China

The rapid advancement of large language models has intensified public concerns about the potential misuse. Therefore, it is important to build trustworthy AI-generated text detection systems. Existing methods neglect stylistic modeling and mostly rely on static thresholds, which greatly limits the detection performance. In this paper, we propose the Mixture of Stylistic Experts (MoSEs) framework that enables stylistics-aware uncertainty quantification through conditional threshold estimation. MoSEs contain three core components, namely, the Stylistics Reference Repository (SRR), the Stylistics-Aware Router (SAR), and the Conditional Threshold Estimator (CTE). For input text, SRR can activate the appropriate reference data in SRR and provide them to CTE. Subsequently, CTE jointly models the linguistic statistical properties and semantic features to dynamically determine the optimal threshold. With a discrimination score, MoSEs yields prediction labels with the corresponding confidence level. Our framework achieves an average improvement 11.34% in detection performance compared to baselines. More inspiringly, MoSEs shows a more evident improvement 39.15% in the low-resource case.

EMNLP 2025

MoSEs: Uncertainty-Aware AI-Generated Text Detection via Mixture of Stylistics Experts with Conditional Thresholds

threshold estimation

ai-generated text detection

large language models

### Welcome to CogSci Conference 2025!

The 47th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society was a hybrid meeting held in San Francisco. 

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CogSci 2025

The 47th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society presents the latest research across cognitive science and highlights the theme of Cognition in Context.

poster

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community."<br>

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*





<br>

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

Eliminating toxicity from Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial for ensuring user safety. However, current methods have limitations in the analysis and utilization of toxic samples, failing to fully harness their potential. Through comparative analysis of toxic and safe samples, we discover that toxic samples exhibit diversity and, within this diversity, there lies specificity. These findings suggest that leveraging these characteristics of toxic samples could enhance the performance of algorithms in detoxifying LLMs. To this end, we propose a novel diverse detoxification framework, DivDetox, which comprises two innovative components: a Multi-Category-Induced Personalized Sample Generation (MPSG) strategy and a Scaled Contrastive DPO (SC-DPO) approach. The former is designed to elicit a variety of personalized toxic responses from the LLM, while the latter is constructed to precisely and fully utilize these toxic responses. Experiments on benchmark datasets across different model scales and different detoxification tasks verify the effectiveness of our architecture.

Detoxifying Large Language Models via the Diversity of Toxic Samples

Large language models (LLMs) can rewrite the N-best hypotheses from a speech-to-text model, often fixing recognition or translation errors that traditional rescoring cannot. Yet research on generative error correction (GER) has been focusing on monolingual automatic speech recognition (ASR), leaving its multilingual and multitask potential underexplored. We introduce CoVoGER, a benchmark for GER that covers both ASR and speech-to-text translation (ST) across 15 languages and 28 language pairs. CoVoGER is constructed by decoding Common Voice~20.0 and CoVoST-2 with Whisper of three model sizes and SeamlessM4T of two model sizes, providing 5-best lists obtained via a mixture of beam search and temperature sampling. We evaluated various instruction-tuned LLMs, including commercial models in zero-shot mode and open-sourced models with LoRA fine-tuning, and found that the mixture decoding strategy yields the best GER performance in most settings. CoVoGER will be released to promote research on reliable language-universal speech-to-text GER.

CoVoGER: A Multilingual Multitask Benchmark for Speech-to-text Generative Error Correction with Large Language Models

Legal judgment prediction (LJP), which enables litigants and their lawyers to forecast judgment outcomes and refine litigation strategies, has emerged as a crucial legal NLP task. Existing studies typically utilize legal facts, i.e., facts that have been established by evidence and determined by the judge, to predict the judgment. However, legal facts are often difficult to obtain in the early stages of litigation, significantly limiting the practical applicability of fact-based LJP. To address this limitation, we propose a novel legal NLP task: \textit{legal fact prediction} (LFP), which takes the evidence submitted by litigants for trial as input to predict legal facts, thereby empowering fact-based LJP technologies to perform prediction in the absence of ground-truth legal facts. We also propose the first benchmark dataset, LFPBench, for evaluating the LFP task. Our extensive experiments on LFPBench demonstrate the effectiveness of LFP-empowered LJP and highlight promising research directions for LFP.

Legal Fact Prediction: The Missing Piece in Legal Judgment Prediction

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to lack cultural representation and overall diversity in their generations, from expressing opinions to answering factual questions. To mitigate this problem, we propose multilingual prompting: a prompting method which generates several variations of a base prompt with added cultural and linguistic cues from several cultures, generates responses, and then combines the results. Building on evidence that LLMs have language-specific knowledge, multilingual prompting seeks to increase diversity by activating a broader range of cultural knowledge embedded in model training data. Through experiments across multiple models (GPT-4o, GPT-4o-mini, LLaMA 70B, and LLaMA 8B), we show that multilingual prompting consistently outperforms existing diversity-enhancing techniques such as high-temperature sampling, step-by-step recall, and personas prompting. Further analyses show that the benefits of multilingual prompting vary with language resource level and model size, and that aligning the prompting language with the cultural cues reduces hallucination about culturally-specific information.

