United States

Background: Medical schools have equal representation of men and women, yet surgical specialties, like orthopaedics and neurosurgery, have far less women. Addressing sex disparities among spine surgeons may promote more effective spine care in the United States (US). 
Methods: The Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Dataset was used to identify neurosurgical and orthopaedic surgeons performing ACDF surgery from 2013-2021. The dataset was linked to the Medicare National Downloadable File to determine hospital affiliations and medical training. All hospitals included were queried to determine association with residency or fellowship training programs. This retrospective cross-sectional study measured the total representation of female spine surgeons performing ACDF, their procedural volumes, and reimbursements compared to male cervical spine surgeons.
Results: There were 2,492 surgeons who performed at least eleven ACDFs over the study period accounting for 139,456 total cases. Of this, there were 58 female spine surgeons (2.3%) who performed 2,733 cases (2.0%). The percentage of female surgeons increased from 0% (0/1,124) in 2013 to 1.8% (12/651) in 2021 (p&lt;0.001). The average volume of ACDFs performed by females (16.83.6) was similar compared to males (17.27.6; p=0.712). Mean standardized reimbursement by Medicare for ACDFs was $1,304, with no difference between female and male surgeons during the study period (p=0.145). There were no significant differences in the beneficiary demographics between male and female surgeons, except for in 2021 where female surgeons saw a higher proportion of female patients (56.8 vs 55.0%, p=0.043).
Conclusions: Despite some progress observed over the study period, profound sex disparities persist among spine surgeons performing ACDF. Strategies are needed to increase the number of female medical students and residents interested in spine surgery.

AMA Research Challenge 2025 

Sex Disparities in Medicare Reimbursement, Case Volume and Practice Characteristics Among Cervical Spine Surgeons in the United States

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AMA Research Challenge 2022

Welcome to the largest national, multi-specialty research event featuring research from 750 medical students, residents and fellows, and international medical graduates.


Background: Medical schools have equal representation of men and women, yet surgical specialties, like orthopaedics and neurosurgery, have far less women. Addressing sex disparities among spine surgeons may promote more effective spine care in the United States (US). 
Methods: The Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Dataset was used to identify neurosurgical and orthopaedic surgeons performing ACDF surgery from 2013-2021. The dataset was linked to the Medicare National Downloadable File to determine hospital affiliations and medical training. All hospitals included were queried to determine association with residency or fellowship training programs. This retrospective cross-sectional study measured the total representation of female spine surgeons performing ACDF, their procedural volumes, and reimbursements compared to male cervical spine surgeons.
Results: There were 2,492 surgeons who performed at least eleven ACDFs over the study period accounting for 139,456 total cases. Of this, there were 58 female spine surgeons (2.3%) who performed 2,733 cases (2.0%). The percentage of female surgeons increased from 0% (0/1,124) in 2013 to 1.8% (12/651) in 2021 (p<0.001). The average volume of ACDFs performed by females (16.83.6) was similar compared to males (17.27.6; p=0.712). Mean standardized reimbursement by Medicare for ACDFs was $1,304, with no difference between female and male surgeons during the study period (p=0.145). There were no significant differences in the beneficiary demographics between male and female surgeons, except for in 2021 where female surgeons saw a higher proportion of female patients (56.8 vs 55.0%, p=0.043).
Conclusions: Despite some progress observed over the study period, profound sex disparities persist among spine surgeons performing ACDF. Strategies are needed to increase the number of female medical students and residents interested in spine surgery.

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Background
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common adverse event during the perioperative period. It leads to delayed recovery, patient dissatisfaction, and increased hospital costs. This study aims to identify optimal antiemetic use in laparoscopic surgery to prevent hospitalization due to postoperative nausea and vomiting.

Methods
A retrospective chart review was conducted over a 28-month period (January 2022 to April 2024) analyzing patients who underwent either a laparoscopic hysterectomy or a robotic prostatectomy at IU Health University Hospital. Demographic data, surgery duration and time of discharge were collected for every case. Antiemetic administration was recorded, including specific agent, dosage, frequency, and timing. Exclusion criteria included patients who received scopolamine patches, aprepitant, or total IV anesthetic. To minimize selection bias, only patients who received intraoperative dexamethasone were included. A total of 522 cases met the initial inclusion criteria, with 470 cases included after applying the exclusion criteria. 

