China

Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) has given rise to Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) that externalize multi-step, System 2-style reasoning, achieving state-of-the-art results on complex tasks. However, this explicit reasoning introduces notable computational overhead, while traditional LLMs remain efficient but struggle with tasks demanding deep, stepwise thought. In this work, we systematically study the trade-off between efficiency and robustness inherent in System 1 (intuitive, fast) and System 2 (deliberate, explicit) reasoning in modern language models. Through empirical analysis, we show that enforcing concise reasoning on LRMs improves efficiency but can hinder performance, whereas augmenting LLMs with explicit reasoning traces enhances both confidence and accuracy. Motivated by these insights, we propose a curriculum-based distillation framework that incrementally teaches small models to reason, beginning with concise traces and gradually introducing more complex reasoning. Experiments on challenging mathematical benchmarks demonstrate that our approach enables small models to achieve both strong reasoning ability and inference efficiency. Our findings highlight the importance of dynamic, flexible reasoning strategies and staged learning for building practical, adaptable language models.

EMNLP 2025

Teach Small Models to Reason by Curriculum Distillation

large language model

reasoning

knowledge distillation

### Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

Message from the General Chair: 
*It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025), held in beautiful Vienna, Austria, from July 27 to August 1, 2025. ACL2025continues our field’s tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity, and I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers who have worked tirelessly to bring this event to life.* 
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ACL 2025

Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

poster

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community." 

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

Large Language Models (LLMs) often generate repetitive and monotonous outputs, especially in tasks like story generation, due to limited creative diversity when given the same input prompt. To address this challenge, we propose a novel decoding strategy, ***Avoidance Decoding***, that modifies token logits by penalizing similarity to previously generated outputs, thereby encouraging more diverse multi-branch stories. This penalty adaptively balances two similarity measures: (1) Concept-level Similarity Penalty, which is prioritized in early stages to diversify initial story concepts, and (2) Narrative-level Similarity Penalty, which is increasingly emphasized later to ensure natural yet diverse plot development. Notably, our method achieves up to **2.6** times higher output diversity and reduces repetition by an average of 30% compared to strong baselines, while effectively mitigating text degeneration. Furthermore, we reveal that our method activates a broader range of neurons, demonstrating that it leverages the model's intrinsic creative capacity.

Avoidance Decoding for Diverse Multi-Branch Story Generation

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong reasoning capabilities in complex tasks. However, they still struggle with hallucinations and factual errors in knowledge-intensive scenarios like knowledge graph question answering (KGQA). We attribute this to the semantic gap between structured knowledge graphs (KGs) and unstructured queries, caused by inherent differences in their focuses and structures. Existing methods usually employ resource-intensive, non-scalable workflows reasoning on vanilla KGs, but overlook this gap. To address this challenge, we propose a flexible framework, Enrich-on-Graph (EoG), which leverages LLMs' prior knowledge to enrich KGs, bridge the semantic gap between graphs and queries. EoG enables efficient evidence extraction from KGs for precise and robust reasoning, while ensuring low computational costs, scalability, and adaptability across different methods. Furthermore, we propose three graph quality evaluation metrics to analyze query-graph alignment in KGQA task, supported by theoretical validation of our optimization objectives. Extensive experiments on two KGQA benchmark datasets indicate that EoG can effectively generate high-quality KGs and achieve the state-of-the-art performance.

Enrich-on-Graph: Query-Graph Alignment for Complex Reasoning with LLM Enriching

Radiology reports are critical for clinical decision-making but often lack a standardized format, limiting both human interpretability and machine learning (ML) applications. While large language models (LLMs) have shown strong capabilities in reformatting clinical text, their high computational requirements, lack of transparency, and data privacy concerns hinder practical deployment. To address these challenges, we explore lightweight encoder-decoder models (<300M parameters)—specifically T5 and BERT2BERT—for structuring radiology reports from the MIMIC-CXR and CheXpert Plus datasets. We benchmark these models against eight open-source LLMs (1B–70B parameters), adapted using prefix prompting, in-context learning (ICL), and low-rank adaptation (LoRA) finetuning. Our best-performing lightweight model outperforms all LLMs adapted using prompt-based techniques on a human-annotated test set. While some LoRA-finetuned LLMs achieve modest gains over the lightweight model on the Findings section (BLEU 6.4%, ROUGE-L 4.8%, BERTScore 3.6%, F1-RadGraph 1.1%, GREEN 3.6%, and F1-SRR-BERT 4.3%), these improvements come at the cost of substantially greater computational resources. For example, LLaMA-3-70B incurred more than 400 times the inference time, cost, and carbon emissions compared to the lightweight model. These results underscore the potential of lightweight, task-specific models as sustainable and privacy-preserving solutions for structuring clinical text in resource-constrained healthcare settings.

Structuring Radiology Reports: Challenging LLMs with Lightweight Models

We present PricingLogic, the first benchmark that probes whether Large Language Models (LLMs) can reliably automate tourism-booking prices when multiple, overlapping fare rules apply. Travel agencies are eager to offload this error-prone task to AI systems; however, deploying LLMs without verified reliability could result in significant financial losses and erode customer trust. PricingLogic comprises 300 natural-language booking requests derived from 42 real-world pricing policies, spanning two levels of difficulty: (i) basic customer-type pricing and (ii) bundled-tour calculations involving interacting discounts. Evaluations of a line of LLMs reveal a steep performance drop on the harder tier, exposing systematic failures in rule interpretation and arithmetic reasoning. These results highlight that, despite their general capabilities, today’s LLMs remain unreliable for revenue-critical applications without further safeguards or domain adaptation.

