarks that are more representative of actual human conversations. Using SoTA large language models (LLMs), we curate a new argument key point extraction dataset called ArgCMV comprising of ∼12K arguments from actual online human debates spread across ∼3K topics. Our dataset exhibits higher complexity such as longer, co-referencing arguments, higher presence of subjective discourse units, and a larger range of topics over ArgKP21. We show that existing methods do not adapt well to ArgCMV and provide extensive benchmark results by experimenting with existing baselines and latest open source models. This work introduces a novel KP extraction dataset for long-context online discussions, setting the stage for the next generation of LLM-driven summarization research.

ArgCMV: An Argument Summarization Benchmark for the LLM-era

Context faithfulness is essential for reliable reasoning in context-dependent scenarios. However, Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle to ground their outputs in the provided context, resulting in irrelevant responses. Inspired by the emergent expert specialization observed in Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures, this work investigates whether certain experts exhibit specialization in context utilization—offering a potential pathway toward targeted optimization for improved context faithfulness. To explore this, we propose Router Lens, a method that accurately identifies context-faithful experts. Our analysis reveals that these experts progressively amplify attention to relevant contextual information, thereby enhancing context grounding. Building on this insight, we introduce Context-faithful Expert Fine-Tuning (CEFT), a lightweight optimization approach that selectively fine-tunes context-faithful experts. Experiments across a wide range of benchmarks and models demonstrate that CEFT matches or surpasses the performance of full fine-tuning while being significantly more efficient\footnote{Our code will be released to facilitate further research.

Understanding and Leveraging the Expert Specialization of Context Faithfulness in Mixture-of-Experts LLMs

Recent efforts leverage knowledge distillation techniques to develop lightweight and practical sentiment analysis models. These methods are grounded in human-written instructions and large-scale user texts. Despite the promising results, two key challenges remain: (1) manually written instructions are limited in diversity and quantity, making them insufficient to ensure comprehensive coverage of distilled knowledge; (2) large-scale user texts incur high computational cost, hindering the practicality of these methods. To this end, we introduce CompEffDist, a comprehensive and efficient distillation framework for sentiment analysis. Our framework consists of two key modules: attribute-based automatic instruction construction and difficulty-based data filtering, which correspondingly tackle the aforementioned challenges. Applying our approach across multiple model series (Llama-3, Qwen-3, and Gemma-3), we enable 3B student models to match the performance of 20x larger teacher models on most tasks. In addition, our approach greatly outperforms baseline methods in data efficiency, attaining the same performance level with only 10% of the data.

Comprehensive and Efficient Distillation for Lightweight Sentiment Analysis Models

This paper explores targeted distillation methods for sentiment analysis, aiming to build compact and practical models that preserve strong and generalizable sentiment analysis capabilities. To this end, we conceptually decouple the distillation target into knowledge and alignment and accordingly propose a two-stage distillation framework. Moreover, we introduce SentiBench, a comprehensive and systematic sentiment analysis benchmark that covers a diverse set of tasks across 12 datasets. We evaluate a wide range of models on this benchmark. Experimental results show that our approach substantially enhances the performance of compact models across diverse sentiment analysis tasks, and the resulting models demonstrate strong generalization to unseen tasks, showcasing robust competitiveness against existing small-scale models.

Targeted Distillation for Sentiment Analysis

Learning high-quality sentence embeddings from Natural Language Inference (NLI) data is often challenged by the tension between discrete labels and the continuous spectrum of semantic similarity, as well as information loss from discarded neutral pairs. To address this, we introduce Rank-Awareness and Angular Optimization Embeddings (RAOE), a framework that leverages the full NLI dataset (Entailment, Neutral, Contradiction) augmented with pre-computed continuous similarity scores (S). RAOE employs a novel composite objective which features: (1) a Rank Margin objective that enforces rank consistency against S using an explicit margin, and (2) a Gated Angular objective that conditionally refines embedding geometry based on NLI label (L) and S score agreement. Extensive evaluations on STS tasks and the MTEB benchmark demonstrate RAOE's effectiveness. Our general-purpose RAOE-S1 model (BERT-base) significantly outperforms strong baselines, achieving an average Spearman's correlation of 85.11 (vs. SimCSE's 81.57 and AnglE's 82.43), and shows consistent improvements on MTEB. Further STS-specialized fine-tuning (RAOE-S2) establishes new state-of-the-art performance on STS (88.17 with BERT-base). These results confirm RAOE's ability to learn robust and nuanced sentence representations through the synergy of rank-awareness and conditional angular constraints. Code is available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/RAOE-2B52.

Rank-Awareness and Angular Constraints: A New Perspective on Learning Sentence Embeddings from NLI Data

Multimodal vision-language models (VLMs) have achieved substantial progress in various tasks that demand combined understanding of visual and textual content, particularly in cultural understanding tasks, with the emergence of new cultural datasets. However, these datasets frequently fall short of providing cultural reasoning while underrepresenting many cultures. In this paper, we introduce the Seeing Culture Benchmark (SCB), focusing on cultural reasoning with a novel approach that requires VLMs to reason on culturally rich images in two stages: i) selecting the correct visual option in a multiple-choice visual question answering (VQA) approach, and ii) segmenting the relevant cultural artifact as evidence of reasoning. Visual options in the first stage are systematically organized into three types: those originating from the same country, those from different countries, or a mixed group. Notably, all options are derived from a singular category for each type. Progression to the second stage occurs only after a correct visual option is chosen. Our benchmark encompasses 1,065 images capturing 138 cultural artifacts across five categories from seven Southeast Asia (SEA) countries, whose diverse cultures are often overlooked. Additionally, the benchmark provides 3,178 questions, of which 1,093 are unique and meticulously curated by human annotators. Our evaluation of various VLMs reveals the complexities involved in cross-modal cultural reasoning and underscores the disparity between visual reasoning and spatial grounding in scenarios that are culturally nuanced. The SCB serves as a crucial benchmark for identifying these shortcomings so as to guide future developments in the field of cultural reasoning.

Seeing Culture: A Benchmark for Visual Reasoning and Grounding

Word sense disambiguation (WSD) is a fundamental yet challenging task in natural language processing. In recent years, the advent of large language models (LLMs) has led to significant advancements in regular WSD tasks. However, most existing LLMs face two major issues that hinder their performance in WSD. Firstly, these models are often prone to misclassifying the correct meaning of an ambiguous word when confronted with contexts containing adversarial information. Secondly, there is a lack of sufficient adversarial WSD datasets, which severely limits the development and evaluation of adversarial WSD systems. To address these gaps, we propose a novel Multi-Agent Debate framework for Adversarial Word Sense Disambiguation (MADAWSD). The MADAWSD framework simulates a real-world debate environment where multiple agent roles — namely, the Debater, Moderator, Consensus-seeker, and Judge — engage in discussions about ambiguous words in the context of adversarial information. Through a collaborative mechanism among these agents, it achieves accurate WSD. Additionally, a novel dataset for Chinese adversarial WSD has been constructed, focusing on improving and evaluating the performance of WSD models in the Chinese language. Extensive experiments on both English and Chinese adversarial WSD datasets demonstrate that MADAWSD can seamlessly integrate with existing LLM models and significantly enhance their performance, showcasing broad generality and outstanding effectiveness.

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Next from EMNLP 2025

RD-MCSA: A Multi-Class Sentiment Analysis Approach Integrating In-Context Classification Rationales and Demonstrations

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