Results 
In the intraoperative setting, all 470 cases received at least one dose of both dexamethasone and ondansetron. Promethazine was administered intraoperatively in 1.49% (n=7) of cases, droperidol in 4.04% (n=19), and haloperidol in 0.43% (n=2). A total of 28 patients received additional intraoperative antiemetics beyond the standard dexamethasone and ondansetron regimen, of whom 3 patients required hospitalization for PONV. 

Postoperatively, 34.9% of patients received at least one rescue antiemetic dose prior to discharge (n=164). On average, these patients received 1.47 doses of antiemetic medication postoperatively. Ondansetron was the most frequently administered antiemetic in this subset, used in 48.8% of cases, followed by haloperidol (33.5%), promethazine (25.1%), droperidol (1.2%), and prochlorperazine (1.2%). 

Of the 470 cases, nine hysterectomy and nine prostatectomy patients were admitted due to complications related to nausea and vomiting. These patients had a longer mean anesthesia duration though it is not statistically significant. (hysterectomy 3.71 hours vs 2.91 hours, prostatectomy 3.9 hours vs 3.69 hours). Severe PONV hysterectomy patients were younger (39.22 vs. 41.85 years) and had a higher BMI (34.16 vs. 33.82) compared to the study population. In contrast, PONV prostatectomy patients were older (69.11 vs. 65.01 years)** and had a lower BMI (27.61 vs. 29.03)**. 
** Statistically Significant (p<0.05)

The severe PONV group received on average 2.60 doses of antiemetics in the postoperative setting compared to 0.48 doses in the study population. The average length of stay for the severe PONV hysterectomy patients was 27.41 hours, compared to 3.22 hours in the overall study population. For the severe PONV prostatectomy patients, the average length of stay was 67.96 hours, compared to 23.52 hours in the study population.

Conclusion
Intraoperative administration of dexamethasone and ondansetron in laparoscopic surgical cases was highly effective in preventing PONV. Ondansetron, haloperidol, and promethazine were the most used rescue antiemetics, despite evidence suggesting limited efficacy with repeated ondansetron dosing. There was no definitive correlation identified between the use of additional intraoperative antiemetics and PONV incidence, likely due to the small sample size in this subgroup. The length of anesthesia positively correlated with increased risk of PONV in both hysterectomy and prostatectomy groups. Further investigation into prevention of PONV remains crucial for patient outcomes and hospital resource management, as the patients in this group experienced significantly longer hospital stays compared to the overall study population.

Trends in Antiemetic Administration and Clinical Efficacy for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Laparoscopic Surgeries

Abstract Title
A Pharmacovigilance Analysis of Cardiotoxicity with Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy

Background
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) has revolutionized the treatment landscape of hematological cancers, including lymphoma, myeloma and leukemia. However, the cardiac toxicity of this therapy is not well described in the literature. This is particularly relevant as the majority of patients receiving CAR-T are older adults with pre-existing cardiovascular risk factors and cumulative burden of organ toxicities from prior therapies. As cancer survival continues to improve with advancements in therapy and CAR-T usage expands, understanding the cardiac
toxicity profile is critical to enable safer delivery of care. To address this knowledge gap, a pharmacovigilance analysis of the cardiac adverse events (AEs) reported to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) for each CAR-T product was conducted.

Methods
All individual case safety reports of cardiac AEs listing any of the approved CAR-T therapies [Tisagenlecleucel (tisacel), Axicabtagene ciloleucel (axicel), Lisocabtagene maraleucel (lisocel), Brexucabtagene autoleucel (brexucel), Idecabtagene vicleucel (idecel), and Ciltacabtagene autoleucel (Ciltacel)] as the suspected drug were identified from the FAERS database. Patient characteristics were described, and disproportionality analysis was performed using Reported Odds Ratio (ROR) to determine significant associations between CAR-T products and cardiac AEs.

Results
There were 1362 cardiac AEs with CAR-T reported in the FAERS database. Compared to other products, axicel was associated with higher odds of developing orthostatic hypotension (ROR=2.57, p=0.019), Brexucel with myocardial infarction (MI) (ROR=2.34, p=0.04) and bradyarrythmias (ROR=1.86, p=0.04), Ciltacel with atrioventricular block (ROR=7.87, p=0.02), Idecel with elevated troponin (ROR=6.23, p=0.002) and tachyarrhythmias (ROR=1.71, p=0.0001). Tisacel was associated with cardiac arrest (ROR=1.68, p=0.001), pericardial disorders (effusion/tamponade and pericarditis) (ROR=3.56, p<0.001), valvular disorders
(ROR=55.97, p<0.0001), myocarditis (ROR=6.2, p=0.012), arrythmias (ROR=1.68, p<0.001) and heart failure (ROR=2.24, p<0.001). Males were more likely to develop pericardial (ROR=3.55, p=0.004) and valvular disorders (ROR=9.13, p=0.03), while females developed heart failure (ROR=1.61, p=0.005). Patients <18 years developed pericardial (ROR=3.44, p=0.006) and valvular disorders (ROR=12.79, p<0.0001). Older adults (>65) developed acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (ROR=1.79, p=0.06), atrial fibrillation/flutter (ROR=2.74, p<0.0001), ventricular arrythmias (ROR=3.04, p=0.001) and cardiogenic shock (ROR=8.38, p=0.05).