PricingLogic: Evaluating LLMs Reasoning on Complex Tourism Pricing Tasks

The softmax function is crucial in Transformer attention, which normalizes each row of the attention scores with summation to one. **Usually, tokens with larger attention scores are important for the final prediction. However, the softmax function can face a gradient vanishing issue for such important tokens (e.g., probabilities close to one), leading to optimization difficulties for the important tokens so that the performance may not be better.** In this paper, we propose Self-Adjust Softmax (SA-Softmax) to address this issue by modifying softmax(z) to z cdot softmax(z) and its normalized variant frac(z - min(zmin,0))max(0,zmax)-min(zmin,0) cdot softmax(z). We theoretically show that SA-Softmax provides enhanced gradient properties compared to the vanilla softmax function. Moreover, \methodShortName Attention can be seamlessly integrated into existing Transformer models to their attention mechanisms with minor adjustments. We conducted experiments to evaluate the empirical performance of Transformer models using \methodShortName compared to the vanilla softmax function. These experiments, involving models with up to 2.7 billion parameters, are conducted across diverse datasets, language tasks, and positional encoding methods.

Self-Adjust Softmax

We investigate whether internal activations in language models can be used to detect arithmetic errors. Starting with a controlled setting of 3-digit addition, we show that simple probes can accurately decode both the model’s predicted output and the correct answer from hidden states, regardless of whether the model’s output is correct. Building on this, we train lightweight error detectors that predict model correctness with over 90% accuracy. We then extend our analysis to multi-step arithmetic reasoning in the GSM8K dataset and find that probes trained on simple arithmetic generalize well to this more complex setting, maintaining high accuracy and revealing consistent internal representations. Finally, we demonstrate that these probes can guide selective re-prompting of erroneous reasoning steps, improving task accuracy with minimal disruption to correct outputs. Our findings suggest that arithmetic errors can be anticipated from internal activations alone, and that simple probes offer a viable path toward lightweight model self-correction.

Probing for Arithmetic Errors in Language Models

Event forecasting requires modeling historical event data to predict future events, and achieving accurate predictions depends on effectively capturing the relevant historical information that aids forecasting. Most existing methods focus on entities and structural dependencies to capture historical clues but often overlook implicitly relevant information. This limitation arises from overlooking event semantics and deeper factual associations that are not explicitly connected in the graph structure but are nonetheless critical for accurate forecasting. To address this, we propose a dual-criteria constraint strategy that leverages event semantics for relevance modeling and incorporates a self-supervised semantic filter based on factual event associations to capture implicitly relevant historical information. Building on this strategy, our method, termed ITHI (Integrating Three types of Historical Information), combines sequential event information, periodically repeated event information, and relevant historical information to achieve context-aware event forecasting. We evaluated the proposed ITHI method on three public benchmark datasets, achieving state-of-the-art performance and significantly outperforming existing approaches. Additionally, we validated its effectiveness on two structured temporal knowledge graph forecasting dataset.

Mining the Past with Dual Criteria: Integrating Three types of Historical Information for Context-aware Event Forecasting

The code generation capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced applications like tool invocation and problem-solving. However, improving performance in code-related tasks remains challenging due to limited training data that is verifiable with accurate test cases. While Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has shown promise, existing methods for generating test cases still face limitations. In this paper, we propose a novel approach that splits code snippets into smaller, granular blocks, creating more diverse DPO pairs from the same test cases. Additionally, we introduce the Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) splitting and curriculum training method to enhance the DPO training. Our approach demonstrates significant improvements in code generation tasks, as validated by experiments on benchmark datasets such as HumanEval (+), MBPP (+), APPS, LiveCodeBench, and BigCodeBench. Code and data are available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/StructureCoder-A3B5.

Alignment with Fill-In-the-Middle for Enhancing Code Generation

Large Language Models~(LLMs) are prone to hallucinations, and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) helps mitigate this, but at a high computational cost while risking misinformation. Adaptive retrieval aims to retrieve only when necessary, but existing approaches rely on LLM-based uncertainty estimation, which remain inefficient and impractical. In this study, we introduce lightweight LLM-independent adaptive retrieval methods based on external information. We investigated 27 features, organized into 7 groups, and their hybrid combinations. We evaluated these methods on 6 QA datasets, assessing the QA performance and efficiency. The results show that our approach matches the performance of complex LLM-based methods while achieving significant efficiency gains, demonstrating the potential of external information for adaptive retrieval.

LLM-Independent Adaptive RAG: Let the Question Speak for Itself

Uncertain knowledge graph embedding (UnKGE) methods learn vector representations that capture both structural and uncertainty information to predict scores of unseen triples. However, existing methods produce only point estimates, without quantifying predictive uncertainty—limiting their reliability in high-stakes applications where understanding confidence in predictions is crucial. To address this limitation, we propose \textsc{UnKGCP}, a framework that generates prediction intervals guaranteed to contain the true score with a user-specified level of confidence. The length of the intervals reflects the model’s predictive uncertainty. \textsc{UnKGCP} builds on the conformal prediction framework but introduces a novel nonconformity measure tailored to UnKGE methods and an efficient procedure for interval construction. We provide theoretical guarantees for the intervals and empirically verify these guarantees. Extensive experiments on standard UKG benchmarks across diverse UnKGE methods further demonstrate that the intervals are sharp and effectively capture predictive uncertainty.

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