Multilingual Prompting for Improving LLM Generation Diversity

Large Language Models often generate factually incorrect or outdated knowledge, prompting the emergence of model editing methods for precise knowledge updates. However, current mainstream locate-then-edit approaches exhibit a progressive performance decline during sequential editing, due to inadequate mechanisms for long-term knowledge preservation. To tackle this, we formulate the sequential editing problem as a constrained stochastic programming. Given the challenges posed by cumulative preservation error constraints and the gradually revealed editing tasks, we propose \textbf{LyapLock}. It integrates queuing theory and Lyapunov optimization to decompose the long-term constrained programming into tractable stepwise subproblems for efficient solving. This represents the first model editing framework with rigorous theoretical guarantees that maintains long-term knowledge preservation constraints while achieving asymptotically optimal editing performance. Experimental results show that our framework scales sequential editing capacity to 10,000 edits while stabilizing general capabilities and boosting average editing efficacy by 11.89% over SOTA baselines. Our code is released on https://anonymous.4open.science/r/LyapLock-7AC7.

LyapLock: Bounded Knowledge Preservation in Sequential Large Language Model Editing

Recent advances in reasoning with large language models (LLMs) have popularized Long Chain-of-Thought (LCoT), a strategy that encourages deliberate and step-by-step reasoning before producing a final answer. While LCoTs have enabled expert-level performance in complex tasks, how the internal structures of their reasoning chains drive, or even predict, the correctness of final answers remains a critical yet underexplored question. In this work, we present LCoT2Tree, an automated framework that converts sequential LCoTs into hierarchical tree structures and thus enables deeper structural analysis of LLM reasoning. Using graph neural networks (GNNs), we reveal that structural patterns extracted by LCoT2Tree, including exploration, backtracking, and verification, serve as stronger predictors of final performance across a wide range of tasks and models. Leveraging an explainability technique, we further identify critical thought patterns such as over-branching that account for failures. Beyond diagnostic insights, the structural patterns by LCoT2Tree support practical applications, including improving Best-of-N decoding effectiveness. Overall, our results underscore the critical role of internal structures of reasoning chains, positioning LCoT2Tree as a powerful tool for diagnosing, interpreting, and improving reasoning in LLMs.

What Makes a Good Reasoning Chain? Uncovering Structural Patterns in Long Chain-of-Thought Reasoning

Existing parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods for large language models (LLMs), such as LoRA and PiSSA, constrain model updates to low-rank subspaces, limiting their expressiveness and leading to suboptimal performance on complex tasks. To address this, we introduce **H**igh-rank **D**istributed **PiSSA (HD-PiSSA)**, a distributed PEFT approach that initializes **orthogonal adapters** across different devices and aggregates their delta updates collectively on (W) for fine-tuning. Unlike Data Parallel LoRA or PiSSA, which maintain identical adapters across all devices, HD-PiSSA assigns different principal components of the pre-trained weights to each GPU, significantly expanding the range of update directions. This results in over 16× higher effective updated ranks than data-parallel LoRA or PiSSA when fine-tuning on 8 GPUs with the same per-device adapter rank. Empirically, HD-PiSSA benefits from this extra optimization flexibility and outperforms both LoRA and PiSSA across a variety of challenging downstream tasks, including mathematics, code, and multi-task learning.

HD-PiSSA: High-Rank Distributed Orthogonal Adaptation

There is an emerging effort to develop NLP for Indonesia’s 700+ local languages, but progress remains costly due to the need for direct engagement with native speakers. However, it is unclear what these language communities truly need from language technology. To address this, we conduct a nationwide survey to assess the actual needs of native speakers in Indonesia. Our findings indicate that addressing language barriers—particularly through machine translation and information retrieval—is the most critical priority. Although there is strong enthusiasm for advancements in language technology, concerns around privacy, bias, and the use of public data for AI training highlight the need for greater transparency and clear communication to support broader AI adoption.

What Do Indonesians Really Need from Language Technology? A Nationwide Survey

High-quality datasets are essential for building effective task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems. The existing TOD datasets often present overly simplified interactions, where users incrementally express straightforward requests that can be managed with basic slot-value style dialogue states, such as “hotel-area = east.” However, this approach does not reflect real-life scenarios in which users may express complex constraints and preferences. To address this gap, in this paper, we propose SQLWOZ, a novel TOD dataset designed to capture complex, real-world user requirements. The user requirements in SQLWOZ include the four categories: 1) multiple values for a slot, 2) excluded values within a slot, 3) preferred or prioritized values, and 4) conditional values based on other conditions. We utilize SQL statements as a formalized and expressive representation of dialogue states within SQLWOZ. To evaluate the dataset, we adapt large language models as dialogue agents and conduct extensive experiments on the SQL-based dialogue state tracking, dialogue response generation and end-to-end TOD tasks. The experimental results demonstrate the complexity and quality of SQLWOZ, establishing it as a new benchmark for advancing TOD research.

SQLWOZ: A Realistic Task-Oriented Dialogue Dataset with SQL-Based Dialogue State Representation for Complex User Requirements

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in social science simulations. While their performance on reasoning and optimization tasks has been extensively evaluated, less attention has been paid to their ability to simulate the variability and adaptability of human decision-making. We propose a process-oriented evaluation framework with progressive interventions (Intrinsicality, Instruction, and Imitation) to examine how LLM agents adapt under different levels of external guidance and human-derived noise. We validate the framework on two classic economics tasks: irrationality in the second-price auction and decision bias in the newsvendor problem, demonstrating behavior gaps between LLMs and humans. We find that LLMs, by default, converge on stable and conservative strategies that diverge from observed human behaviors. Risk-framed instructions impact LLM behavior predictably but do not replicate human-like diversity. Incorporating human data through in-context learning narrows the gap but fails to capture the strategic variability of human subjects. These results highlight a persistent alignment gap in behavioral fidelity, suggesting that future LLM evaluations should consider more process-level realism. We present a process-oriented approach for assessing LLMs in dynamic decision-making tasks, offering guidance for their responsible application in synthetic data generation and social science research.

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