Conclusion
This post-marketing pharmacovigilance analysis highlights patterns of cardiac AEs following CAR-T. Distinct AEs, like orthostatic hypotension with Axicel, MI with Brexucel, atrioventricular block with ciltacel, elevated troponin with idecel, cardiac arrest, myocarditis, pericardial and valvular disorders with tisacel, and differences by age and sex were noted, supporting the need for close monitoring strategies. As this study is limited by FAERS reporting bias, prospective studies to validate these associations and elucidate the underlying mechanisms are needed.

A Pharmacovigilance Analysis of Cardiotoxicity with Chimeric Antigen Receptor
T-Cell Therapy

Background
Peripheral intravenous (IV) catheters are fundamental to inpatient care but are commonly associated with complications such as thrombophlebitis, leading to discomfort, prolonged hospitalization, and higher healthcare costs. Preventive measures like routine 8-hourly saline flushes and transparent Tegaderm dressings remain underused despite their effectiveness and affordability. This quality improvement (QI) project assessed the impact of these two interventions in reducing peripheral IV catheter-related thrombophlebitis among hospitalized adults by enhancing catheter patency and allowing for early visual detection of complications.

Methods
In a prospective pre–post intervention study at a tertiary care hospital, 112 adult inpatients with peripheral IV catheters were observed. During the baseline phase (n=62), usual care included opaque Dynaplast dressings and inconsistent saline flushing. The intervention phase (n=50) implemented standardized 8-hour saline flushes and exclusive use of Tegaderm dressings. Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for confounders including age, sex, and comorbidities.

Results
Of the 112 patients (mean age 55.1 ± 15.6 years; 58% male), common comorbidities included hypertension (52%), diabetes (41%), CKD (18%), and CHF (15%). Thrombophlebitis occurred in 32.3% of the pre-intervention group and 8.0% of the post-intervention group, reflecting a 75% relative reduction (p = .006). In adjusted analysis, irregular saline flushing was associated with a fourfold increase in thrombophlebitis risk (AOR: 3.9, 95% CI: 1.6–9.1, p = .003), and Dynaplast dressings carried an even higher risk (AOR: 4.6, 95% CI: 1.8–10.8, p = .001). Conversely, routine saline flushes reduced risk by 76% (AOR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.08–0.79, p = .019), and Tegaderm use reduced risk by 79% (AOR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.07–0.71, p = .013). Every 10 years of increase in age beyond 60 years showed a mild association with thrombophlebitis (AOR: 1.2, 95% CI: 1.0–1.6, p = .048).


Conclusion
This quality improvement initiative demonstrates that standardizing peripheral IV catheter care with routine 8-hourly saline flushes and transparent Tegaderm dressings significantly reduces catheter-related thrombophlebitis. The intervention’s effectiveness stems from improved site visibility, consistent catheter patency, and early detection of inflammation—critical factors in preventing progression to complications. Requiring no advanced technology and minimal added cost, it is both scalable and sustainable across various healthcare settings. These findings support replacing opaque dressings and irregular maintenance with evidence-based, preventive care. Broader adoption of such simple, cost-effective practices can improve patient safety, reduce complications, and enhance IV therapy quality, particularly in resource-limited environments. This project highlights the value of embedding routine, preventive strategies into standard clinical protocols to achieve durable improvements in outcomes and system efficiency.



Reducing Peripheral IV Catheter-Related Thrombophlebitis: Impact of Simple Interventions


Abstract Title

Low CSF-Pressure Diagnostic Criterion in Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension is Potentially Misleading in Clinical Practice

Background

Low CSF pressure (Pcsf) has classically been considered a defining feature in the pathogenesis of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) and is part of the International Headache Society (IHS) diagnostic criteria for SIH. However, normal or elevated Pcsf is commonly measured in SIH during myelography. This suggests that the low Pcsf criterion may be potentially misleading in clinical practice. We report on Pcsf and its correlations in patients with SIH due to CSF-venous fistula (CVF). 

Methods
Following IRB approval, consecutive SIH patients undergoing myelography between 2021 and 2025 at a single quaternary care center were retrospectively analyzed. Pcsf was defined as opening pressure (OP) during myelography, with patient in decubitus positioning with mild hip elevation. In line with IHS, Low OP was defined as < 6 cm H2O. Elevated OP was defined as > 20 cm H2O.

Results
Of the 86 SIH patients analyzed, 35 (41%) had a CVF [average age 59±13; 12/35 (34%) male; 23/35 (66%) female]. Of the 35, OP was reported for 32 patients. The mean ± SD OP was 13.97 ± 3.91 cm H2O (range: 6-25 cm H2O). None (0%) of the patients had a low OP. 29/32 (91%) had OP in the normal range, and 3/32 (9%) had elevated OP. Pcsf was positively correlated with BMI (p = 0.045); but not correlated with age, sex, prior epidural blood patching, symptom duration, or mean arterial pressure. High variability in Pcsf values was not fully accounted for by predictors included in our model (pseudo-R^2 = 0.188).

Conclusions

First, an absence of low Pcsf should not be used to rule out SIH, as our analysis of patients with CVF shows normal/elevated Pcsf in all included patients. As such, the current IHS criteria for SIH need to be reappraised. Second, such Pcsf readings in patients with active CSF leaks suggest that the development of CVF and incidence of post-treatment rebound headaches might be due to a pre-existing intracranial hypertension. Further research is needed to establish this link, as it has implications both for close post-treatment management of rebound hypertension to prevent potential recurrence of CVF, and also for management of patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension, to monitor for potential incidence of CVF. Third, our findings support the more appropriate recharacterization of the syndrome of ‘spontaneous intracranial hypotension’ as ‘CSF hypovolemia’. Finally, while BMI is positively correlated with Pcsf, low explanatory power of our model suggests influence of other factors not considered in our analysis.


Low CSF-Pressure Diagnostic Criterion in Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension is Potentially Misleading in Clinical Practice

Background:
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a cornerstone treatment for menopausal symptoms, yet its impact on gastrointestinal health is not well defined—particularly in women who undergo premature menopause. Given estrogen’s role in modulating gastrointestinal physiology, this study evaluates whether HRT increases the risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and related esophageal pathology differently in women with premature menopause versus postmenopausal women.
Methods:
This retrospective observational study utilized TriNetX, a global federated health research network. Two cohorts of HRT users were created: (1) women ≥45 years with natural menopause (ICD-10 N95.1) and (2) women ≤45 years with premature menopause (ICD-10 E28.31, E28.310, E28.319). All patients had a diagnosis of HRT use (Z79.890). Exclusion criteria included prior diagnosis of GERD or esophageal malignancy. Propensity score matching adjusted for confounders including pregnancy-related diagnoses. Outcomes included new diagnoses of GERD, Barrett’s esophagus, esophageal ulcers, and esophageal cancer following HRT initiation.
Results:
Postmenopausal women on HRT had a significantly higher risk of GERD than premature menopausal women (17.13% vs. 9.44%; Risk Ratio 1.81, 95% CI [1.38–2.39], p < 0.0001). Interestingly, esophageal cancer was more prevalent in the premature menopause group (<0.93% vs. 0%, p = 0.0015). No significant differences were observed in Barrett’s esophagus or esophageal ulcer incidence between groups.
Conclusions:
In this large-scale EHR-based analysis, HRT was associated with a higher incidence of GERD in postmenopausal women, while women with premature menopause experienced a modestly increased rate of esophageal cancer. These findings suggest the need for personalized risk stratification when prescribing HRT. Further research should examine how HRT administration routes influence GI risk profiles and explore these trends in larger, more diverse populations.


Hormone Replacement Therapy and Gastrointestinal Risk in Premature vs. Postmenopausal Women: A TriNetX Cohort Study

Abstract:
Background: Brucella species are zoonotic pathogens responsible for
brucellosis, a systemic bacterial infection primarily transmitted through
direct contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurized
dairy products. While Brucella infections following total knee arthroplasty
(TKA) are rare, they pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges
with limited reported cases.

Methods: A systematic review, following the Preferred Reporting in
Systematic Reviews andMeta-Analyses guidelines,was performed on February
22, 2025, using the databases PubMed and Google Scholar for Brucella TKA
periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) in patients older than 18 years. The search
was further narrowed by excluding articles before 2015 to reflect the most
current trends and practices. Our eligibility criteria were guided by the
Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome framework. We
considered outcomes including, but not limited to, successful eradication of
infection, complications, and functional outcomes following intervention.

Results: Fifteen studies met inclusion criteria. Brucella PJIs in a TKA typically
present late with nonspecific symptoms, often mimicking aseptic loosening or
culture-negative PJIs.Most patients had identifiable riskfactors, including travel
to endemic regions, animal exposure, or consumption of unpasteurized dairy.
Two-stage revision was used in 11 of 15 cases. Conservativemanagement with
implant retentionwas successfulwhen no looseningwas present in 3 out of the
15 cases. The most common antibiotic treatment was doxycycline plus
rifampicin with duration ranging from 3 to 12 months, most commonly for a
total of 6 months. Successful outcomes are possible with prolonged
combinationantibioticsand often require 2-stage revisionarthroplasty, though
diagnostic and treatment approaches vary widely.

Conclusion: This is an updated systematic review of Brucella infections
following TKA within the last 10 years. Given the insidious onset and
potential for chronic infection, orthopaedic surgeons and infectious
disease specialists must be aware of the possibility of Brucella PJIs in
patients with the appropriate history and clinical examination.

A 10-Year Systematic Review of Brucella Periprosthetic Joint Infections Following Total Knee Arthroplasty

Mood Prediction in Perioperative VA Patients Using Machine Learning Detection of Facial Action Units  

Background 
The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) provides an objective framework for coding facial muscle movements, identifying combinations of Action Units (AUs) linked to emotions considered universal across cultures. Detecting these expressions could provide real-time insight into patients’ moods, helping clinicians reinforce positive experiences, improve patient–monitor interactions, and guide behavioral interventions. This study presents early results on identifying which AUs are most strongly associated with self-reported happiness in perioperative patients. 

Methods 
Prospective observational data from perioperative patients at the SF VAMC from 2021-2023 were collected, including self-reported moods. Three independent annotators classified responses into seven categories (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, neutral) using a modified Nominal Group Technique to reach consensus. Responses deemed irrelevant or ambiguous (e.g., “drowsy”) were excluded. For each happiness episode, a 30-second window (15 seconds before and after the mood report) was labeled “happy,” with adjacent 15-second segments as internal “not happy” controls. Videos were analyzed at 10 FPS using two Py-Feat pipelines: (1) continuous AU probabilities from Feat-XGB; and (2) binary AU activation from Feat-SVM. Logistic regression identified AUs associated with happiness, reporting odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (Wald method). P-values <0.01 were considered statistically significant. 

Results 
Across 130 patients, 28 unique happiness episodes were isolated, analyzing 49,508 frames and 20 AUs. The Feat-XGB model identified AU09, AU12, AU24, AU25, and AU28 as positively associated with happiness (p < 0.01), while the Feat-SVM model identified AU02, AU09, AU11, AU15, AU23, AU24, and AU25 (p < 0.01). Notably, AU09, AU24, and AU25 were significant in both models. Although AU25 is canonically linked to happiness, AU09 is typically associated with disgust, underscoring the complexity of interpreting AU co-activation in real-world contexts. AU14 and AU20, linked to contempt and fear respectively, were negatively associated with happiness in both models (p < 0.01). 

Conclusion 
Interpreting the relationship between facial expressions and subjective mood remains inherently complex, especially when using models trained on prototypical expressions and short video segments without broader context. The finding that different machine learning AU detection models identified different sets of happiness-related AUs underscores how methodological choices can shape mood prediction outcomes. Future work should validate automated predictions against human-coded facial annotations and explore deep learning approaches (e.g., ResMaskNet) that better capture contextual and relational interactions across anatomical landmarks. Incorporating additional patient data (e.g., pain, mental health, vital signs) could further improve predictive accuracy and help monitor patients’ emotional progression and comfort during recovery.

Mood Prediction in Perioperative VA Patients Using Machine Learning Detection of Facial Action Units

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death globally. Early detection and staging of cancers such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is crucial for improved patient prognosis. Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) is a minimally invasive technique that allows real-time lymph node visualization, access, staging, and diagnosis of disease in the chest. Even though EBUS-transbronchial needle aspirations (TBNA) have become more available to clinicians, procedural and technical variability has contributed to the lack of EBUS-TBNA standardization. This qualitative study employed semi-structured interviews with three oncologists, three pulmonologists, and three thoracic surgeons to investigate variations in their practices, perspectives, and comprehension of EBUS-TBNA. This study revealed consensus on the central role of EBUS-TBNA and PET/CT for mediastinal staging with divergences in nodal sampling, procedural prioritization, technical challenges, and institutional practices. The EBUS-TBNA procedure can be improved by focusing on two primary areas: integrating multidisciplinary expertise and implementing standardized protocols. These implementations in the standard of care could help us streamline workflow, optimize procedure execution, and ultimately improve patient outcomes.

Physician Perspectives on Endobronchial Ultrasound – Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (EBUS-TBNA): A Qualitative Study

Background:
Wilson’s disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by copper accumulation in the liver, brain, and other tissues. Neurological features usually include tremors, dystonia, and parkinsonism. Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is rarely reported in WD and is typically associated with rapid correction of hyponatremia or fulminant liver failure. Early recognition of CPM as a presenting sign of WD is crucial for timely intervention.
Case Presentation:
A 19-year-old male presented with a history of chronic liver disease of unclear etiology, later developing melena and acute flaccid quadriparesis. Neurological examination revealed proximal weakness, diminished reflexes, and hypophonia with preserved sensation. MRI brain demonstrated symmetric T2 hyperintensities in the central pons consistent with CPM. Slit-lamp examination showed Kayser–Fleischer rings, serum ceruloplasmin was low (8 mg/dL), and 24-hour urinary copper excretion was elevated. Liver function tests revealed mildly deranged transaminases. A diagnosis of WD with hepatic and neurological involvement was established, and the patient was started on zinc acetate, D-penicillamine, and supportive care.
Discussion:
This case highlights CPM as a rare initial neurological manifestation of WD. While commonly associated with osmotic shifts, CPM may also arise from copper-induced neurotoxicity and hepatic dysfunction. The acute motor presentation mimicked peripheral neuropathy but was centrally mediated. Recognition of this atypical presentation can prevent diagnostic delays and facilitate early initiation of chelation therapy.

Wilson’s Disease Presenting with Acute Flaccid Paraparesis: A Rare Neurological Manifestation

Abstract Title
Suicide in Haiti: Perceptions, Associated Factors, and Research Gaps: a Narrative Review

Background
Suicide is a major global health concern, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where research remains limited. Although global suicide rates have declined
in recent decades, rates in Haiti have changed minimally. Haiti's sociocultural complexity and limited mortality data obscure understanding of suicide risk factors and perceptions. Known
global risk factors—such as depression, hopelessness, trauma, and stigma—may interact differently in local contexts. This review examines the current state of empirical research on
suicide in Haiti, exploring both perceptions and psychosocial risk factors, to inform future prevention strategies.

Methods
A systematic search of 15 databases identified peer-reviewed, English-language studies containing data on suicide or suicidal ideation in Haiti. Search terms included variations of
"Haiti" and "suicide." Studies were included if they reported Haiti-specific data on suicide and met inclusion criteria. Data extracted included participant demographics, study region, methods, and findings on suicide-related perceptions or risk factors.

Results
Ten studies met inclusion criteria. Samples included rural and urban populations, adolescents, adults, pregnant individuals, health care workers, and those with psychiatric or medical
diagnoses. Four studies used qualitative methods; of the seven studies that included quantitative methods, four used data from the Violence Against Children in Haiti survey and
three used culturally adapted Beck Depression Inventory surveys. Common themes included the cultural idiom reflechi twòp ("thinking too much"), which was strongly associated with suicidal ideation, namely 7.7 times more likely (95% CI, 1.03–58.04). Community members often cited poverty, shame, and Voodoo-related beliefs as causes of suicide, while health care workers favored psychiatric explanations. Perceived shame from unplanned pregnancy, HIV status, and sexual orientation were also prominent. Suicidal ideation was associated with depression, as was social support absence, alcohol use, and experiences of emotional, physical, and sexual violence -- females who experienced all three forms of violence had the highest odds of suicidal ideation (adjusted OR, 15.09; 95% CI, 6.10–37.33, p < 0.001). Protective factors were rare: one was the belief that women should tolerate violence to preserve family unity. 

Conclusion
Empirical studies on suicide in Haiti are limited and regionally narrow. Cultural and social perceptions—such as reflechi twòp and stigma related to sexuality, illness, and gender—shape
suicide risk in ways not captured by universal models. Integrating culturally specific constructs and community support systems into screening, safety planning, and interventions is essential. Further research is needed across diverse Haitian populations and languages to build effective, context-sensitive suicide prevention strategies.

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